Guam immigration project

Austronesian languages distributed on many islands in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean can be traced back to Taiwan Province Province, China. At present, the recognize

Austronesian languages distributed on many islands in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean can be traced back to Taiwan Province Province, China. At present, the recognized Austronesian ancestors left Taiwan Province Province of China more than 4,000 years ago, immigrated to the Philippines, and continued to move south hundreds of years later.

In order to clarify the past, ancient DNA sampled from human remains can bring important clues. Recently, a new discovery in Guam pointed out that people who set out from the Philippines as early as 3500 years ago had sailed 2300 kilometers eastward! [ 1, 2]

South Island Migration Map. From the original migration of Micronesia [Reference 1], 3,500 years ago, Guam was located 2,300 kilometers east of the Philippines, belonging to the Mariana Islands, and was assigned to Micronesia in a larger scope. There were obvious environmental changes in Guam 4300 years ago, which may be caused by human landing, but it is impossible to confirm.

To be sure, pottery appeared in Guam 3500 years ago, so human beings have arrived at least at this moment. The next critical moment is that about 1000 years ago, there was an obvious cultural change in archaeology. Then there is the tragic modern colonial history after contact with Europeans 500 years ago, from 65438 to 0565.

The newly published ancient DNA research can answer an important question in Guam's history: Where did the original Guam immigrants come from? After colonial poisoning, is there any blood that has been passed down to this day?

A scene from the site of Ritidian. According to [Ref. 2], the blood of ancient Guam still survives to this day. Two ancient genomes about 2,200 years ago were obtained from the Ritidian site in Guam. This era is more than a thousand years after mankind arrived in Guam and more than a thousand years before the obvious changes in culture.

There is not much DNA in the sample to piece together a complete genome, but it is still distributed in the whole genome, and hundreds of thousands of genetic variations can be used for analysis. They are genetically related (such as mother and son), so the subsequent analysis of the paper combines the DNA variation of the two as samples.

One of them, RBC 1, is genetically male, and the Y chromosome haplotype is O2a2；; The coverage rate of granular bodies is 95.2. The other RBC2 is a girl without Y chromosome, and the mitochondrial coverage rate is 26 1.3. Both of them have E2a haplotypes.

The indigenous people of Guam are Chamorros. 65% of the mitochondria of Chamorro people in modern Guam are E2a. On the other hand, there is almost no E2a in Melanesia and Polynesia in Oceania, whether ancient or modern.

It can be inferred that despite at least two drastic cultural changes, Guam's ethnic groups still maintain considerable genetic continuity.

Principal component analysis was carried out between ancient Guam samples and modern samples. Guamanians taken from [reference 1] before 2000 are still direct descendants of Asian immigrants. Considering the whole genome, compared with the modern ethnic groups, the Guamanians, the indigenous people of Taiwan Province Province in China and the Philippine ethnic group * * * 2,200 years ago enjoyed the most genetic variation, showing obvious South Island ancestry.

The Austronesian ethnic group in modern Oceania can be regarded as a combination of two ancestral sources. One is the so-called "near Oceania" and the other is from Asia, which can be traced back to Taiwan Province Province, China. Interestingly, ancient Guamanians had no ancestors near Oceania.

This discovery is quite important. Austronesian language family left Taiwan Province Province, China, immigrated to the Philippines, and then migrated to the southeast, reaching Bismarck Islands in the northeast of Australia. When the "La Pita Culture" was developed more than 3,300 years ago, the immigrants at that time had almost no blood relationship with Oceania. But in the following hundreds of years, near-Oceania DNA appeared everywhere in Oceania.

Although there may be individual differences, it can be assumed for the time being that Guam was not related to Oceania before 2200. In other words, until then, Guam residents were still the direct descendants of the original Asian immigrants.

The ancient Guam sample is the PCA of ancient and modern human samples. Excerpted from [reference 1] What was the last stop for immigrants from the Philippines, New Guinea and Guam? All known ancient and modern samples were included in the analysis, and the sample sharing the most genetic variation with ancient Guamanians was Lapidous (located in Wanadu and Dongjia) two to three thousand years ago. Then/kloc-the ancient Filipinos 0/800 years ago, then the modern Filipinos and the aborigines in Taiwan Province Province of China, and the ancient Penghu Gang Suo site nearly 5,000 years ago.

Inferred from DNA, Guamanians 2200 years ago can be traced back to the Philippines or western Indonesia. Considering geography and other factors, the Philippines seems to have the greatest opportunity; The area around New Guinea is unlikely to be the previous stop.

Based on the known evidence of language, heredity and geography, it is inferred that the Austronesian ethnic group went to the Philippines from Taiwan Province Province of China more than 4,000 years ago. After a period of development, it set out from the Philippines 3,500 years ago and sailed eastward to the Mariana Islands belonging to Guam.

While sailing to Guam, others in the Philippines moved south to Indonesia and New Guinea. Some of them continued eastward to Bismarck and Solomon Islands. Then around 3000, I set foot on the so-called far Oceania and landed in Vanuatu further east.

The ancient Guamanians are closer to the ancient and modern samples and closer to the left. Excerpted from [Reference 1] Did ancient Guamanians ever go south to participate in the formation of the culture of the South Island of Oceania? Why are ancient Guamanians and Rapids the closest genetically? I think the reason is that their recent ancestors can be traced back to the Philippines 3500 years ago; Later, the direct descendants of immigrants in the eastern and southeastern Philippines formed Lapidus after 600 years and ancient Guamanians after 1300 years respectively. Because relatives are very close, and the separation time is not too long, the accumulated differences are still very limited.

South Island ethnic migration has a long history, and the known samples are still in short supply. Among the remaining samples, the ancient people at the Gang Suo site in Penghu can represent the status of the South Island ethnic group in Taiwan Province Province, China before they left Taiwan Province Province, China more than 4,000 years ago. The modern aborigines and Filipinos in Taiwan Province Province of China represent the direct descendants of the ancients thousands of years ago. These people are close relatives of known ancient Guamanians.

However, the paper also puts forward a hypothesis: because the ancient Guamanians and Rapida people are the closest genetically, the people who immigrated to the Mariana Islands later went south to New Guinea and participated in the formation of Rapida culture. [3]

For the above assumptions, I think it is not impossible in culture, and I am afraid there is no genetic influence. Because none of the known ancient samples of New Guinea and Far Oceania, including Lapida culture, has a mitochondrial model of E, and the other B4 strain can be traced back to Taiwan Province Province, China, but it has a strong sense of existence.

The similarity of decorative patterns on pottery in the three places vaguely reflects the possible cultural connection between them. Left: northern Philippines, middle: Mariana Islands, right: Rapida pottery in Bismarck Islands. From Austronesian language family [Ref. 3], an incredible navigator sorted out this new discovery: the genomes of two ancient Guamanians 2,200 years ago were obtained. They were direct descendants of immigrants 3,500 years ago, and their ancestors should have come from the Philippines; Later, after two obvious cultural changes more than a thousand years ago and in the European colonial era, some blood lines still continue to this day.

I don't know what you think of the new hairstyle. Some readers may not be surprised, because Austronesian languages have been the best navigators in the world before the era of great European navigation hundreds of years ago. But the voyage 3,500 years ago is quite incredible in retrospect.

The shortest distance from China to Taiwan Province Province of China is about 200 kilometers, and that from Taiwan Province Province of China is 350 kilometers. In other words, before sailing to Mariana, the farthest voyage of the South Island ethnic group was only about 350 kilometers.