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Public administration is an interdisciplinary comprehensive subject that studies the effectiveness, fairness and democracy of public organizations in handling government affairs according to law, and public administration is the government's management of state affairs.

Montesquieu put forward the idea of separation of powers. Wilson and Goodnow graduated in 1986 and 1987 respectively. White, an early American administrative scientist who advocated the separation of administration and politics with < < Politics and Administration > >, defined public administration as administration in the broadest sense, that is, all management is administration. Max Weber, the father of organization theory, is a famous American management scientist Winston Taylor, and henri fayol, a French management scientist, is the father of administrative management. The five management functions he put forward are planning, organizing, guiding, coordinating and controlling. American management scientist Gulick put forward seven management functions. < Introduction to Management > >), Lao Wei Bi (:<) and Fafuna Barnard put forward the theory of social man and informal organization, which Simon published in 1947. & lt administrative behavior >> put forward the viewpoint of bounded rationality. Wolff published < < administrative state > > China's first book on administrative ethics research was the separation of the five academies proposed by Liang Qichao, and Sun Yat-sen's first book on administrative ethics research was 1935 Zhang Jinjiande:<

The new public management is an efficiency-centered reform, which does not touch bureaucracy.

The research orientation of public administration is management orientation (traditional management orientation and new public administration orientation), political orientation and legal orientation.

The administrative environment is complex, binding, special and unstable. Its functions are as follows: (1) The public administration environment determines, restricts and restricts the public administration; (2) Public administration must adapt to the public administrative environment; (3) The development and change of public administrative environment will inevitably lead to the development of public administration.

Gauss < < American society and public administration >:> < < government ecology >> Riggs & gt < < public administration ecology >>

Principles to be followed in government intervention (1) The functions of the government and the market are quite different and cannot be substituted for each other (in areas where the government role cannot be replaced by the market, the government should not intervene forcibly) (2) Government intervention in the economy is only defined within the scope of making up for and preventing market failures (3) Government intervention must also pay attention to costs and benefits (4) It is normal that governments in developing countries generally intervene in the market much more extensively than those in developed countries.

The political functions of the government include political ruling function, defending national sovereignty function and democratic function.

The economic functions of the government include (1) standardizing and stabilizing the market order and ensuring free competition; (2) Macro-control the economy to ensure the balanced development of the national economy; (3) directly producing and providing public goods to make up for the market shortage; (4) Managing state-owned assets.

The transformation of government functions and the construction of a harmonious society-the transformation of government management ideas (1) The reform of government institutions must be brought into the legal track (2) The transformation of ideas from omnipotent government to limited government (3) The transformation from authoritarianism to democratic administration (4) The transformation of management mode from ruling mode to management mode (5) The complete transformation from official standard to people-oriented. Therefore, we must correctly define the role of government in society and handle it well (/).

The administrative system refers to the division of administrative power within the government system, the establishment and operation of government institutions, and the sum of various relationships and systems. At the national level, it refers to the division of power among the executive, legislative and judicial organs. The core issues of the administrative system are the division of administrative power and the establishment of public organizations, as well as the authority setting of government departments at all levels in the government system. The administrative system is the power of the government system, and the sum of institutions and operations has the characteristics of political stability, system lag and inheritance.

The central government system is the division of the highest state administrative power and government functions in a country, and it is the general name of government organization forms and activities.

Cabinet system is represented by Britain, India, Japan, Thailand, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark and Canada.

The presidential system originated from the United States, Pakistan, Indonesia, Iran, Egypt, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mexico, Brazil, Guatemala, Argentina, Venezuela and Chile in the 0/8th century.

Semi-presidential system is the reform of presidential system in France, Austria, Finland, Iceland, Portugal, Ireland, Zambia, Tanzania and Russian Federation.

Committee system, also known as collegiate system, originated in Switzerland in the middle of19th century.

China's the State Council system was formed on the basis of summing up our Party's experience in regime construction in revolutionary base areas and drawing lessons from the former Soviet Union's Council of Ministers system and 1954. The State Council implements the responsibility system of the Prime Minister, with the Prime Minister leading the State Council and the Vice Premier and State Councilor assisting in the work.

The local government system can be divided into autonomous local government (UK), administrative local government (German) and democratic centralized local government (China).

Complex countries tend to be decentralized, while single countries tend to be centralized.

Decentralization, also known as multi-separation, refers to an administrative system in which the central government grants some administrative power to lower-level governments, and local governments have greater autonomy and autonomy. Decentralization is divided into federal decentralization and single decentralization.

The administrative division system refers to the organizational system that divides the whole country into several parts and levels according to certain principles, and sets up corresponding administrative institutions. The principle of administrative division should be effective management. The principle of effective management is conducive to the development of the principle of national autonomy. Administrative divisions can be divided into traditional types (based on the organizational system of historical administrative districts), developmental types (the product of modern large industries) and special types.

Public organizations (in a narrow sense) refer to government departments and their executive departments, as well as social organizations with administrative authorization. Generally speaking, officials manage information and material resources. Public organization is the carrier of public power, which has the characteristics of politics, sociality, service, authority, legitimacy and systematicness. China's administrative system is under the systematic leadership and command of the China Production Party.

The role of public organizations (1) The government is the organizer and manager of various public affairs in the country. (2) The government is the protector of people's lives and property and the defender of social order. (3) The government is the defender of national sovereignty and territorial integrity. (4) The government is the policy maker and coordinator of national economic development. (5) The government is the provider of social justice.

Centralized system means that administrative power is concentrated in the hands of the superior government or chief executive, who has the decision-making power, command power and supervision power, while the lower government is in a passive position, obeying the people's orders and instructions, and all administrative actions must be carried out in accordance with the instructions of the superior government or chief executive, with little autonomy.

Decentralization refers to the type of public organization in which the superior administrative organ or chief executive gives the lower level full autonomy, and the lower level can make decisions and manage independently, and the higher level does not interfere.

A complete system, also known as a unified system, refers to the type of organization in which all departments at the same level of a public organization or within the same organization are completely under the leadership, command and supervision of a public organization or a unified executive head.

The separation system, also known as the multi-level leadership system, refers to the type of organization in which the same level of a public organization or all organizational departments of the same organizational department obey the leadership, command and supervision of two or more public organizations or administrative heads.

The head system, also known as the independent one-long system or the head responsibility system, refers to a public organization in which the chief executive has the decision-making power and the conference command power alone, and conducts unified leadership and command over public affairs under his jurisdiction.

Bureaucracy, also known as hierarchy, refers to the type of organization in which public organizations are vertically divided into different levels of organizational structure according to hierarchy. The functional objectives and work nature of different grades are the same, but the management scope and authority gradually decrease with the decrease of grades.

Functional system, also known as functional system, refers to the organizational types that public organizations are horizontally divided into different functional departments according to different functional objectives.

Administrative post is the basic element of public organization structure, and it is the supporting point and contact point of public organization structure. The public organization structure has vertical structure and horizontal structure. The vertical structure is based on command and obedience, which is the fundamental guarantee of administrative efficiency. One of the characteristics of contemporary public organization structure is the combination of vertical structure and horizontal structure, which is called composite structure.

The organizational theories in the behavioral science period mainly include Mayo's social man theory, informal organization theory, new leadership theory, Chester Barnard's authority acceptance theory, organizational balance theory, informal organization theory and decision-making process organization theory represented by Simon.

Social equity is the core concept of organizational theory in the new public management period, and the focus of equity is to correct the unfair distribution of social and political values.

Non-profit organization refers to an independent public or non-governmental organization whose establishment and operation are not for profit and whose net surplus is not allowed to be distributed. It is composed of volunteers and self-managed. It has the characteristics of organization, non-government, non-profit, autonomy and voluntariness.

The role of non-profit organizations in providing public services (1) has an advocacy role in system construction; (2) supervising the market; (3) intermediary function; (4) maintain good social value; (5) Supervise the government

Learning organization refers to the process of continuous learning, changing ideas and innovation through individual learning, group learning and organizational learning combined with work. Its characteristics (1) The primary goal of a learning organization is to cultivate learning ability and make its members open to new ideas; (2) The organization members are the same as the original site; (3) Be good at continuous learning; (4) self-management; (5) The boundaries of the organization will be redefined. Five cores of learning organization: self-cultivation, self-transcendence, improvement of mental model, and establishment of a group learning system with consistent vision.

Six core practices of innovative organizations: activated learning, self-transcendence mode, free leadership and innovative ideas.

Administrative leadership refers to the behavior process of exercising administrative power in accordance with the law by electing or appointing leading individuals or leading collectives who enjoy legal authority in public organizations and using various means and methods to effectively influence subordinates to achieve administrative goals. Administrative leadership can be divided into administrative leadership and administrative leadership. The ways of administrative leadership: selection system, appointment system, examination system and appointment system (noun)

The sources of administrative leadership power: legal power, reward and punishment power, professional knowledge right and ownership right.

Contents of administrative leadership responsibility: (1) Responsible for implementing laws, regulations and decisions of power organs and superior administrative organs; (2) presided over the formulation of the work plan of the region and the department; (three) responsible for public administration decision-making, and decide on major issues in public administration; (4) Selecting and using talents correctly; (five) responsible for the supervision and inspection of the work of the department and the administrative organs at lower levels; (6) Do a good job of coordination.

The responsibilities of administrative leaders include political responsibility, legal responsibility, administrative responsibility and moral responsibility.

Personnel administration refers to the institutionalized and legal management of public administrators through various personnel management means in order to achieve administrative and social goals. Personnel administration has the following characteristics: legalization (legal status, legal relationship, administration according to law, legal procedures and legal responsibilities), specialization (occupation, theory, organization and management methods), professionalization and modernization (concepts, management and technical means).

Principles of personnel management: having both ability and political integrity, knowing people and being good at their duties, fair competition, meritocracy and management according to law.

The types of personnel administrative organs: external system (America and Japan), internal system (France and Germany), compromise system (Britain) and unified leadership system of the Party.

Characteristics of human resources: timeliness, times, initiative, regeneration and value-added.

1The Provisional Regulations on State Civil Servants adopted on April 24th, 993 marked the initial establishment of a new personnel management system for state administrative organs with China characteristics. Classification: Britain, France; Job classification: USA, Japan

There are four basic forms of the deployment of national civil servants: transfer (from outside, from inside), transfer and rotation (the state administrative organs carry out job rotation in a planned way for civil servants who hold leading positions and some non-leading positions with special work nature). Experienced rotation, post rotation, regional rotation), attachment exercise.

The categories of national civil servant training in China mainly include initial training, on-the-job training, professional training and knowledge updating training.

Dismissal of state civil servants: a system in which state administrative organs dissolve the relationship between state civil servants and state administrative work with the approval of relevant administrative organs in accordance with relevant laws, certain legal procedures and facts.

Punishment of state civil servants: a system in which state administrative organs give administrative punishment to state civil servants for violations of law and discipline according to law.

Organ administration: self-management of daily affairs, rules and regulations and work order in a comprehensive office. It has the characteristics of transaction, comprehensiveness and timeliness. Its duties are: participating in government affairs, handling affairs and providing good services. Its functions are: start-up, hub, guarantee, efficiency and connection.

Scientific and reasonable working procedures of organs should pay attention to the following links: planning and arranging work, organizing and implementing work, coordinating and controlling work, checking and summarizing work, and rewarding and punishing education work.

Official documents have two functions: actual execution function and historical function. Functions of archives of administrative organs: voucher function and reference function.

The focus of financial management of administrative organs is to manage the use of administrative funds.

Office automation system consists of transaction processing layer, management information layer and decision support layer.

Administrative decision-making is an administrative act that administrative leaders make decisions in accordance with laws and relevant regulations and in line with the principles of public interest and fairness and justice when dealing with government affairs. Administrative decision-making has its own characteristics: particularity of subject, universality of object, legitimacy of non-profit administrative decision-making, universality of regional effect and compulsion of decision-making. Administrative decision-making is generally manifested in laws and regulations or public policies.

Role of administrative decision-making: (1) Administrative decision-making plays a decisive role in the process of public administration. (2) Administrative decision-making dominates the whole process of public administration. (3) Administrative decision-making is the decisive factor for the success of public administration. (4) Administrative decision-making is a necessary way to carry out the will of the state and enhance the legitimacy of the government.

Principles of administrative decision-making: scientific prediction, information, feasibility, satisfaction, cost-effectiveness, fairness and democracy, legality and realization of public interests.

Types of administrative decision-making: the legal status of decision-makers can be divided into central government decision-making, local government decision-making and grass-roots government decision-making; Political decision-making, economic decision-making and cultural decision-making are of secondary importance; Look at strategic decision and tactical decision from the number of targets involved; Make single-objective and multi-objective decisions from the degree of risk; There must be more than two options for deterministic decision-making and risky decision-making.) Decisions under uncertainty are divided from the structural degree of decision-making topics: procedural decision-making and non-procedural decision-making are divided from the decision-making methods of decision-makers: empirical decision-making and scientific decision-making.

Non-programmed decision-making is a decision-making without basis, rules and precedents, and it is a non-repetitive and unstructured decision-making.

Empirical decision-making refers to the decision-maker's understanding and analysis of the decision-making object and the choice of decision-making scheme, which depends entirely on the experience accumulated by the decision-maker in long-term work and the inertial thinking mode of solving problems.

Crisis decision-making is a process in which leaders quickly start various emergency mechanisms, make bold predictions and make decisions after natural or man-made emergencies.

Modern administrative decision-making system should include: leadership decision-making system, citizen consultation and participation system, expert consultation system and information support system.

Procedure of administrative decision-making: (1) Understand the problem, define the problem and find out the gap; (2) Determine the decision-making objectives; (3) Determine the decision-making target and the weight of each standard; (4) Making decision-making plan (rough draft stage and fine design stage); (5) Analysis scheme; (6) select the scheme; (7) Implement the decision-making plan and improve the decision-making level. (8) Evaluation and decision. There are four kinds of decision-making plans: active plan (to achieve the goal), temporary plan (to solve the problems in the implementation process) and emergency plan tracking plan (to make up or improve the decision).

Participation in administrative decision-making refers to the activities of administrative leaders, experts and scholars, social groups and the public to put forward opinions or suggestions on decision-making individually or collectively. Its forms include direct elections, referendums, public policy hearings, opinion polls and open government affairs.

Administrative executive power is the sum of the activities of administrative organs and administrative personnel to implement administrative decisions according to law in order to achieve the expected administrative goals and social goals. It has the characteristics of comprehensive purpose, concreteness and mandatory flexibility, and its process includes preparation stage, implementation stage and summary stage.

The principle of administrative orders is unified, the statutory authority is decisive, powerful and accurate, and the ways to reasonably authorize administrative orders are oral orders, written orders, meeting orders and modern communication orders.

The leaders of the new policy of administrative control use certain Confucius means to measure the implementation of administrative decisions according to the target norms, and correct and adjust the deviations in the implementation in time to ensure the activities to achieve administrative goals.

The role of administrative control: (1) New Deal control is a general means to complete the plan; (2) Administrative control is an important guarantee for the correct direction of administrative work; (3) Administrative control is an important mechanism to ensure the realization of administrative objectives; (4) Administrative control is an important embodiment of the implementation of administration according to law, which embodies the process of administrative control, determines the control objectives, measures the effectiveness and corrects the deviation. The object of administrative control is the financial work information and organizational performance of administrative personnel.

Administrative communication refers to the exchange and transmission of government information among government departments, levels and personnel in public relations administrative activities. The role of administrative communication: (1) Administrative communication is an important basis for realizing the democratization of administrative decision-making; (2) Administrative communication is an important basis for the smooth progress of all aspects of administrative execution; (3) Administrative communication is an important basis for administrative inspection and supervision; (4) Administrative communication is an important means for all administrative personnel to participate in management.

The role of administrative coordination (1) Administrative coordination can be the close cooperation between administrative departments and administrative staff in harmony to avoid internal frictions and conflicts, so as to achieve the goal of Qi Xin's concerted efforts and unity; (2) Administrative coordination can promote the rational allocation and effective utilization of administrative resources such as manpower, material resources, financial resources and time, streamline and optimize procedures and links, and improve administrative efficiency; (3) Administrative coordination is helpful for all administrative departments and administrators to establish the overall concept, fully understand the significance of their work from the overall and overall standpoint, and strive to complete their work, which is conducive to the orderly conduct of public administrative activities; (4) Administrative coordination helps to concentrate scattered forces, so that the efforts of various departments and individuals become collective efforts, and individual actions become cooperative actions, thus forming a "resultant force" as a whole.

The role of administrative evaluation (1) Administrative evaluation is an effective means to rationally allocate social resources; (2) Administrative evaluation is the basic way to test the effectiveness and efficiency of policies; (3) Administrative evaluation is an important basis for determining policy orientation; (4) Administrative evaluation is a necessary prerequisite to start the operation of the new policy; (5) Administrative evaluation is the only way for public policy to be scientific and democratic.

The methods of administrative evaluation: direct inquiry, public opinion survey, standard measurement, historical comparison, physical comparison and case comparison.

In a broad sense, administrative supervision refers to the behavior of political parties, legislatures, judicial organs, social organizations, public opinion, the public and the administrative system to supervise and urge the legality, fairness and effectiveness of the administrative actions of the government and administrative personnel according to law. It has the following characteristics: the duality of subject, the duality of object and the two-way supervision of the independence of legal status at the subject level.

The type of administrative supervision depends on the supervision subject: the supervision of the ruling party's supervisory power organs (people's congresses at all levels and their standing committees), the supervision of administrative organs, the supervision of judicial organs (the supervision of procuratorial organs (the investigation and supervision of duty crimes)) and the social supervision process supervised according to law: post supervision who supervised beforehand.

The ways of general administrative supervision mainly include: work report, inspection, special investigation, review, filing, approval, suggestion, change or cancellation of punishment.

The legal relationship between judicial organs and administrative supervision organs is reflected in the relationship between business division and cooperation in handling cases, and whether it constitutes a duty crime is the watershed of their business. China's administrative supervision organs implement a dual leadership system.

The objects of administrative supervision are state administrative organs, state civil servants and other personnel appointed by state administrative organs.

The administrative supervision organs have basic functions (inspection right, investigation right, suggestion right and administrative punishment right) and auxiliary functions (inquiry right, request assistance right and disposal right).

The institutional setup of China's audit system is that the central audit institutions and local audit institutions implement a dual leadership system.

The main way of audit supervision is to actively check the requirements and submit them to the meeting for investigation. Compulsory measures for auditing projects. Audit institutions may, according to the circumstances, punish the auditees in different ways.

Legal supervision refers to the supervision and control of the competent state organs over whether the administrative organs and their staff legally exercise their functions and powers.

The subject of legal supervision cases can be divided into power organ supervision and judicial organ supervision. The objects of supervision include civil servants and entrusted organizations authorized by administrative organs. The supervision of administrative organs is the core of the national supervision system, which includes political supervision and legal supervision.

Public supervision is to let citizens participate in the relevant affairs of judicial organs, procuratorial organs, government organs and other institutions, give full play to the supervisory role of citizens, realize power restriction and prevent corruption.

Supervision by public opinion means that citizens or social organizations criticize bad phenomena including power corruption through public forums; As a function, it is one of the political and social functions of the right to freedom of speech.

Public finance refers to the distribution behavior of the government to provide public services for the market economy, which is a specific form of national finance, that is, the financial type suitable for the market economy. The government is the main body of public finance distribution, and the purpose of distribution is to meet the needs of public finance, which is mandatory and compensatory.

The function of public finance is to optimize resource allocation, adjust income distribution and stabilize economic growth.

Camera adjustment mechanism is a mechanism to flexibly choose financial policy means and implementation methods, adjust the relationship between social supply and demand, and stabilize economic growth according to the specific performance of social supply and demand contradiction.

The classification of public budget (1) is divided into central and local governments according to the level of government; (2) it is divided into appropriation budget, public investment budget and social insurance fund budget according to the degree of content integration; (3) it is divided into temporary budget, formal budget and supplementary budget according to the budgeting procedure; (4) it is divided into single budget, dual budget and public budget according to the different budgeting scope and technical organization forms.

The approval of public budget has gone through the preliminary examination stage and the approval stage. Its audit contents include policy audit, index audit, system audit and technical audit.

There are four processes in public budget management: preparation, examination and approval, implementation and final accounts.

National tax has the characteristics of compulsory free and fixed. (1) is divided into single tax system and composite tax according to its simplicity and complexity. (2) According to the tax collection method and tax amount determination method, it is divided into fixed tax and distribution tax. (3) According to the tax object, it is divided into income tax, property tax and commodity tax.

Financial expenditure refers to the planned social redistribution of funds raised and concentrated by the government to perform its functions. (1) can be divided into purchase expenditure and transfer expenditure according to the economic nature. (2) According to national functions, it can be divided into social and cultural expenditures, national defense expenditures, administrative expenses and other expenditures.

The basic principles of government procurement are competition principle, openness principle and fairness principle.

Administrative ethics refers to the principles and norms that national civil servants should follow when exercising public power to manage public affairs, and when dealing with the relationship between themselves and their work objects, between colleagues at higher and lower levels, and between public and private gains and losses.

The relationship between law and morality (1) regulates people's behavior in different ways (2) regulates people's behavior in different scope and degree (3) they interact and complement each other.

The characteristics of administration by law, authority, legality of law, reservation of law, priority of law and unity of responsibility.

Principles of administrative legislation: people's power is supreme, people's political participation and personal interests are the focus, and legislation is made according to law, democracy and science.

The procedure planning, drafting, examination and decision of administrative legislation shall be signed, promulgated and put on record by the government.

Administrative regulations refer to the general name of normative documents formulated by the State Council in accordance with the Constitution, laws and legal procedures concerning the exercise of administrative power and the performance of administrative duties.

Announced the review decision on the formulation of administrative regulations and the drafting of draft regulations to listen to opinions.

Administrative regulations refer to the general name of normative documents with universal binding force formulated by specific administrative organs according to laws, regulations and legal procedures. The procedure is to decide to publish them.

The characteristics of administrative reconsideration (1) are made by higher authorities with the power of administrative reconsideration. (2) The object of administrative reconsideration is the specific administrative act that causes controversy, with some abstract administrative acts. (3) Administrative reconsideration is based on application. (4) Administrative reconsideration mainly adopts written review. (5) The administrative reconsideration takes the rationality and legality of the specific administrative act as the review standard. Note: Administrative reconsideration is not applicable. Mediation is the internal part of national civil servants' punishment or handling.

The review of administrative litigation is to review the legitimacy of specific administrative acts, not the reasonable scope of specific administrative acts.

Administrative compensation refers to the system that the state is responsible for compensating the victims if the state administrative organs and their staff infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons or other organizations and cause damage when they exercise their functions and powers again.

The imputation principle of administrative compensation: no-fault imputation principle, fault imputation principle and illegal imputation principle constitute several elements of administrative compensation: the fact that the infringing subject (administrative organ and its staff) illegally damages the performance of its duties, and the causal relationship between illegal behavior and damage.

Administrative methods refer to various measures and techniques adopted by administrative organs and administrative staff in order to achieve administrative objectives, starting from the internal and external environment of public organizations and the actual situation of management objects, and under the guidance of certain public administrative management ideas and principles.

The steps of making an administrative plan are investigation, drawing up a plan, selecting a plan, implementing the plan and modifying the plan. The main function of applying MBO in administrative activities (1) is conducive to improving administrative efficiency (2) focusing on work (3) mobilizing people's enthusiasm and creativity (4) clarifying responsibilities and strengthening responsibilities.

The main purpose of strategic management of public organizations is to serve the national competitiveness and clarify the role and behavior of the government. Its process is to define the internal and external environment of public organizations, formulate strategic plans, implement strategic planning and strategic evaluation.

Management by objectives is a new management method put forward by Drucker, an American scholar, in the 1950s by applying system theory, cybernetics, information theory and interpersonal relationship theory.

The process of bidding, the overall planning and selection of bidding projects, the collection and analysis of internal data, the collection and analysis of external data, and the continuous improvement of the performance of bidding projects.

Steps to Implement Total Quality Management of the Government (1) Leadership and support of senior government leaders (2) Strategic planning (3) Customer-oriented (4) Evaluation and analysis (5) Training and rewards and punishments (6) Empowering organization members with vitality and team spirit (7) Quality assurance.

Administrative efficiency refers to the proportional relationship between the resources invested by public organizations and administrative personnel to enrich public administration and the achievements and benefits obtained.

Administrative efficiency can be divided into three levels from the organizational level: organizational efficiency (decision-making efficiency), management efficiency and work efficiency.

The role of administrative efficiency in public management is as follows: 1. Improving administrative efficiency is the purpose of public administration; 2. Administrative efficiency is an important criterion to test and measure the effectiveness of public organizations and public administrative activities; 3. Administrative efficiency is related to the process of socialist modernization in China.

The standards for measuring administrative efficiency mainly include: 1, and the standards for measuring administrative efficiency. 2. Qualitative standards to measure administrative efficiency. 3. Determine the social benefit standard of administrative efficiency. 4. Normative standards for measuring administrative efficiency.

To correctly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness, we must follow the following principles: 1, the principle of giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness; 2. The principle of equality; 3. The principle of fair distribution; 4, equal opportunities, the principle of giving priority to the able.

The Significance of Measuring Administrative Efficiency (1) By measuring administrative efficiency, the input and cost of public administration can be reduced, and the consumption of resources can be reduced, thus realizing public interests. (2) By measuring administrative efficiency, we can determine the degree of realization of administrative objectives. (3) By measuring administrative efficiency, we can determine the scientific and reasonable degree of the combination of various elements of public organizations. (4) By measuring administrative efficiency, the public interest can be determined.

Administrative reform refers to the process that the government adjusts the internal system and organizational structure, redistributes power and adjusts the relationship between the government and society in order to adapt to the social environment or handle social affairs efficiently and fairly.

Principles of Administrative Reform (1) Administrative reform must be scientifically and rigorously demonstrated and planned, and seriously implemented; (2) Administrative reform must be based on maintaining social stability; (3) The administrative reform should be guided by changing ideas, centered on system innovation and aimed at efficiency, fairness and honesty; (4) Administrative reform must be guaranteed by politics and law; (5) Administrative reform focuses on straightening out relations and transforming government functions.

The orientation of administrative reform (1) is to adapt to the social environment; (2) streamlining institutions; (3) Oriented by the adjustment of organizational structure; (4) Taking the adjustment of power relations as the guidance; (5) Guided by the reform of personnel system.

Administrative reform in western developed countries (1) new public management movement; (2) government reengineering; (3) the new government model.

The evolution of administrative reform (1) to the development trend of democratic administration; (2) E-government; (3) Introducing market mechanism and privatization.