The reasons for the troubled times of the sixteen countries in Wuhu

first

The inducement of the Eight Kings Rebellion. Sima Yan ended the Three Kingdoms period and established a unified imperial Jin Dynasty. In order to avoid the old path of the demise of Cao Wei and consolidate the imperial power, Sima Yan made great efforts to enfeoffment the kings and members of the Sima royal family to the imperial army.

Sima Yan strengthened the imperial power and hit the rich and nobles, but his imagination was too optimistic. After his death, his son Sima Zhong was incompetent for the throne because of mental problems.

Shi Yang and Jia Nanfeng, the consorts, took turns to monopolize power, which led to the dissatisfaction of kings everywhere and the rebellion of eight kings. From then on, the rebellion of the Eight Kings was the reason for the formation of the Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries.

Second point

The rise of nomadic people. Since Cao Cao came to power, in order to better prevent the invasion of nomadic people in border areas, the central court moved many nomadic people to the interior and border areas to multiply. By the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the influence of this nomadic people began to expand and the number of people increased.

When the Central Committee is stable, they still listen to it honestly. However, due to the Eight Kings Rebellion, in order to defeat other captives, the captives had to call the cavalry of these nomadic peoples to help.

After the war in the Western Jin Dynasty subsided, the Western Jin Dynasty was already weak, but the influence of nomadic people began to expand. The Western Jin Dynasty was unable to control these nomads, who established their own countries and even perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.

the third point

The struggle between different nationalities. Because the nomads who came to the Central Plains are all different nationalities, have their own cultures and have established their own state power.

In order to compete for more resources, they all want to unify the country. Countries often meet in wars, and even all ethnic groups often struggle for power and profit, and often compete for the throne.

Murong Xianbei was divided into the former Yan established by Murong _, the later Yan established by Mu Rongchui and the Southern Yan established by Murong De, thus forming a chaotic era of five lakes and sixteen countries.

In 280, Sima Yan, the founding emperor of the Jin Dynasty, destroyed Wu, unified the world and sealed the clan.

In 290, under the mediation of Jia Chong and others, Sima Yan died of illness and passed it on to his son Hui Di. Later, due to the powerful clan, the queen's interference in politics, the emperor's mental retardation and other factors, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out. During this period, Hui Di was abolished and quickly restored. In short, the world was in chaos and the basic national strength of the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed.

The royal war prompted the ethnic minorities (Wuhu) who suffered heavy taxes in the Western Jin Dynasty to rise up, and since then the Central Plains has entered a long-term war and split.

In 304, the Xiongnu and other ethnic minorities claimed the title of king and emperor, which began in the Sixteen Countries Period of Wuhu (although the Western Jin Dynasty was still orthodox in theory).

In 307, Hui Di died and his younger brother, Emperor Huaidi, succeeded him.

From 307 to 3 12, Emperor Huaidi was captured, which was the period when the Western Jin Dynasty was captured by the Five Tigers. Known as the "Yongjia Rebellion", the population of the Central Plains dropped by more than 20 million.

In 3 12, Luoyang was captured by Xiongnu, and Huaidi was captured and abused for one year and then killed. 3 13 years, the remaining royal family succeeded to the throne, known as _ emperor. After four years of violent attacks, the Western Jin Dynasty perished.

In 3 16, Chang' an was captured by Xiongnu (Zhao), and the emperor was killed after being captured and abused for one year. The north continued the situation of killing people and eating people in sixteen countries. On March 6, the same year, Kloc fled to Si Marui in the south of the Yangtze River, became a powerful man in the south of the Yangtze River, and proclaimed himself emperor. The eastern Jin dynasty began.

In 35 1 year, the former state of Qin was founded (Jian Peijun), and later his cousin Fu Jian killed his son and succeeded him, and appointed Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, to reform.

In 382, the north was unified, and in 383, Wang Meng's last words and other ministers' exhortations were ignored, and the attack on Shanxi across the river failed. Later, when the north collapsed, all ethnic groups rose up and made trouble in succession.

In 385, Fu Jian was killed, and the former Qin Dynasty existed in name only. It was officially destroyed in 394. The north is still in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the south is in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

In 386, the Northern Wei Dynasty was established, the North was unified in 439, the capital was moved to Luoyang in 493, and the clan split in 534, forming a confrontation between the East and the West. In 550, the Northern Qi replaced the Eastern Wei Dynasty; 557. The Northern Zhou Dynasty replaced the Western Wei Dynasty; In 577, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi and unified the North.

58 1 year, the Sui Dynasty replaced the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The north and south are basically river management.

In the south, in 420, the Song Dynasty replaced the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Song, Qi, Liang and Chen successively replaced each other. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the whole country. In 6 18, the Tang dynasty was established.

Sixteen countries

The Sixteen Kingdoms (304 -439) was a period of great division in the history of China. This period began in 304 AD when Li Xiong and Liu Yuan established their countries in Bashu, Han Dynasty and Han Zhaodi respectively in the Central Plains, and ended in 439 AD when Tuoba Tao (Taizu) of the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed Beiliang.

During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the Jiangnan and Jingxiang areas of the Han Dynasty were controlled by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, while the northern and southwestern areas of the Han Dynasty established more than 20 countries.

Sixteen countries, including Han Cheng, Zhao Qian, Houzhao, Liang Qian, Beiliang, Xiliang, Hou Liang, Nanliang, Yan Qian, Houyan, Southern Yan, Beiyan, Xia, Qianqin, Xiqin and Houqin, are very powerful. Cui Hong, a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, took sixteen countries as the representative of this period and called them "sixteen countries".

The scope covers the central, eastern and western parts of the Han Dynasty, as far as Mobei and the Western Regions.

The internal migration of northern ethnic groups promoted ethnic integration. At the same time, in order to enhance their strength, monarchs of various countries have also implemented some policies to develop production in their respective regions, which has formed a local stable situation in the context of the turmoil in North China.

In the melee between countries, Fu Jian in the former Qin Dynasty once unified North China, but when he went south to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was defeated in the battle of Feishui. Later, in Guandong and the empty Guanzhong, all ethnic groups rebelled one after another. Coupled with the Northern Expedition of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty completely collapsed and the north was once again in chaos.

After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, after the management of Tuoba GUI, Tuoba Si and Tuoba Tao, North China was finally unified in 439 and entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The great ethnic integration in this period lasted until the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and finally it was completely integrated in the Sui Dynasty. In addition, almost at the same time, the Western Roman Empire in Europe was also invaded by Germanic, Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples, which was called "barbarian invasion" in history.

Baidu Encyclopedia _ Wuhu Sixteen Countries