What was the national defense and conscription system in Ming Dynasty? Why can the Ming Dynasty defend Mongolia? Not a jurchen?

The establishment of the Ming Dynasty in 368 was closely related to the expulsion of Mongols from the Central Plains and the implementation of military camps north of the Great Wall. From the first day of the Ming Dynasty until the demise of17th century, it always attached great importance to the northern frontier defense. 197 1 year, Ming Taizu once said that Japan, North Korea and Annan are only mosquitoes, and the barbarians in the north are the most dangerous threat. To this end, Zhu Yuanzhang established a huge army of 3 million people. It is divided into three parts: Jingwei, Shangxi garrison and local health center.

Health care center system in Ming dynasty

Wei suo is the most important part of Ming army, which was founded in Nanjing before Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor. This system imitated the official military system of the Northern Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties and absorbed the tribal military system of Mongolia. It belongs to the self-sufficient army chariot type. At first, each sergeant got 15 acres of land to make a living. In 365, parts of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were destroyed by the war and turned into military camps. Each sergeant gets 50 mu of farmland, gives the farm tools to the cow, exempts his land rent, in exchange for the corvee. With this system, the sergeants of local health stations could produce about 300 million Jin of grain every year in the early Ming Dynasty, which was enough to support a million troops, so that the imperial court could maintain a huge border defense force without spending money from the state treasury.

The soldiers in the health care center all have hereditary military families and have the same status, and the officers in the health care center are also hereditary. Therefore, we must try our best to prevent the relationship between generals and non-commissioned officers from being too close and strictly control the whole military organization. Health affairs are divided into three divisions: the governor and the army. In addition, there are administrative courts and legal courts. The household registration of all military households is managed by five military and political chiefs, and the right to mobilize troops is in the hands of civilian personnel of the Ministry of War.

To make this well-designed self-sufficient military system exist for a long time, it is necessary to maintain the quality and obligations of hereditary military families. However, in the late15th century, the system showed signs of decline. Imperial bureaucrats began to drive military households to undertake labor services, forcing officers to build houses for their private houses like serfs, or collecting money from officers to avoid military training. In this way, the health worker has become a profitable position. For a time, the merchant's children spent a lot of money bribing officials to enrich themselves, or recruiting Zhuang Zhong's people in the army, thus embezzling their salaries. On the contrary, a large number of hereditary military families have tried their best to break away from the status of military families because they have been exploited for a long time and can't get their salaries. By16th century, He Qiao, an adjunct professor of mpa in French universities, and the number of fugitive non-commissioned officers in some health centers had reached 60% of the total number, and only half of the frontier defense forces were left.

/kloc-In the 5th century, the Jurchen tribe was a part of the garrison in the northeast of Ming Dynasty. There is no clear boundary between the border people of Han nationality and Jurchen nationality, and the phenomenon of mutual assimilation is inevitable. However, in the17th century, most of the Han people who immigrated to the Jurchen area were not absorbed as members of the Jurchen tribe, but were enslaved by prisoners of war, giving names to people and animals and assigning them to the soldiers of the Jurchen tribe as slaves. This is called coating. Compared with15th century, the integration of Han people into Jurchen society is quite different. In 623, Nurhachi ordered that Han people who joined Jurchen before 16 19 should be treated differently from those who joined Jurchen later. The former is regarded as Nuzhen and brought into the Eight Banners system, while the latter becomes Nuzhen's domestic slave. With the annexation of Liaodong by Nurhachi, the Wei suo system of Ming Dynasty existed in name only in the frontier and was replaced by conscription system.