How to learn high school geography well ~ ~ ~

Geography required course 3 (regional geography)

Chapter I Regional and Regional Differences

Part one: The influence of geographical environment on regional development.

I. Regional and regional differences

1, regional meaning: refers to a spatial unit on the earth's surface, which is divided by people according to certain exponential methods on the basis of geographical differences. The boundaries between these spatial units are clear and transitional.

2. Regional differences

Second, the three natural areas in China.

Section 2 Application of Geographic Information Technology

I. Global Positioning System

1. Concept: A system that uses satellite network to obtain the latitude, longitude and elevation of a point on the ground.

2. Composition:

Space part: It consists of 24 satellites (including 3 spare satellites) distributed on 6 orbital planes 20,200 kilometers from the ground.

Ground control part: ground monitoring system.

User equipment part: GPS receiver.

3. Features: provide accurate latitude, longitude and height, and have the characteristics of all-weather, high precision and automatic measurement.

4. Application: Determine the latitude, longitude and altitude of inspection points, which is mainly used for positioning and navigation.

Second, remote sensing technology

1, concept: using certain technical equipment and systems, in a position far away from the measured target.

Techniques for measuring, recording and analyzing electromagnetic wave characteristics.

2. Link: target-sensor-remote sensing ground system-achievement (remote sensing image).

3. Features: wide detection range, fast data acquisition, short cycle and strong adaptability.

4. Application: resource investigation, environmental monitoring, natural disaster prevention and monitoring, etc.

Three. geographical information system (GIS)

1. Concept: A system that relies on computers to collect, process, store, analyze and apply geographic information.

2. Program: information source-data processing-database management-spatial analysis-visual expression (map, 3D view, multimedia).

3. Application: solving problems related to the distribution and location of geographical things; Analyze the development trend of geographical things; Reveal the distribution and combination law of geographical things; Establish a mathematical model.

Fourth, the digital earth.

1. Concept: The digital reproduction and re-understanding of the unity of the real earth and its related phenomena are various technologies such as remote sensing technology, global positioning system, geographic information system, virtual technology and network technology.

Comprehensive application of.

2. Foundation: global network and distributed storage.

3. Virtual reality technology.

4. Source of information: high-resolution satellite images.

5. Application: It makes human beings have a digital space laboratory, which provides an important reference for national large-scale engineering decision-making and provides unprecedented convenience for human beings.

Chapter II Construction of Regional Ecological Environment

Section 1 Desertification Control —— Taking Northwest China as an Example

1, northwest overview

(1) Location: Located in the west of Daxinganling, north of Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-Ancient Great Wall; In terms of administrative divisions, it includes Xinjiang, Ningxia, northern Gansu and most of Inner Mongolia.

⑵ Topographic features: the eastern part is a vast plateau, and the western mountains and basins are alternately distributed.

⑶ Main landscape: Drought is the most obvious natural feature. Form a grassland and desert landscape.

⑷ Internal differences: Helan Mountain is the boundary, the eastern part is a semi-arid grassland belt, and the western part is an arid and extremely arid area.

2. Desertification

⑴ Concept: Land degradation in arid, semi-arid and partially semi-humid areas.

⑵ Performance: Land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by the degradation of cultivated land, grassland and forest land. Northwest China is the most prominent.

(3) reasons:

Natural factors: ① dry climate, more Gobi desert; ② Sparse vegetation and sandy sediments; ③ windy days are frequent and concentrated.

Human factors: ① root cause: the pressure of population explosion on the environment; Improper human activities and unreasonable utilization of resources.

② Direct causes: excessive firewood collection, overgrazing, excessive reclamation, unreasonable utilization of water resources, and neglect of environmental protection in industrial and mining traffic construction.

3. Countermeasures and measures for desertification control

(1) Contents: ① Preventing the threat of potential desertification; (2) Reversing the degradation trend of desertification land; ③ Restoring the productivity of desertified land.

⑵ Principle: Combine maintaining ecological balance with improving economic benefits, and combine mountain management, water control, alkali control and sand control. Focus: Harness the areas that have been invaded by sand dunes and seriously endangered by sandstorms.

⑶ Measures: ① Rational utilization of water resources; (2) Construction of shelter forest system through biological and engineering measures; ③ Adjustment of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; (4) Comprehensive measures to solve energy problems in agricultural and pastoral areas in multiple ways; ⑤ Control population growth.

Section 2 Development and Protection of Forests —— Taking Amazon Rainforest as an Example

1, current situation of forest resources

⑴ Attribute: It is both a natural resource and an environmental resource.

⑵ Functions: regulating climate, conserving water, preventing wind and fixing sand, conserving soil and water, smoking and removing dust, purifying air, beautifying environment, etc.

⑶ Forest distribution: Subhard coniferous forest and tropical rain forest area. Because the land is vast and sparsely populated, the natural conditions are harsh, or because it is inaccessible and developed late, it is protected from large-scale destruction. Amazon rainforest is the largest and relatively well-preserved virgin forest in the world.

2. Tropical rain forest

⑴ Distribution: Tropical rainforests are mainly distributed on the north and south sides of the equator, but they can extend to the north and south latitudes 15-25 degrees in the windward zone of the mainland. It is concentrated in Southeast Asia, Congo River Basin in Africa and Amazon River Basin in South America.

⑵ Global environmental effects of rainforests: ① Lung of the earth: It profoundly affects the balance of carbon and oxygen in the earth's atmosphere. ② The reservoir of the earth: promoting the global water cycle and regulating the global water balance ③ The treasure house of biological genes in the world: In the history of biological evolution, the rainforest has become the place with the most breeding species and the longest preservation time on the earth.

(3) Rainforest Ecology

Advantages: high temperature and rainy all year round, strong photosynthesis, vigorous biological circulation and rapid biological growth.

(2) Vulnerability: Almost all the nutrients needed for rainforest growth are stored in plants on the ground.

(4) the destruction of tropical rain forests

① Root causes: population growth, poverty and the resulting development needs in local developing countries. ② Direct cause: human development.

5. Development of Tropical Rainforest (Amazon Development Plan)

(1) Before the 1950s: the lifestyle was backward and underdeveloped, which didn't have much influence.

(2) The population has increased rapidly, and the rainforest has been destroyed unprecedentedly.

(3)1970, the Brazilian government officially announced the famous plan for the development of the Amazon basin: building a trans-Amazon highway, immigrating to the Amazon plain, and encouraging multinational enterprises to invest and develop.

[6] Protecting the Rainforest: Under the current background, facing the grim situation that the rainforest is being devastated, we should put

Protection comes first. (1) Encourage protective development, such as rainforest sightseeing; (2) Strengthen environmental education and raise citizens' awareness of environmental protection; ③ Combination of selective cutting and reforestation; ④ Strengthening the construction of forest buffer zone.

Chapter III Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Regional Natural Resources

Section 1 Development of Energy Resources —— Taking Shanxi Province as an Example

1, energy classification

Renewable energy (such as water, wind, biomass, tidal energy, solar energy); Non-renewable energy (such as coal, oil, natural gas and other mineral energy and nuclear energy).

2. Development conditions of coal resources in Shanxi Province

① Rich coal resources, good mining conditions, abundant reserves, wide distribution range, complete coal types and excellent coal quality.

② Broad market: First, China's demand for energy has further increased; Second, the coal-based energy structure will not change for a long time.

③ Moderate location: short coal transportation and transmission distance.

(4) Convenient transportation: The three coal transportation railways in North China, South China and Central China are Daqin Line, Huang Shen Line and Jiaoantenna respectively.

3, energy base construction:

(1) Challenge: (1) Less per capita resources; ② Low per capita energy consumption; ③ High energy consumption per unit output value; ④ Energy consumption structure dominated by coal; ⑤ Energy security is threatened.

⑵ Take measures: ① Expand coal mining; (2) Improve Shanxi's coal transportation capacity, mainly by railways, supplemented by highways; ③ Strengthen the conversion of coal processing: first, build a pit-mouth power station and change coal transportation into power transmission; The second is to develop the coking industry.

4. Comprehensive utilization of energy

⑴ Reasons for change: single industrial structure, low economic benefits and serious ecological and environmental problems.

⑵ Reform mode: Combining the advantages of iron ore, bauxite and other resources, we will build three industrial chains of coal, electricity, aluminum, coal, steel and coal coking.

(3) Achievements of comprehensive utilization of energy: ① Shanxi's industrial structure has changed from a single structure dominated by coal mining to a diversified structure dominated by energy, metallurgy, chemicals and building materials; (2) The raw material industry gradually surpasses the mining industry and occupies a dominant position; ③ Upgrading of industrial structure.

5, environmental protection and governance

⑴ Improve coal utilization technology: promote the development of clean energy industry represented by clean coal.

⑵ Adjusting the industrial structure: The industrial structure dominated by heavy chemical industry is the root of ecological and environmental problems. ① Adjust the original heavy chemical industry to make products develop in the direction of deep processing and high added value; ② Vigorously develop agriculture, textile industry, high-tech industry and tourism.

⑶ Treatment of "three wastes": ① Waste residue: recycling; (2) Waste gas: eliminate smoke and dust and create a windbreak belt; ③ Waste water: precipitation and purification.

Section II Comprehensive Development of Rivers —— Taking Tennessee Valley in the United States as an Example

1, the natural background of basin development

(1) Importance: It determines the utilization mode of rivers and the development direction of river basins.

⑵ River profile: The second tributary of the Mississippi River originates from the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains and flows into the Ohio River in Kentucky.

⑶ Attach importance to development: ① Mountain: the birthplace of rivers, and protect vegetation ecology; (2) Valley Plain: the area where human activities are concentrated, which is the focus of ecological environment protection; ③ River: the main part of development and utilization in the basin, with emphasis on rational allocation of water resources and water quality protection.

⑷ The natural background of Tennessee Valley development: ① Topography: mountainous, undulating, rich in hydraulic resources, and the navigation function of the river is very prominent; ② Climate: warm and humid with abundant precipitation, with more precipitation in late winter and early spring and less precipitation in summer and autumn; (3) Water system: numerous tributaries, abundant water, large river drop and unstable water; ④ Minerals: rich in coal, iron and copper.

2. Early development of river basin and its consequences.

(1)1the second half of the eighth century: agriculture is developed, population is small, and it has little impact on the natural environment.

(2)1late 9th century: the population increased sharply and the land was degraded due to predatory exploitation of resources; Vegetation destruction; Environmental pollution and other ecological and social problems.

(3) In the early 1930s, Tennessee Valley became one of the poorest areas in the United States.

3. Comprehensive development of river basins

(1) The core of development: the cascade development of rivers.

(2) Development projects: flood control, shipping, power generation, tourism, water supply, aquaculture, etc.

⑶ Effect: The flood was eradicated, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, industry and tourism developed rapidly, the ecological environment was improved, and the economic, social and ecological benefits were unified.

(4) The reasons for the formation of "industrial corridors" on both sides of the Tennessee River: large-scale hydropower and nuclear power make the Tennessee River basin the largest power supply base in China; Develop energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum smelting and chemical industry.

Chapter IV Regional Economic Development

Section 1 Regional Agricultural Development —— Taking Northeast China as an Example

1, geographical conditions in Northeast China

(1) natural conditions: (1) climatic conditions: temperate monsoon climate, with the same rain and heat, crops are harvested once a year, which is easily affected by high temperature. Climate is the most difficult natural condition in regional agricultural production. )

② Topographic distribution: Plateau (animal husbandry), plain (planting) and mountain (forestry) provide conditions for diversified agriculture.

③ Soil: Black soil and chernozem are widely distributed, with deep soil layer and high organic matter content, which is beneficial to agricultural production.

⑵ Socio-economic conditions: ① Good industrial foundation; (2) The transportation is developed, the external contact is convenient, and the export-oriented agriculture is developed; (3) The development time is late and the population density is low (the land is vast and the population is sparse), which is conducive to the development of green agriculture and large agriculture.

2. Characteristics of agricultural layout

(1) Farming and agricultural area: (1) Mainly distributed in three plain areas; ② Main crops: wheat, corn, rice, etc.

(2) Forestry and specialty areas: ① Forestry: mainly distributed in Xing 'anling and Changbai Mountain areas.

② Changbai Mountain is the main producing area of precious medicinal materials such as pilose antler and ginseng in China, and apples and pears are produced in Yanbian. Liaodong and peninsula hilly areas are the largest tussah cocoon producing areas in China. Southern Liaoning is an important apple producing area.

(3) Animal husbandry area: ① It is mainly distributed in the western plateau, the western Songnen Plain and some forest grasslands, and is an important production base for sheep, cattle and horses; (2) Animal species: Three Rivers in Hulunbeier: Three River Cattle and Three Hippos; Western Songnen Plain: Northeast Red Bull.

3. Northeast Commodity Grain Base

(1) Production characteristics: (1) Large-scale mechanized production; ② Regional specialized production.

⑵ Other knowledge: ① The commodity rate in Sanjiang Plain is the highest; ② State farms have the highest degree of mechanization.

4, the direction of agricultural development

(1) Plain area: develop high-quality special varieties to meet processing needs and improve product quality and competitiveness; Accelerate the development of commodity grain and bean production, promote grain transformation and extend the industrial chain; Building a green food base. Enhance the ability to compete with foreign agricultural products entering the domestic market. )

(2) Western grassland area: vigorously develop ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, strengthen the construction of artificial grassland, and develop intensive herbivorous animal husbandry.

(3) Mountain agriculture: protect forest resources, develop characteristic agriculture and characteristic products, and realize the transformation from raw material production to raw material and product processing.

Section II Regional Industrialization and Urbanization —— Taking the Pearl River Delta in China as an Example

1, background and geographical conditions of industrialization and urbanization

(1) Adjustment of industrial structure in developed countries and regions: (1) The proportion of secondary industry decreased, while the proportion of tertiary industry increased; (2) Within the industry, the proportion of labor and resource-intensive industries declined, while the proportion of technology and knowledge-intensive industries increased.

(2) The country's opening-up policy: many preferential policies are given to the regions that take the lead in reform and opening up, so that the Pearl River Delta region has priority over other regions in attracting foreign investment.

⑶ Good location conditions: Located in the southern coast of China, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao and close to Southeast Asia; Give full play to the advantages of abundant labor force and low land price, accept the industrial diffusion of Hong Kong and Macao nearby, and use Hong Kong and Macao trade channels to export a large number of goods.

④ One of the largest hometown of overseas Chinese in China.

2. The stage of industrialization and urbanization.

(1) Promotion of industrialization: (1) The first stage:1979-1990, labor-intensive industries become the leading industries. ② The second stage: After 1990, high-tech industries gradually replaced labor-intensive industries and became the leading industries.

3. Problems and countermeasures

(1) Industrial upgrading is facing difficulties (compared with the Yangtze River Delta, the industrial base, scientific and technological strength, talent team and market hinterland are all at a disadvantage)-Industrial structure adjustment: heavy industry and machinery manufacturing are underdeveloped, and Guangzhou, which has a good industrial base, is used to develop raw material industries and equipment manufacturing industries such as automobiles, steel, petrochemicals and shipbuilding to promote industrial upgrading.

⑵ Urban construction is relatively backward (backward management of urban planning and construction, lack of division of labor and cooperation)-Building a Greater Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration: building a Greater Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration with Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong as the core.

(3) Eco-environmental problems are becoming more and more serious (acid rain, water shortage, noise, etc.). )-strengthen planning management.

⑷ "Village in the City": a village that emerged in the suburbs of the city and was transformed into a village dominated by industry and commerce.

Chapter V Regional Relations and Coordinated Regional Development

Section 1 Cross-regional Allocation of Resources —— Taking China West-East Gas Pipeline as an Example

1, the necessity of cross-regional allocation of resources

(1) Natural reasons: (1) Uneven regional distribution; ② Natural resources generally lack liquidity.

⑵ Economic reasons: the regional economic development is unbalanced, and the supply and demand of resources in different regions do not match.

West-to-East Gas Transmission: Based on Xinjiang's natural gas resources and taking the Yangtze River Delta as the natural gas target market, the gas pipeline from Tarim Basin to Shanghai will be built.

2. Reasons for implementing the West-East Gas Pipeline Project

(1) There are great regional differences in the production and consumption of energy resources in China: (1) The eastern coastal areas are economically developed and have a large demand for energy, but they are relatively short of energy and cannot give full play to their economic advantages; (2) The western region is relatively backward in economy, rich in energy resources and small in demand, so it is difficult to give full play to its energy advantages.

(2) Adjusting the energy consumption structure: ① China's energy consumption structure is dominated by coal, which is easy to cause environmental problems such as acid rain; (2) The transportation of coal from the north to the south has brought great pressure to the north-south railway transportation in China.

⑶ The strategic focus of oil and gas resources development in China is in the west: ① Natural gas is distributed in the west, with more in the east, less in the north and less in the south; ② The four atmospheric regions are Xinjiang (Tarim and Junggar), Qinghai (Qaidam), Sichuan and Chongqing (Sichuan Basin) and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia (Ordos); ③ The oil and gas development in the east has reached the middle and late stage, and the west is the strategic replacement area. The development strategy is to stabilize the east and develop the west.

3. Impact of West-to-East Gas Transmission on Regional Development

(1) Impact on the economic development of the central and western regions (export destinations): (1) Resource advantages are transformed into economic advantages to promote economic development; ② Promote the development of related industries and increase employment opportunities; (3) It is beneficial to energy gasification in the western region and relieves the pressure of vegetation destruction on the environment.

(2) The impact on the economic development of the eastern region (import region): ① alleviating the energy shortage in the eastern region and promoting economic development; (2) It is conducive to improving the energy structure in the eastern region; ③ Conducive to purifying the atmospheric environment ④ Promoting the infrastructure construction in the eastern region.

Section 2 Industrial Transfer —— Taking East Asia as an Example

1, the influencing factors of industrial transfer

(1) industrial transfer

Concept: The phenomenon that an enterprise transfers some or all of its products from the place of origin to other regions.

② Classification: regional and international industrial transfer.

Goal: reduce costs, expand sales market and pursue higher profits.

(2) Factors affecting industrial transfer:

① Labor factor: Countries or regions with abundant labor resources, high quality and low price often become the destination of industrial transfer. ② Internal transaction cost factor: In order to attract investment from developed countries, developing countries should first improve the investment environment to reduce the internal transaction cost of enterprise production. ③ Market factors; ④ Others: changes in the international economic situation, adjustment of national policies, high land prices and environmental pollution.

2. The impact of industrial transfer on regional development

(1) Promote the adjustment of regional industrial structure: (1) Developed countries concentrate domestic production factors on new leading industries; ② Developing countries shorten the time of industrial upgrading and accelerate the process of industrialization.

(2) Promoting regional industrial division and cooperation: countries with different economic levels develop industries at different stages; (1) Developing countries develop their industries in a mature or declining period; Developing countries occupy low-profit processing links. (2) Developed countries develop industries in development or growth period; Developed countries occupy high-profit design and marketing links.

⑶ Changed the regional geographical environment: Industrial transfer is accompanied by the transfer and diffusion of pollution, and developing countries should pay attention to the negative impact of industrial transfer on the environment.

(4) Changing the spatial distribution of labor employment: ① Industrial transfer in developed countries often leads to an increase in the number of unemployed people, such as Japan; (2) The acceptance of industrial transfer in developing countries will help ease the employment pressure.