Why did Indians shoot Indians with fire?

On the road of rising, all the great powers are always full of blood, especially the United States. From18th century to19th century, the territory of the United States expanded from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. In the rumble of colonial carriages, countless Indians became ghosts of white people at gunpoint. Indians are not cowards, they will bravely fight for freedom and land; Indians are not stupid. They quickly learned riding and gun skills from the enemy and became quick musketeers on the Great Plains of North America. They attacked without a trace, which brought unimaginable trouble to the colonists. Indian knights wielded muskets and tomahawks, ravaged colonial towns, ruthlessly plundered the wealth of white people and brutally cut off their scalps. So from the beginning, the war between the United States and the Indians was not a one-sided massacre! But a cruel war full of blood and tears.

Not a North American Indian to mess with.

After Columbus "discovered" America, countless western European adventurers set foot on this undeveloped land of America with a desire for wealth and land. At the same time, it also opened the history of blood and tears of indigenous Indians. At that time, the Indians were still in the backward Stone Age, with neither metal weapons nor large pack animals. In front of the steel swords and muskets of Iberian colonists, their leather armor and obsidian knives are simply not worth mentioning. Desperados in Spain and Portugal can easily defeat their enemies dozens or even hundreds of times. For these weak enemies, it is enough to charge with cavalry. Indians have never seen horses. They regard cavalry as a monster who is half man and half horse. Whenever they see cavalry, they will flee in all directions. This made it easy for the knights to run and trample the poor Indian to death. With their steel swords, they cut open the Indians.

The Indian countries in South America-Aztec and Inca Empire-were defeated in the face of the absolute military superiority of Spain and Portugal. What is even more frightening is that these Indians have no resistance to the diseases of the old world, and smallpox swept through the Indian settlements in South America like a whirlwind of death. Thousands of Indians died of diseases, and the rest became colonists' plantations and mineral slaves, living a life worse than death and pigs and dogs.

In the face of cruel enemies, smart Indians will never sit still. Indians living in North America are not as easy to bully as their cousins in the south. They regard freedom as their life and will never allow themselves to be enslaved. So they carefully observed the tactics of white people and took white people's riding, steel weapons and firearms for themselves. Soon, the Indians learned the white cavalry tactics, and they were called powerful knights roaring on the plains of North America. Indians "deal with a man as he deals with you" swept through colonial strongholds like a storm, bringing death madness to these despicable white people.

1528, Indians attacked the Naivas expedition that arrived in Florida, and most of the colonists were killed by Indians. 1539, the Spanish army de Soto was almost wiped out by Indians in the Gulf of Mexico. /kloc-only 300 out of 0/000 people survived, and de Soto was also killed. By 1576, almost all the Spanish colonists' strongholds in the Gulf of Mexico were razed to the ground by Indians; French colonists were also defeated by Indian Iroquois tribes in the north.

Proud North American Indians guard their homes with their own courage, ready to give heavy blows to the invaders at any time. But social organizations are very primitive, and they can't stop the construction of colonies at all. The Spanish, the British and the French flocked, and the colonies were all over the Atlantic coast. On the one hand, Indians hate white people occupying their land; On the other hand, they covet the material wealth created by white people. What about white people? They also want Indian fertile land, so the war between them is inevitable.

A game of killing each other

According to experts' estimation, there are about100 ~ 4 million Indians living in North America, far exceeding the number of colonists at that time. As a result, Indian violence swept through colonial towns.

In the Bauhatian War of 1622, Indians destroyed 80 of Virginia's 88 immigrant settlements, and Jamestown, the capital, was razed to the ground. 1675, the colonists launched the "Battle of the Everglades", which wiped out nearly a thousand Narragans at the cost of more than 200 casualties; Almost at the same time, in the Battle of King Philip, more than 10,000 Indians, led by King Philip, attacked New England and razed more than 50 of the 90 immigrant settlements, which was called the biggest battle launched by Indians in North American history. Thousands of colonists died in the battle, and Indians suffered more than twice as many casualties as colonists.

However, due to the low degree of social organization of the Indians, they were eventually carved up by the cunning British, and Philippe was finally trapped by the colonists and died on the gallows. However, the Indian war will never stop because of the death of a leader.

Before white people came to America, Indian tribes attacked each other. Indian men are proud of their military status and will not regard robbery and murder as a shame at all. In their eyes, wealthy European towns are like pieces of delicious fat. As long as there is an opportunity, they will not hesitate to launch an active attack on Europeans.

Indian cavalry is very mobile and comes and goes without a trace. So it seems to Europeans that the Indians have been attacking, and the colonists have to build a lot of fortifications to defend them. When the Indians attack, they will hide in the fortress, take all the food and gold and silver, and wait for the barbarians to leave in fear.

Sure enough, if the fortress is captured, the Indians will kill all the men, women and children in the city by the most cruel means like wild wolves. Indians will scalp white people, gouge out their eyes, amputate their limbs and let them die slowly and painfully.

Therefore, the war between Indians and whites was not a unilateral massacre of natives by colonists, but a massacre of each other.

Being on the wrong team will bring bad luck.

/kloc-since the 0/7th century, Spain, Britain, France and other forces have successively set their hands on North America. In order to exclude other colonists, countries will form military alliances with some local tribes and provide them with a large number of weapons and horses. Indians with low production levels are also happy to accept their "gifts", so Indians are also involved in the European war. In this case, which side to stand on has become a big issue concerning the life and death of Indian tribes.

1756- 1763 "Seven Years' War" between France and Britain, Iroquois tribes in North America sided with Britain, other tribes in the north sided with France, and Indian tribes in the south fought against Britain together with Spain.

In the American War of Independence, most Indian tribes chose Britain with a higher bid, thus burying a deep hatred with Americans. In the "Wyoming Massacre" in July of 1778, the repressive forces dominated by Indians brutally slaughtered nearly 400 peaceful residents who supported independence; However, in the central part of Kentucky, the Independence Army was almost completely fighting the Indians, and the Indians slaughtered nearly 1000 peaceful residents who demanded independence in a cruel Indian traditional way. 1782165438+1October, the brave Indian Shawnee tribe annihilated a unit of the Independent Army, which led General Clark to lead his troops to defeat the tribe and expel it to the west outside 13. It is worth remembering that this was the last land war in the North American War of Independence, which was marked by defeating the Indians and helping the colonists suppress it.

After the independence of North America 13 countries, Britain, France and Spain found that this was the first victory of mankind against colonialism, which inevitably led to the final burial of colonialism. So these three colonial countries joined hands to stop the wave of colonial independence, and the Indians, not the colonists, fought. With the weapons and money provided by the three countries, they constantly attacked the new United States from the west and acted as cannon fodder for the colonists. The previous battle was a victory for the Indians. In the "St. Clair fiasco" in 179 1 year alone, 637 Americans were killed and 263 injured.

Tekusem, the most outstanding military leader in Indian history, was born in181-1815 in the Second Anglo-American War. There are less than 20,000 British troops in this war. As Indian tribes joined in one after another, the result was still that Indians helped British colonists suppress the War of Independence. 18 1 1 In the autumn of, Tekusem led the Indians to defeat the American army in Tipkanu; The following year, he led the army to conquer Detroit and captured 2500 American troops. 18 13, he led his troops to fight against the British army, repelled the American counterattacks against Detroit many times, and annihilated a brigade of the American army. The British army handed over 900 American prisoners of war to the Indians, who slaughtered them all. After the American army was reorganized, it launched a counterattack, and Tekusem withdrew from Detroit with the British army. He was chased by American troops in Moravia town and was defeated and killed.

Crete Indians in the south cooperated with the British to raid Fort Mimms, Alabama, killing more than 500 new immigrants. Later, he was retaliated by the Jackson Department of the US Army. From June 2003 18 1 1 to April of the following year, there were six fierce battles, and the Crete Indians were defeated and forced to cede territory for peace. In August, with the encouragement of the British army, Cletus attacked the American army again, fighting fiercely until165438+1October 7, when the American army captured Pensacola, the British-Indian alliance completely collapsed, and the control of the northwest region and Alabama was owned by the United States.

In the two wars of independence, in order to retaliate against the Indian attacks, the Americans also carried out bloody massacres on them. 1in may 779, Washington shrank its front line, did not confront the British army, and concentrated on retaliating against the Indians. He ordered General Sullivan to lead American troops into the hinterland of Iroquois tribe and scorched the earth, which caused incalculable losses to Iroquois people. An Iroquois woman recalled: "They destroyed all the food they could find, burned some of our corn and threw the rest into the river. They burned down our house, destroyed our fruit trees, killed a few cows and horses they found, leaving only bare land and wood. " One of the biggest consequences of this Indian raid was the death of a large number of Indians. "That winter was particularly cold, and the snow was five feet thick. When the snow melted the next spring, wild deer died in large numbers, and other animals died in large numbers because of the cold. Our people are dying. In fact, some people died of hunger and cold. "

In view of the fact that Indians have been allied with Britain, France, Spain and other countries, Americans have decided to respect them all the more. 1824, American President Monroe issued the famous Monroe Declaration: Europe should no longer colonize America. In order to carry out this policy, Monroe excluded Indians from American citizens. Of course, Indians never considered themselves American citizens.

The bloody slaughter of the "Westward Movement"

As a result of the war of independence, Indians and Americans had an argument. After leaving America, the British mercilessly abandoned their old friends. 1783 In September, Britain signed the Treaty of Paris with the separatists, recognizing the independence of the United States. Britain allocated a large area of Indian land to the United States without consulting its Indian allies. In the treaty, the British did not raise the issue of Indian rights, that is, Indian rights were not protected by the treaty. Theoretically, India and the United States are still at war. The British signed a contract with the United States, achieved peace and abandoned their allies, which Indians did not expect.

Faced with the new regime full of hatred, the Indians began a strong and desperate resistance. In pursuit of wealth, American colonists began to move westward. James polk, president of 1 1 USA 1844, took the conquest of the west as the campaign theme to fulfill the "destiny" of the United States. He annexed Texas immediately after he took office, and then immigrants launched the "White Bear Banner Uprising" to declare California independence; The US-Mexico War was defeated by Mexico, and American territory extended from Mississippi to the east coast of the Pacific Ocean. During this period, the American government signed a series of treaties with Indian tribes, forcing Indians to move to designated areas. According to statistics, from the independence of the United States to 1887, there were 370 such treaties, with only one goal, depriving Indians of places conducive to development and using them to develop the western region.

Encouraged by preferential policies, groups of colonists took their wives and children to the vast west. During this period, the colonists inevitably clashed with the local Indians. Starting from 1850, 4/5 of the American troops were confined by Indians in the western region, and the war lasted for ten years and 22 battles. 1832 Cermino War broke out, and the US military mobilized 5,000 people and 20,000 volunteers to forcibly relocate Seminoles. Under the leadership of osceola, the Indians used the convenience of swamp jungle and river network to fight against the American army, which suffered heavy losses. 1835- 1842 In the past seven years, the US military has changed eight commanders. In the end, Osola was captured by the strategic forces, and the fighting ended. During the period of 10, more than 2,000 people died in the battle and the loss exceeded 50 million dollars. Ironically, sporadic fighting among Florida Indians continued until 1939.

In northern Illinois, the Black Hawk War broke out from 1832. The Indian chief "Black Hawk" was brave and witty, and attacked the American army in a mysterious way, causing heavy casualties to the American army. In the end, the Black Hawk was defeated and captured, but he became an American hero. An advanced helicopter gunship is named after the Black Hawk.

During the period of 1862, Sioux and Apache Indians successively launched rebellion. The Sioux, also known as the Dakota, launched a series of attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River, which was also known as the Dakota War. The Sioux were quickly suppressed in the Dakota War, and 300 people arrested were sentenced to hang. On the order of President Lincoln, 39 people were sentenced to hang. Other Sioux joined other Indian tribes and fled to Canada. Sioux people have strong fighting capacity. They won in the later Hongyun War and Montenegro War (Battle of Dajiaohe), but they were all defeated in the end.

Apache is the general name of seven branches of Apache language family, that is, seven tribes, which are not completely unified as a whole. Their resistance to the United States was mainly isolated. The Apache were the last tribe to surrender to the American government. 1885, the US military mobilized 5,000 people and captured geronimo, the leader of this ethnic group.

1The Battle of Wounded Knee River on February 29th, 890 was the last battle between Indian tribes and American troops. In this war, 25 Americans were killed and 150 Indians were killed. The representative of the Indian war is the Sioux again. But in the end, the Indian tribe was defeated and the Indians lost their ambition to continue fighting with the United States.

From the American War of Independence to 1890, there were less than 20 wars between the United States and Indians, and the others were smaller battles. Immigrants fought countless battles with Indians. In order to survive, immigrants will form castles with wagons and use muskets against Indians.

In a big war, the death toll is usually tens to hundreds, and in individual battles, thousands of people, and in small battles, dozens to dozens of people. The scale of the war between the two sides is always more than 200 times. At that time, there were no planes and the traffic was inconvenient. Indians got a lot of muskets. There is a gap between the two sides, but it is not very big. It is generally estimated that the casualty ratio between American troops and Indians is about 1: 3 to 1: 5. In some battles, Indian soldiers suffered fewer casualties than American soldiers. In the war with Indians, it is said that more than 654.38 million American soldiers and civilians died. According to the proportion, it is estimated that the loss of Indians should be between 300,000 and 500,000, which is quite serious population loss.

Finally, the failed Indian tribes were placed in barren reserves by the American government until today.

The Influence of the Indian-White War The Origin of Everyone Holding a Gun in America

The long Indian War left a deep impression on the North American continent.

First of all, it is the mass death of Indians. 1860, the number of Indians reached the lowest point in history, namely 654.38+10,000. After 1860, with the decrease of armed resistance year by year, their population rose slowly. 1880 reached nearly 250,000; 1890, the population without reservation is more than 240,000, all of which are more than 580,000; At 1900, it is 530,000; 19 10 reached more than 630,000 in a year.

The history of the bloody battle between the colonists and the Indians also triggered the reflection of the American ruling and opposition parties. In 2009, the US Congress passed a resolution to apologize to the Indians, apologizing for the "irrational policies and violence, robbery and the destruction of the agreement reached with North American aborigines". But many Indians don't seem to care about this, because Indians enjoy many preferential treatments in the United States and have become a privileged nation. The United States owes a lot to Indians, which is the understanding of American society, especially white people. 1924, the U.S. congress passed a bill to recognize American citizenship of Indians.

Subsequently, the American government gave the Indians a lot of subsidies. As Indians, they have special subsidies, such as housing and medical care, and they can also open casinos on reserved land. Opening a casino is the privilege of Indians. The American government hopes that this privilege can help the Indians living on the reservation to have a fundamental change in their economy. Through casinos, Indians can earn an average of tens of thousands of dollars a year. With this money, Indians can also live a leisurely life.

In addition, Indian culture and the war between Indians and whites have also become rich mines of American cultural works. Popular western movies are one of them. Indians are brave in fighting and respected by whites. Their brave images are often borrowed by the US military. For example, helicopter Black Hawk, Apache and Comanche are all named after Indian heroes and Indian tribes.

Finally, the Indian War also brought a by-product to Americans, that is, everyone had a gun. Because of the Indian attack, Americans have developed a martial custom. Everyone is a soldier and everyone has a gun. This habit has continued to this day and is called "300 million people and 300 million guns". Although this habit is controversial, it should not change significantly in the short term.