The detailed process of Hongwu diaspora

In the war-torn environment at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Chongming Island, a county belonging to Yangzhou Prefecture, was preserved because it was blocked by the Yangtze River and was not attacked by war. Chongming Island is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River. The beach area is small, and the waterway changes from time to time, so as soon as the war stops, the population will move out one after another. In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), more than 2,000 households on Chongming Island moved to Jiangbei, and these residents lived across the river. Haimen county. After that, 500 landless residents moved to Kunshan County, Suzhou. In fact, since the early years of Hongwu, there have been immigration activities in Chongming Island, but the difference is the change of its administrative district. Chongming Island was under the jurisdiction of Jiangbei before the seventh year of Hongwu (1374), and it belonged to Kunshan County after the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392).

In the early years of Hongwu, except for the local residents who resumed work, the rest were floating population. According to the existing local chronicles and genealogy data, their ancestors migrated from Suzhou Nagato in the early Ming Dynasty. Most of the ancestors of Taixing residents moved in at the end of Yuan Dynasty. One surname in Xinghua County came from Suzhou, and Hongwu moved in Xinghua in the early years. Others, such as Baoying, have moved.

From the ninth year to the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1376- 1393), Yangzhou immigrants moved in one after another, with a total of140,000 new immigrants, originally from southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Jiangxi. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu (1393), among the 740,000 people in Yangzhou, immigrants from all ethnic groups and their families.

Immigrants from Huai 'an Prefecture also moved in from Suzhou, such as the surnames of, Tang, Wu and Zhu in Siyang County, that is, they moved in from Suzhou's Dongdongting Mountain (Taihu Lake has Dongdongting Mountain and Xidongting Mountain), Kunshan, Jurong and Wuxian in the early Ming Dynasty, so there are still rumors about the origin of Suzhou in the county. However, in the early Ming Dynasty, Suzhou immigrants didn't seem to reach the north of Huai 'an Prefecture, so Muyang and Haizhou were transformed from the homonyms of "red flies driving away" and "red kings driving away". Although one explanation for the "red fly" is that the epidemic of diseases caused by the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty left an unforgettable impression on the hearts of immigrants; But another explanation is the sigh left by the ancestors of immigrants who were driven away by Liang Wudi.

In addition, sporadic northern immigrants, especially those from Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, moved to Huai 'an Prefecture. Southeast Shandong was originally one of the areas where Shanxi immigrants moved, and then moved south to northern Jiangsu, so some of the immigrants from northern Jiangsu were descendants of Shanxi immigrants. These immigrants from Hongdong County, Shanxi Province migrated frequently, and their traces can be found throughout the Ming Dynasty.

During the Hongwu period, the immigrants from Jiangnan to Jiangbei generally took the Yellow River as the northern boundary, and the immigrants from Jiangnan crossed the river to the north after the middle of Ming Dynasty. In fact, there is more than one strange phenomenon. Nowadays, most people in Su Beiren call sleeping "going to Suzhou", which shows that Suzhou immigrants never forgot their ancestral home during their migration, and they have never forgotten it for hundreds of years. Today's Yancheng people will almost tell you that their ancestral home is "Suzhou Langmen" and they came to northern Jiangsu from southern Jiangsu because of "Hongwu". This cultural phenomenon is the same as that of Shandong people who say that their ancestral home is under the pagoda tree in Hongtong County, Shanxi Province. According to Yancheng County Records, shortly after Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, in order to retaliate against the support of the gentry and people in Jiangsu, Songjiang, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Hangzhou for Zhang Shicheng, 400,000 people from Wang Fu were driven to northern Jiangsu on the grounds of resettlement, leaving a historical case with different opinions. Why do hundreds of thousands of people say they are Suzhou changmen? There are eight gates in Suzhou, among which the snake gate and the pan gate symbolize the intention of conquering Yue and returning it to Wu. Qimen opposes Qi, aiming at subduing Qi. Nagato, which means "the wind blows across the sky", is located in the west of the city. He Lv must first break the West and strengthen Chu. Yancheng people say that their ancestors were Suzhou master, which somewhat reflects the "complex" that Hongwu's descendants hate Zhu Yuanzhang's support for Zhang Shicheng. In addition, we can't explain the historical phenomenon that hundreds of thousands of people are Suzhou changmen, and why they call themselves Nagato.

1. At that time, when they moved out, they all went out from Nagato and registered in Nagato, so.

2. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang was dissatisfied that someone in northern Jiangsu wanted to go back to his hometown and was beheaded. Then a minister next to Zhu Yuanzhang thought of a way to save those people. He advised Zhu Yuanzhang to say that he was a master in Suzhou, hoping that Zhu Yuanzhang would show mercy to Nagato in Suzhou, and then immediately informed Suzhou immigrants in northern Jiangsu that he was a master and could eliminate evil. Therefore, he said.

3. However, this view that one's ancestral home is mostly in Nagato, Suzhou has also been doubted by many people. In fact, if so many ancestral homes are true, it is difficult to organize such a large-scale immigration, and the local culture has not been replaced or seriously affected by the cultural diffusion in the immigrant areas, and there is no positive immigration record in history. This is probably because of the unstable clan relationship caused by the war. After stability, the original genealogy cannot be preserved, and the ancestral home must be re-edited by later generations, which is not completely credible. Moreover, due to the age, the similarity of ancestral home may be due to the psychology of future generations to compile genealogy, which has caused a cultural phenomenon that many local people originated in the same place. What is proved here is the legend of Sophora japonica in Hongtong, Shandong, Henan, Hebei and other places, the legend of Xiaogan Township in Macheng, Southwest China, the legend of Waxieba in Jiangxi, Anhui, the legend of immigrants in Nanjing, Yunnan and so on.

The ancestral home of Suzhou is mainly distributed in Yangzhou, Huaiyin and Yancheng. As we have said before, the northern edge where immigrants arrive is basically bounded by the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in the west and Nantong in the east (it needs to be emphasized here that Hongwu's scattered immigrants are not only in northern Jiangsu, but also in many places east of Fengyangfu, such as Wuhe, Mingguang and Xuyi in Anhui, so it is wrong to take the canal as the boundary). Yangzhou, Hanjiang, Jiangdu, Taizhou, Jiangyan, Taixing, Gaoyou, Baoying, Huaiyin, Huai 'an, Guannan, Shuyang, Suqian, Siyang, Lianshui, Yancheng, Xiangshui, Binhai, Funing, Sheyang, Jianhu, Dafeng, Dongtai, Xinpu, Donghai and Guanyun within the geographical scope. Judging from the current situation of dialects and literature, Jiangyan, Xinghua and Taixing are the most concentrated. The area east of Gongfan dike in Xiangshui, Binhai, Sheyang and Dafeng has not landed in the early Ming Dynasty, and the Suzhou immigrants here are obviously the second or third immigrants in northern Jiangsu. In this city, at least 80% people claim to be descendants of Suzhou immigrants. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, it was obviously impossible for northern Jiangsu to accept so many Suzhou immigrants. According to the current language situation, we can basically infer that the number of immigrants this time could not account for the vast majority of the local population in northern Jiangsu at that time. If the vast majority of northern Jiangsu are immigrants from Suzhou (we call Suzhou, pine trees, tribal tigers, history and Hangzhou "Suzhou" according to the custom)-this kind of plate-type immigrants who come from one place and move to another place far exceeds the local aborigines, and when they arrive at a place, they will inevitably use the local dialect. In this way, the dialect in northern Jiangsu today should be Wu dialect. Even from the perspective of language development and change, it should at least be Wu dialect mixed with some mandarin elements, not now. It is Mandarin mixed with Wu dialect. The reason is very simple. There are many such examples in the history of the development of Chinese dialects. For example, the dialects of Nanjing and Zhenjiang, originally Wu dialect, evolved into today's Jianghuai dialect, which was caused by a large number of immigrants during Yongjia period. The data provided by genealogy, genealogy and some local documents prove that not all the immigrants who moved to northern Jiangsu in the early Ming Dynasty came from Suzhou. For example, Xinghua's "Shi Jian Palace Li Family Tree" clearly records the Ming Prime Minister's family, which was called "Xinghua Pavilion Old Man" by local people, and moved from Jurong to Xinghua in the early Ming Dynasty (interestingly, Li's descendants also said that they moved from Suzhou). The twenty-four volumes of Taixing County Records of the Republic of China stated: "Most people in Anhui and Jiangxi tried to collect all kinds of spies. Move to Thailand on the occasion of Yuanming. " Li, Wang, Yin, Hong and Shi from Taixing moved in from Anhui. Jiangyan now has a population of nearly 60,000 surnamed Chen and has three branches, two of which are from Jiangxi and only one is from Suzhou. In addition, the Wu mentioned in the above-mentioned "Siyang County Records of the Republic of China" also comes from Jurong, and the health care system in the Ming Dynasty was "leaving the army to settle the field". During the Hongwu period, there were about120,000 scholars and their families stationed in the second house of Huaiyang in northern Jiangsu, which also accounted for a certain proportion of the population in northern Jiangsu at that time. After clarifying these situations, we can estimate the number of Suzhou immigrants accepted by northern Jiangsu in the early Ming Dynasty (when counting the population, we use all kinds of relevant data without direct records in the literature, which is called estimation. The concept of "estimation" was first put forward and applied by Mr. Liang when compiling the Population Land Tax Table of Past Dynasties, and it was recognized. In the Ming Dynasty, Yangzhou Prefecture governed eight counties and two states (namely Jiangdu, Yizheng, Gaoyou, Taizhou, Taixing, Baoying, Xinghua, Rugao, Tongzhou and Haimen). Hongwu twenty-six years, Dingkou 736 165. Among them, immigrants from Yizheng, Rugao, Tongzhou and Haimen are "Suzhou". On average, it is assumed that immigrants account for 50% of the county's total population, while Yangzhou Prefecture has 220,850 immigrants in Suzhou. In the Ming Dynasty, Huai 'an Prefecture governed Yang Shan, Qinghe, Yancheng, Anton, Taoyuan, Shuyang, Haizhou, Pizhou, Suqian, Suining and Ganyu (the geographical scope is roughly equivalent to a part of Huai 'an, Yancheng, Xuzhou and Lianyungang). Hongwu twenty-six years, 63254 1, of which Ganyu and Pizhou have no immigrants, only Suqian and Haizhou. We estimate that there are no immigrants in the three counties, and we still speculate that the Huai' an government accepts 230 thousand immigrants according to the above estimation method. In this way, in the early Ming Dynasty, northern Jiangsu received about 450,000 Suzhou immigrants, accounting for about 34% of the total population at that time. Actually. The number of immigrants in each county will never reach the same number as the aborigines, nor will it reach 50% of the total population. Our estimate is the most lenient.

According to another research, it was in the early Ming Dynasty that the regime provided farm tools and seeds to Nagato immigrants in Suzhou in order to appease the new immigrants, and implemented a tax exemption policy, so that the original residents who had moved out because of the war could move back. In order to enjoy the tax-free policy, the original residents also claimed to be the master of Suzhou. As the sea moved eastward at that time, the cultivated land in northern Jiangsu gradually expanded, and more immigrants were needed for reclamation. The Ming regime implemented the tax exemption and light tax policy in northern Jiangsu for nearly a hundred years, which made the saying of coming to Suzhou Nagato popular.