What outstanding political achievements did Ying Zheng have?

1. Unify the six countries.

The Qin State took 10 years to annex the six kingdoms from 230 BC to the end of the Qi Dynasty, and then began the "Qin Attack Baiyue War" in 219 BC to pacify the Baiyue Kingdom in the south. Yue has since completed the great cause of unification, ended the kingdom era of the dictatorship of noble princes, and entered the empire era of monarchs.

2. Establishing a feudal authoritarian centralized system

After Qin Shihuang abolished the feudal system, he established a system of counties, counties and bureaucracy from the central to the local level. The country was initially divided into 36 counties, [42] and later increased to 46 counties with the expansion of the land, and Xianyang (Qindu District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) was designated as the capital.

The highest bureaucrats in the central government are the prime minister, the imperial censor and the Taiwei, also known as the "Three Dukes". The chief of the local county is the guardian, and the chief of the county is the order. The county system initially broke down the patriarchal system of blood relations, while the feudal system and bureaucracy replaced the hereditary system of the nobility.

3. Unify writing, currency, weights and measures.

Qin Shihuang adopted two main ways to unify the currency: First, the state unified minting, severely punished private minting, and placed the manufacturing power of currency in the hands of the state. The second is to unify two currencies, namely gold coins for upper coins and copper coins for lower coins. The unit of gold was changed to "yi", and one yi was equal to twenty taels. The unit of copper coins is "half a tael", and the word "half a tael" is clearly marked on the gold coins.

The shape of the copper coin is a round square hole, commonly known as "Qin Ban Liang". Originally, pearls, jade, turtle shells, silver and tin, which were common in the six countries, could no longer be used as currency. By the time of the Qin Dynasty, the currency of one country was second-class; gold was named after yi, and it was the top coin; copper coins were named half a tael, and they were as heavy as their inscriptions, which were the bottom coins. currency. Pearls, jade, turtles, shells, silver and tin are treasures for ornaments, not coins.

4. Attack the Huns in the north and build the Great Wall; build the Ling Canal and develop the southern Xinjiang.

The Great Wall was built to protect the lives and property of the people on the northern border, and its purpose was also to reduce the burden on the people; because the Xiongnu were nomadic people, their cavalry had a large range of activities. Without the Great Wall, it would have been much more The army comes to defend, which will put a great burden on the people. He did not create the Great Wall. He only connected the original Great Walls in the north of Qin, Zhao and Yan.

5. Allow private ownership of land.

Qin Shihuang ordered farmers across the country to report the actual amount of land they owned in 216 BC in order to collect taxes. It was also implemented that even civilians could be awarded land and titles as long as they had military merit.

Although the Qin State implemented the "land grant system" during Shang Yang's reform, and farmers' land was nominally owned by the state and cultivated privately, this move allowed the people across the country to actually occupy the land that was originally "owned by the king." Soon it evolved into a situation where farmers and officials could freely buy and sell land, so Qin's Shang Yang Reform ultimately facilitated the development of private land.