I want to know everything about titanium

Titanium: element symbol Ti, atomic number 22, atomic weight 47.88, located in Group IVB of the 4th period of the periodic table of elements. Titanium is one of the elements with the widest distribution and high abundance (6320×10-6) in the earth's crust, accounting for 0.61% of the weight of the earth's crust and ranking 9th; while titanium resources rank second only to iron, aluminum and magnesium. The fourth place is an important raw material for producing titanium slag, artificial rutile, titanium dioxide, sponge titanium, titanium metal and titanium materials, and welding rod coatings. Because titanium metal is silvery white, it has a high melting point (1727°C), light specific gravity (4.5), high mechanical strength (5), low temperature resistance (resistivity is almost 0 at ultra-low temperatures), abrasion resistance, and good plasticity of titanium wire (can Thin-walled use), not easily oxidized, and highly reducible; the oxide of titanium, titanium dioxide (titanium dioxide), is non-toxic and has good physical and chemical stability (it does not melt in any acid and alkali after calcining at 1000°C) , high refractive index (2.55~2.70), as well as strong whiteness, tinting power (1150~1650), hiding power (40~50g/m2), temperature resistance, anti-powdering and other characteristics, it is called "pigment" King". Therefore, titanium and its oxides and alloy products are important coatings, new structural materials, and anti-corrosion materials. They are known as "the third metal in development after iron and aluminum" and "strategic metals", and are also "promising" Metal materials" are widely used in aviation, aerospace, ships, military industry, metallurgy, chemical industry, machinery, electricity, desalination, transportation, light industry, environmental protection, medical equipment and other fields, and have created a huge economy Benefits and social benefits play an important role in the development of the national economy.

1. Characteristics of mineral raw materials

Titanium is a typical lithophile element and often appears as an oxide mineral. There are more than 80 kinds of minerals containing more than 1% TiO2 in the earth's crust, and 15 kinds have industrial value. The main ones used in my country are ilmenite, rutile and titanium magnetite (Table 3.5.1). They are both primary (rock minerals) and secondary (weathered residual slope accumulation and sedimentary sand minerals). Table 3.5.2 summarizes and compares the basic characteristics of titanium mineral raw materials from major producing areas in my country.

2. Uses and technical and economic indicators

Titanium raw materials are mainly used to produce titanium dioxide (titanium dioxide), titanium metal (titanium sponge), titanium-containing steel and welding rod coatings. Their proportions are slightly different in my country and abroad. Titanium dioxide accounts for 88% in my country and 92.4% abroad; titanium metal (titanium sponge) accounts for 10% in my country and 5.3% abroad; titanium-containing steel and welding rod coatings account for 2.0% in my country and 2.3% abroad.

Titanium dioxide is not only a white pigment with excellent performance, but also an important chemical raw material. It is widely used in coatings, inks, plastics, rubber, paper and chemical fiber industries. Titanium dioxide coating has bright colors and pure tones; titanium dioxide is a high-grade filler for paper, making the paper thin and opaque, with high whiteness, good gloss, high strength, smoothness and easy use. Titanium dioxide is used in the plastics industry as an opaque colorant; in the rubber industry, it makes white and light-colored rubber have high strength, high elongation, aging resistance and resistance to fading. It is also the best matting material for chemical fibers, giving transparent chemical fibers a permanent matting effect and improving toughness. In addition, it is also used in enamel, electrical appliances, electronic materials, etc.

After titanium concentrate is smelted into sponge titanium, it is then cast into ingots and made into industrial pure titanium and titanium alloy titanium materials. Titanium and Titanium Alloys Titanium materials are mainly used in the aviation and aerospace sectors. Compared with alloy steel, titanium alloy can reduce the weight of aircraft by 40%. Others, such as satellite shells, spacecraft skins, rocket engine casings, missiles, etc., titanium alloys can all show their talents. The use of industrial pure titanium and titanium alloys in non-aerospace sectors is mainly in power station condensers, seawater contact devices, chemical devices and some mechanical engineering. In particular, the use of titanium for seawater desalination heaters is an epoch-making event in the development of the titanium industry. The ordnance industry department mainly uses titanium for the production of ships and weapons.

In addition to being mainly used to produce industrial pure titanium and titanium alloys, titanium metal is also used to produce titanium ferroalloys and titanium-containing steel for the steel industry. Titanium is an added element in steel that can change the properties of steel. Make steel have higher strength and hardness under the same tempering temperature, or temper to a higher temperature under the same hardness requirements. At present, my country's titanium-containing steels include high-strength low-alloy steels, structural steels, stainless steels, heat-resistant alloys, ultra-high-strength steels and magnetic steels, which are widely used in automobiles, ships, oil drilling, etc., and have developed into only The second largest steel system after manganese steel.

Rutile, the main titanium-containing mineral, is also an indispensable raw material for high-quality welding rod coatings.

3. A brief history of mining

In 1789, the British amateur mineralogist Father William Gregor discovered the black mineral resources in the Manakin Valley in his parish, Gonaval State. A new element (titanium) was discovered in magnetic sandstone (ilmenite), which was named "Menaccanite" at the time.

In 1795, the German chemist M.H. Klaproth discovered a new metal oxide while conducting a systematic analysis and examination of rock minerals. Even today's rutile (TiO2) also contains this new metal oxide. Element, he named this new element titanium (Titanium) after the Titans (Titans), the sons of heaven and earth in Greek mythology. "Titanium" is what Gregor calls "Mernaginite".

The geological exploration of my country's titanium ore resources was mainly carried out in the 1950s and 1960s after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and was successively invested in development; the deep processing and utilization of my country's titanium ore resources (production of titanium dioxide, welding rod coatings, Titanium sponge, titanium metal, titanium materials, etc.) began with the development of titanium sponge by the Beijing Nonferrous Metals Research Institute in 1954. In 1958, Shenyang Nonferrous Metal Processing Plant built a titanium sponge and titanium material processing workshop and put it into production. In the late 1960s, titanium began to form Industrial system (production of titanium sponge, titanium processing materials and other products). By 1997, my country's titanium industry had formed two interrelated and relatively complete systems of mining-smelting-processing and scientific research-design-production-application. my country is one of the world's exporters of titanium concentrate, wrought titanium, titanium products, titanium oxide and anatase titanium dioxide pigments.