[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

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Albert. Albert Einstein

Born in1March, 879 14.

Ulm Germany

Death 1955 April 18

Princeton USA

Albert Einstein? ,1March 87914-1April 955 18), a famous theoretical physicist and the founder of the theory of relativity.

Directory [hidden]

Life of 1

1. 1 miracle year

1.2 Become famous

2 personality and thoughts

2. 1 religious views

2.2 Political views

Einstein and China.

4 reference

5 External connection

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all one's life

Einstein Einstein, a teenager before moving to Italy, was born in Ulm, Germany, a small owner's family who runs an electrical appliance workshop. A year later, my family and I moved to Munich. 1894, the whole family moved to Milan, Italy. From 65438 to 0895, he transferred to the state middle school in Arau, Switzerland. 1896 studied physics at Zurich Normal University of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1900 graduated. 190 1 acquired Swiss nationality. 1902 was hired as a technician by the Berne patent office in Switzerland, engaged in the technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to do scientific research, and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics in 1905, especially the establishment of special relativity and the proposal of light quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory. In the same year, he received his Ph.D. degree from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, with his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size".

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Miracle year

From 65438 to 0905, Einstein published four epoch-making papers, namely, an enlightening viewpoint on the generation and transformation of light, studying the motion of suspended particles in still liquid according to the theory of molecular motion, on the electrodynamics of moving objects, and is the inertia of objects related to the energy contained? >, and then deduce E = mc? The formula of. 100 years later, 2005 was designated as "World Physics Year".

1905 published a heuristic view on the generation and transformation of light in March, arguing that light is composed of separated particles. Einstein explained that light is also composed of small energy particles (quanta), which can move like a single particle. The theory of "light quantum" greatly promoted the quantum theory founded by Planck in 1900, challenged the long-established wave theory of light, and revealed the basic feature of the micro-world: wave-particle duality.

April 1905: according to the discussion about tea in coffee shop, Einstein wrote a paper, which demonstrated that the size of sugar molecules can be calculated according to the diffusion speed of sugar in liquid. This paper is about the motion required by the thermal molecular dynamics theory of small particles suspended in static liquid.

1on June 30th, 905, Annalen der Physik published a paper on electrodynamics of moving objects. The basic principle of special relativity is put forward for the first time, and two principles of "constant speed of light" and "relativity principle" are put forward in this paper.

1905 On September 27th, the German Journal of Physics published "Is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains? Does the inertia of an object depend on its energy content? ), that is, "the mass of an object can measure its energy", and then E = mc? The formula of.

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make one's name

Einstein was a part-time lecturer at Berne University from 65438 to 0908. 1909 left the patent office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 191/kloc-0 was a professor of theoretical physics at the Deutschland University in Prague, and 19 12 was a professor at his alma mater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 19 14 years, at the invitation of Max Planck and Walter Nernst, he returned to Germany as the director of the Royal Institute of Physics William and a professor at the University of Berlin until 1933. 1920 At the invitation of Hendrick Antoine Lorenz and paul ehrenfest, he was also distinguished professor of Leiden University in the Netherlands. After the outbreak of World War I, he devoted himself to public and underground anti-war activities.

Einstein published his general theory of relativity in 19 15. His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the observation of the total solar eclipse by British astronomer arthur stanley eddington in 19 19. 19 16 The gravitational wave he predicted was also confirmed in 1978. Einstein and relativity have become household names in the west, but they have also attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitists in Germany and other countries.

19 17, Einstein put forward the theory of stimulated radiation, which became the theoretical basis of laser.

191965438 September 165438 10 The New York Times published the news that new observations confirmed the theory of relativity, describing it as a great victory of Einstein's theory. Einstein was awarded the 192 1 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on photoelectric effect.

1933 1 10 After the Nazi Party seized the German regime in October, Einstein was the primary object of persecution in the scientific community. Fortunately, he was giving a lecture in America at that time and was not killed. Returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he found himself being followed by the Gestapo who planned to assassinate him. He crossed the ocean in the starry night, transferred to Princeton University in the United States in June 5438+10, and served as a professor in the newly-built Institute for Advanced Studies until his retirement in June 5438 +0945. 1940 Obtaining American citizenship.

1937, Einstein visited Charlie Chaplin who lived in California.

1939, he was told that uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction were discovered. Under the impetus of Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested developing an atomic bomb to prevent the Germans from taking the lead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, the United States waged unremitting struggles and launched a peaceful movement against the dangers of nuclear war and fascism.

Einstein died of ruptured aortic aneurysm at Princeton. According to his will, there will be no funeral, no grave, no monument, and the ashes will be scattered in a place that will always be kept secret, and no place will be sacred. Einstein spent the rest of his life exploring the theory of grand unification, but this work has never been successful. Now the grand unified theory is the central issue of theoretical physics research.

1999 Time Magazine selected him as the man of the century. In memory of him, the 99th element was named "dog".

In addition, the word "Einstein" is also a registered trademark of Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

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Personality and thought

Einstein was a pacifist. He is kind, friendly, modest and independent, so he is widely respected. He sometimes tells jokes and likes sailing and playing the violin. He is also an absent-minded professor, who often forgets things, concentrates on physical problems and ignores the world around him.

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Religious views

Although Einstein was a Jew, he did not believe in Judaism. He just appreciates the beauty of the universe and nature. On March 24th, 1954, in a reply to a worker, he said, "What you read about my religious belief is of course a lie, a lie that is systematically repeated. I don't believe in a personified God, and I have never denied it, but I have expressed it clearly. If there is anything in my heart that can be called religion, it is infinite admiration for the world structure that our science can reveal. 」

He also said (see Philosophy of Living, No.1 13, No.1 193 1): "The understanding of the existence of things we don't know, the deepest reasoning acceptable to our consciousness and the feeling of the best things constitute our piety to religion. In this sense, but only in this sense, I believe in religion. 」

In reply to Rabbi Herbert Goldstein of new york International Synagogue, he said: "I believe in Spinoza's God, a God who embodies himself through the harmony and order of existing things, rather than a God who cares about human destiny and behavior. After being attacked by Martin Buber about religious belief, he declared: "What we physicists do is to follow him and draw his route. As a summary of Einstein's religious belief, he once said: "There is an infinite advanced wisdom to show itself through the details that our fragile thinking can feel, and humble praise constitutes my religious belief. 」

Einstein believed in the religious feelings of the universe, but opposed the personified God.

Einstein became an honorary member of the rationalist press association from 65438 to 0934.

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Political Views

When Israel was founded, Einstein was invited to be president, and his head was also printed on 1968 Israeli paper money. Einstein said that he was a pacifist and a humanist and became a democratic socialist in his later years. He once said, "I think Gandhi's view is the clearest among all politicians in our period. We should work hard in his spiritual direction: not to achieve our goals through violence, but not to form an alliance with the forces you think are evil. Einstein's views on socialism, McCarthyism and racism are controversial (see Einstein and Socialism, one of the founders of the German Liberal Democratic Party).

According to the records about Einstein kept by the FBI, he was refused to immigrate to the United States because of the Alien Exclusion Act. One of the reasons is that Einstein believed in, advocated and promoted anarchism, thus making the government exist in name only. He was also accused of being a participant and supporter of the 1937- 1954 34 * * * proletarian movement. However, these files were submitted to the FBI by other departments, not official documents of the FBI.

Einstein opposed the brutal government, and because he was a Jew, he opposed the Nazi government and left Germany shortly after the Nazi government came to power. He began to support the development of the atomic bomb in order to prevent Chytra from developing it first. To this end, he also wrote a letter to the then US President Roosevelt (this letter was probably written by someone else) on August 2, 1939, suggesting to start developing nuclear weapons. Roosevelt accepted the proposal and set up a group to study the feasibility of uranium as a weapon. A few years later, this group was replaced by the Manhattan Project. After the war, Einstein began lobbying for the elimination of nuclear weapons and the establishment of a peaceful government. He said, "I don't know what weapons will be used in World War III, but people will only fight with sticks and stones in World War IV. 」

Einstein supported Zionism, he supported Jews to choose settlements in the ancient land of Judaism, and he was keen to establish the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem. 1930, Einstein published an article entitled "On Zionism: Professor Einstein's Lecture" at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Einstein also sent all his papers to Hebrew University in Jerusalem. But he opposed nationalism and doubted whether the establishment of a Jewish state was the best choice. He may fantasize about Jews and Arabs living in peace. 1952, Einstein was invited to be the second president of the newly established Israel in his later years, but he refused because he lacked the necessary human ability.

Einstein also joined forces with albert schweitzer and Russell to oppose nuclear tests and nuclear weapons. A few days before his death, he signed the Russell-Einstein Declaration, which led to the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. In his letter to Russell, he wrote:

Dear Bertrand Russell:

Thank you for your letter of April 5th. I am glad to sign your excellent statement, and I agree with your list of candidates.

Salute, Einstein.

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Einstein and China.

19 19, western media reported that Einstein had accurately predicted the result of the solar eclipse, and China people began to pay attention to the theory of relativity during this period. From the second half of 19 17 to the first half of 1923, Einstein's monographs were successively published by Transformation magazine, Young China People and Oriental Magazine. He has published more than 100 papers, translated works and reports in various newspapers and periodicals, and published about 15 translated works. Einstein's masterpiece, A Brief Introduction to Special and General Relativity, was written in 19 16, translated by Professor Xia Yuanli of Peking University, published in Transformation magazine in April of 192 1, and published by the Commercial Press the following year with the title of Introduction to Relativity. The Commercial Press also published Welcome to Dr Einstein. [ 1]

From 65438 to the early 1920s, the British philosopher Russell visited China, and his lecture "Analysis of Things" mainly focused on the theory of relativity. In China, he repeatedly pointed out that "Lenin and Einstein are the most outstanding great men in modern times." Einstein and the famous family of relativity in China.

Einstein passed through Shanghai twice at 1922, and his stay was less than 3 days. /kloc-in the 1920s, he went to Japan to give lectures at the invitation of Japan Reform Association. Arrived in Shanghai on the Japanese ship Kitano Maru at1922165438+10/3 in the morning10. On the same day, the Swedish Consul General in Shanghai informed Einstein that he had won the 192 1 Nobel Prize in physics, and college students from China were cheering for Einstein on Nanjing Road. After that, I had a meal with Yipin Xiang in Shanghai, went to Shanghai's "small world" to listen to Kunqu opera, and visited the City God Temple and Yu Garden. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, the cultural and educational circles in China hosted a banquet in the home of the painter Wang Zhen.

1 92265438+On February 27th, Einstein returned to Europe by "hazelnut pill", and passed through Shanghai again on March 3rd 1 1. At 3 pm, at the invitation of Shanghai Jewish Young Men's Association and Academic Research Association, he was on Fuzhou Road. Einstein and his wife still took the original ship to Japan in the early morning of the next day. Early newspapers reported Einstein's visit to Shanghai and translated Einstein into Sintin.

He wrote in his travel diary: "This city shows the difference in social status between Europeans and China people, which makes the revolutionary events in recent years (that is, the May 4th Movement) particularly easy to understand. In Shanghai, Europeans form the ruling class, while China people are their slaves. They seem to be a tortured, insensitive and uncivilized people, and they seem to have nothing to do with the great civilization of their own country. They are simple laborers, … groaning at work, they are tenacious people, … This is the poorest people on earth, they are cruelly abused, and their treatment is worse than that of cattle and horses. 」

When the Japanese invaded China, Einstein, Russell and others issued a joint statement in Britain on 193815 October, calling on the world to help China. When the leader of the Shanghai Anti-Japanese Movement "Seven Gentlemen" was arrested, he and American 15 celebrities sent a telegram of solidarity on March 1937. 1April 8, 955, Einstein died. Li Siguang, then vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Zhou Peiyuan, chairman of Chinese Physical Society, sent messages of condolence. People's Daily published a mourning article written by Zhou Peiyuan.

1979, Einstein's centenary birthday, China also issued commemorative stamps. On April 18, 2005, the 50th anniversary of Einstein's death, the world launched the "Physics Illuminates the World" beam relay activity. On that day, Princeton University in the United States sent a laser signal, crossed the whole earth through an ocean optical cable, and returned to the United States 24 hours later. China started beam transmission on the evening of April 19. In two hours, Einstein's beam spread to 33 cities in China, and finally reached India and Russia respectively. [