Reading Notes

At 1. 1863, the general situation of British workers is very miserable. Insufficient nutrition, diseases and crowded and messy homes make them look like animals instead of humans. The faster capitalism accumulates, the more miserable the housing situation of workers will be. London has been "improved", factories have proliferated, the population has poured in, and finally the land rent has soared, and the working class to the wealthier people in the middle and lower classes have fallen into a cruel housing state. For example, workers in the East End of London were driven out of their old houses and had to go to shelters for the poor, which made the shelters extremely crowded. The light and air are extremely poor, the water supply is not good, the toilets are few and poor, most of them can only sleep on the ground, and adults, children and men sleep together. "Bristol is one of the richest cities in Europe, but it is full of abject poverty and family misfortune." p488

2. In society, it is not without health-related condemnation. And the invasion of capital on workers made the latter fall into danger and humiliation. Of course, capital would argue that this was a necessary means of profit proliferation at that time. P490 Besides, the capitalist knows that he doesn't have to bear the consequences, and the workers are not educated about the right to health, so they won't go on strike. p49 1

Workers' hard-earned money is always easily deprived again. The cases in the book are heartbreaking. P493 In the "capitalist paradise", subtle changes in the prices of daily necessities will be accompanied by changes in the number of deaths and crimes! p495

Contact information: The content of this chapter is an outline of the miserable life of British workers in the past. In this way, I can't choose and sell my labor, so I can't live as a person. I can't help but think of several small videos on the Internet, including those related to epidemic situation and floods. If it weren't for the rise of the sinking short video app, which gave city people a chance to see the life of the lowest and most ordinary people, maybe we would always feel that our life is the life that most people live, and it is "normal".

However, there are people who have worked hard to farm the land, shops whose clothes survived the epidemic were flooded, rural funerals where bodies were transported in chest-high flood water, and countless ordinary people lost their wealth due to natural disasters. I think maybe more "top" people can see that this is the beginning of social solidarity. At least, unlike19th century capitalists, they don't think all this is a necessary condition for laborers to make profits themselves.

p495-528

1. According to the survey of 1863, the agricultural proletarians in Britain are not better off than the prisoners in British prisons. Ordinary workers in Scotland don't even have a chance to eat a little meat.

The British Constitution allows landlords to be cultivators. Because these people will eventually embark on the road of being rescued from poverty, they can escape the burden of poverty alleviation tax by expulsion.

3. The population is constantly being expelled to cities, cultivated land is pasture, machinery is adopted, and land is rented, which makes the rural population constantly surplus.

4. The situation in Ireland is that the population is declining and the poor are driven to distant countries (Marx called this bloodletting therapy quack, the disease is gone, the blood is gone), so the land is barren and the products are sharply reduced. Wages can't keep up with the prices of daily necessities. The living environment of workers is very low.

In Britain, surplus workers in agriculture will become factory workers. In Ireland, agricultural workers deported to big cities are still agricultural workers. In order to have jobs, they had to go to the countryside in the end.

Contact: Ireland 1846 famine, more than one million people died, most of them were poor. Whenever social unrest occurs and natural disasters strike on a large scale, the poorest people are affected. The COVID-19 epidemic in the United States has even increased the wealth of the richest people by 20%. Those who have the capital to hoard goods in China also earn a lot of money through masks and warm guns.

1. A group of people whose working hours are not long but their wealth is still increasing; People, no matter how hard they try, still have to betray themselves. The former is a minority and the latter is a majority.

2. The process of creating capital relations is the process of separating workers' ownership and working conditions. This process turns the means of production into capital and the direct producers into hired workers. Primitive accumulation is this process, which is the historical prophase of capital and capital production mode.

3. The transformation of direct producers into hired workers is realized by depriving farmers of their land and forcibly expelling farmers. Its typical can be seen in England, starting from the end of15th century16th century. Many small farmers used to lease for life, lease for life, etc. , became the Lord of all the land. At the same time, these lands were leased out and became the original source of capitalist primitive accumulation. The plundered land includes temple property, state-owned land, * * land, feudal land and clan-owned land. )

4. The legislature has been fighting the violence of land plunder for 150 years, but it has no effect. Even later laws have gradually become legal tools of plunder.

5. Forced land expropriation makes people who leave the old environment unable to adapt to the training of new jobs quickly, and a large number of them become beggars, vagrants and thieves. At this time, the law automatically regards them as "criminals". Henry VIII informed England in 1530 that strong vagrants must be whipped and imprisoned, tied to the back of a truck and whipped until their bodies bleed, and then sworn "voluntary labor" and sent back to their hometown. The law of 1547 is to try those who refuse to act as informers. Owners have the right to force themselves to work hard on any kind of work. ..... The law allows flogging, branding and severe criticism. This is very threatening.

6. The legislation of wage labor, starting from squeezing laborers, has evolved into opposing laborers. Such as compulsory extension of working days (also mentioned in Chapter 8, Section 5).

7. "A highly developed organization in the capitalist production process will break all obstacles." p548

8. How cruel were the laws in Britain at that time? Wages paid shall not exceed the statutory limit, but there is no minimum wage limit. Those who accept more than the legal limit will be punished more severely than those who give them. If the employer breaches the contract, it can only take civil action; If the laborer violates the contract, criminal proceedings are allowed. Workers' strikes must be punished by criminal law, and the interpretation of criminal law is that factory owners themselves come forward as judges. It's also ridiculous. For 500 years, the British Parliament has been the permanent imperial organization of capitalists. Similarly, in France, the struggle between labor and capital is limited by law to the extent that it is beneficial to capital. It is believed that "all workers' groups are trying to resist the declaration of freedom and human rights", and they have to pay a fine and be deprived of public rights for one year.

Contact: This shame in the past has remained unchanged for hundreds of years. The legislature is also indifferent to this and even becomes the mouthpiece of capitalists. Looking at the definition of "declaration against freedom and human rights" in French law, it is actually exactly the same as the international community today. Whoever has the right to speak can define and characterize the behavior of others and interpret it from the perspective that is most suitable for his own interests.

1.65438+ In Britain in the 6th century, when the value of money fell, wages also fell, and part of the wages were added to the profits of farmers who rented land. The prices of all crops are rising. Therefore, land lease agriculture can increase monetary capital effortlessly. They pay the rent at the old price and sell the products at the new high price.

2. The capitalist mode of production separates the yeoman from the means of production, the secondary industry in rural areas has also been destroyed, and manufacturing and agriculture have also been separated. Because the customers of small producers were scattered in the past, the goods made by each family are now classified as a big market for industrial capital supply.

3. Mature capitalists can be transformed from independent small-scale craftsmen and wage laborers into small capitalists, and then gradually transformed into them with the gradual expansion and accumulation of wage laborers.

4. The main contents of primitive accumulation are: the discovery of gold and silver producing areas in America; Native Americans were exterminated, enslaved and buried in mines; The conquest and plunder of East India, the Africa Cup turned into a commercial black plunder field and so on.

5. "Capital appears in the world from head to toe, and every pore is permeated with blood and dirt." p565

6. The process of capitalist accumulation begins with the land privately cultivated by farmers and the private tools of craftsmen, and ends with the dispersion of land and means of production. Since then, the means of production have gathered to form the cooperation and division of labor of workers. Therefore, the means of production have accumulated, and a few people have a lot of property. This is a prelude to capital. The capitalist mode of production is further socialized, and the next deprivation is that big capitalists squeeze small capitalists. Therefore, the scale of capital concentration and cooperation is even larger. This combination will make labor more economical and the internationalization of capitalism will develop.

7. The capitalist mode of production makes private ownership based on individual's own labor change into private ownership based on cooperation and the * * * of land and means of production (means of production of labor). Marx believes that this capitalist ownership will also be transformed into social ownership. (Visible * * * Manifesto of the Productive Party) The victory of the proletariat is inevitable.

Connection: The development process of capital accumulation is very similar to that of the most humble entrepreneurs in today's society. They gradually create greater value through part of their capital, thus building a larger platform, but after making certain achievements, they are likely to be acquired by Internet giants. If it is not acquired, it may be hit by big capital. For example, Tencent's active imitation and its large number of users will have an impact on these small enterprises.

The graphite I saw was "copied" by Tencent documents, and the impact was one of them. If Tencent's documents were not too bad and the user experience of graphite was too good, it is estimated that graphite would hardly survive today. At present, many graphite groups around me have a tendency to slowly turn to Tencent documents. But I always thought that the latter was done casually.

* The recent heavy release and word-of-mouth explosion of Black Myth: Wukong has also triggered many gamers to lash out at Tencent Netease again.

1. Is the capital accumulation in American colonies different from that in Britain? First of all, the American colonies lacked labor. Capitalists moved here and found that "capital is not a thing, but a social relationship between people established by the medium of things." Without laborers (that is, without slavery), their capital will always be reduced to the extent that everyone can use it with his own hands. Because of the huge capital (seeds, utensils, livestock, etc. ) In the colonies, nobody used it.

Secondly, the process of creating surplus hired workers through the reproduction of colonial hired workers will be hindered. As Marx said before, capital accumulation often produces a relatively surplus population of employed workers, but if new workers who keep entering the colonies are eliminated by the labor market, they will become independent farmers or craftsmen. The dispersion of the means of production makes it impossible to concentrate capital.

Therefore, wakefield's plan is: the government forces the land to charge high prices to the hired workers, so that immigrants have to work for a long time to become free farmers before they can buy land. The laborers who became landowners as a result of the purchase ensured the input of new labor funds to the colonies.

2. But what is the result of colonial capital accumulation? The influx of people has caused a sharp increase in the population of the eastern United States. The British gave the uncultivated land of the colony to the nobles and capitalists indiscriminately. The population flow attracted by the gold mining industry and the competition between British commodity imports and small-scale craftsmen resulted in a comprehensive "relative surplus labor force population" in Australia. Prostitution is also prevalent in Australia.

3. The foundation of capitalist private ownership is to destroy private property based on one's own labor and deprive workers.

The golden sentence: "The wealth of the country is consistent with the poverty of the people." p574

"What a terrible thing it is! A kind capitalist paid his precious currency and lost his competitors from Europe! " P573 Haha, very much like the ironic tone in Mao Xuan.

Contact: The story of wage earners is also a metaphor for reality. For example, how to get others to work and export for the organization? Cut off the back road and set what he wants at a very high price

Let's look at it in combination with continuous movements. How to keep moving? First of all, you should cut off the road, don't feel that you are not suitable, don't feel that you shouldn't start now, give yourself many excuses and do it directly. Secondly, stick to high standards and demand of yourself. Don't make the goal too simple, and push yourself forward with desire.