How was the Greek city-state formed?

Political aspects:

For the rise of the Greek city-state, western academic circles hold the so-called revolution theory in the eighth century BC.

The main point is that there was an obvious fracture between Mycenae civilization and polis civilization, but revolutionary changes took place in the eighth century BC, and polis rose in the eighth century BC.

(2) China tends not to regard the rise of polis as the result of revolutionary changes, but the result of the long-term evolution of Greek society after Mycenae was completely destroyed.

Freemen liberated in the dark ages, as a result of the urbanization of communes and the institutionalization of politics, were gradually produced and developed on the basis of the local recognition after the collapse of Mycenae civilization.

Due to the lack of centralization and bureaucracy, all parties maintain a certain degree of autonomy, and their internal members are generally equal, which is manifested in the mechanism of collective deliberation and decision-making.

Therefore, the background of the formation of ancient Greek city-states dates back to ancient times, especially the dark ages.

Economically:

(1) The popularization of iron has promoted the improvement of productivity.

Archaeological data show that since 1050 BC, the wide spread of iron tools in the Greek mainland and islands has improved production efficiency and promoted population growth and economic development.

The improvement of productive forces is the background of the formation of Greek polis.

(2) The development of the commune constitutes the foundation of the city-state.

The decline of Mycenae's royal power and the collapse of the royal economy objectively enabled the people to obtain the freedom of independent production. At the same time, agriculture and handicrafts in Mycenae era were inherited, and the free peasant commune was greatly developed.

This commune has actually become the basic social organization of the Greek city-state, and such key elements as parliament and people's congress have appeared in his political system.