Hiking in Daliangshan Mountain in the Thirty Years of the Republic of China: Catholicism in Xichang during the Republic of China

Historical dust note: I finished updating Dr. Zeng Zhaolun's trip to Yunnan and Kangkang. Let's take a look at the culture and scenery of Daliangshan. 1 941July1day, follow Dr. Zeng Zhaolun and his "Chuankang Scientific Investigation Group" in the Republic of China to see the culture and scenery of Daliangshan during the Republic of China. This article is excerpted from Dr. Zeng Zhaolun's "Investigation of the Yi People in Daliangshan".

Catholicism and Liangshan Yi Nationality Area

Yong 'an Palace (Catholic Church) is the most exquisite building in Xichang. It has been built for more than 30 years. Gothic church, some windows are dark blue; This magnificent building will make people respect from time to time. One Sunday, we specially went to attend evening prayers there. When I entered, I saw bright lights and candles, singing songs, and the scene was very serious. When worshipping, the prayer is Latin, and the choir is purely served by female monks, which is more solemn.

After attending church, I went to see Bishop Bao, who was in charge of Xichang parish here (note: French priest Bao, 1887 was born in France, 1927 became the third bishop of Xichang parish, 1950 returned to France, and 1998 died), and talked with him about it. Bishop Bao, a Frenchman, has worked here for decades and knows the situation best. Claiming to be 55 years old, I have been here for 30 years and have been to other places before. Judging from his appearance, he is older than his age. The chin must be more than a foot long, and it has turned gray. There are only 10,000 parishioners in this parish, all of whom are Han Chinese. Among them, there is no real religion at all, that is, there is nothing but name. As for Liangshan, he has never been there for more than 20 years, and he doesn't know the present situation. East of Zhaojue, I'm afraid it's dangerous. For these "barbarians", he thinks there is nothing to do. Zhaojue's original Catholic church was destroyed after barbarians entered the city in the eighth year of the Republic of China, and it has not been repaired since then. Now all that remains is a stone.

Hearing that we were going to Liangshan, Bishop Bao said, "I admire you very much. You are so brave. " After the defeat of France, most French expatriates living abroad were depressed, and Bishop Bao was no exception. While talking to us, he bowed his head and meditated; Repeatedly said: "What if the country forgets us?"

These Catholic priests are not completely honest with people. Bishop Bao, although he has never been to Liangshan recently; Later, Vice Bishop De told me that someone from the Catholic Church had been to Zhaojue five or six years ago. They rode from Xichang. On the first day, they visited the masses in Luanba and arrived the next day. There is also a map of Liangshan hidden in the Catholic church, which is a combination of western works. This map, which I usually refuse to show to others, is often lost as an excuse when I ask. Actually, it's not surprising. A lot of the information contained above is just speculation (such as Liangshan's platinum).

Mr. Xu Xiaohui, a member of the Tunwei Committee, told us (historical dust note: Xu Xiaohui, the son of Xu Zi Hugh, a rural sage in Sichuan, graduated from the Agricultural Department of Imperial University in Tokyo and served as the Minister of Agricultural Department of Sichuan University for many years. At the invitation of Deng Xihou, commander of the 28th Army, we plan to set up a colonial supervision office in Mao Wen, Song Li, Sichuan, to jointly develop the northwest. 1935 "trained more than 230 reclamation players for Chengdu Branch of Central Military Academy; President Jiang Gong instructed him to inspect southern Sichuan and make plans and budgets. Every time the Xi incident happened, he went to bed. 1938 was hired by Xikang Provincial Construction Committee to "inspect economic construction resources" in Kang, Ning and Ya. 1939 to 1946 served as the director of reclamation area division of Shu Ning reclamation area Committee of Xikang province, "training more than 80 cadres in reclamation area" and concurrently served as the chairman of Xichang Xingyuan Economic Construction and Design Committee. 1940, in Xichang, "Under the order of President Jiang Gong, Yu Ning was appointed as the head of the design team, preparing to set up a grain increase Committee to reserve and transport military grain for the Yunnan-Myanmar campaign, and at the same time appointed as the deputy director of Xikang Agricultural Improvement Institute". In Ning, "there are three farms in Xichang, Dechang and Huili, two cooperative nurseries in Mianning and Yanyuan, and a silk reeling factory in Lizhou." 1946 became the director of Kang Nong Institute. In view of the fact that the construction of agriculture and animal husbandry is really helpful to national defense, we have the obligation to go to various counties in Kang Shu in winter to "inspect the climate and soil of the eastern plateau of Jinsha River and the operation of the Kang nationality", make every effort to actively promote the agricultural improvement in Xikang Province and "help Kang Min to improve its industry". It is believed that "those who are determined to promote agriculture and animal husbandry in Kangqu really want to represent the center and benefit the Kang people on the east bank of Jinsha River, in sharp contrast with the Kang people on the west bank who are being abused by Tibetan troops". "Take a technical stand" to share the worries of the country and "strive for the territorial integrity of the country" is of great significance to saving the country through science and technology. The significance of safeguarding national unity. It can be said that Xu Xiaohui is a technical official with considerable professional attainments and political mind. Catholicism once set up a church in Zhaodengping to persuade Yi people to believe in religion. The means taken is to give believers something to seduce them. Unexpectedly, I am greedy for money and have no sincerity to believe in religion. It is necessary to come every time, and at the same time, let relatives and friends come and ask for it. Soon all the things brought by foreign priests will be used up. They are insatiable and even promise to wait until things arrive. On the contrary, they suspect that the priest will hide things. As a result, the priest was dragged to the ground for extortion and was dragged to death on the mountain. Later, the church was also destroyed by them, and the priests dared not go back to Liangshan to preach. Although missionaries have the ability to meet such people, they can't do anything about it.

Traffic between Xichang and Sichuan mainland

From Xichang to the mainland of Sichuan, it has always been the avenue across the west, Fu Lin and Hanyuan. This route starts from Xichang and runs radially northwards. After passing through Lizhou to Lugu, it turns northeast, passes through Mianshan, and reaches Dengxiangying to Yuexi. From western Vietnam, generally to the north, but slightly to the northeast, through Bao 'an Haitang and Pingba, to Dashubao (located on the south bank of Dadu River); There is Fulin across the river (located on the north bank of Dadu River, belonging to Hanyuan County). The road from Xichang to Fu Lin is * * * Bama Station, except that Xichang to Lizhou is a small station on the first day (the road is short and flat), and the next day (Lizhou to Lugu) is also flat and easy to walk; The remaining six days are mostly big stations, which means that it is either a long way or a difficult mountain road. On the fourth day (the road from Deng Xiangying to Yuexi), we crossed Xiaoxiangling. This mountain is a famous mountain in the southwest corner of China. It has been a famous natural barrier since ancient times. Legend has it that it is high, 3 100 meters above sea level, which is relatively large in Xiangling (2896 meters). On the territory of western Vietnam, the Yi people are deeply influenced. The county itself, before dark, actually entered a state of martial law. On the fourth day, the section from Zhongsuoba to Xiaogushao (less than a small village in front of Yuexi County) and the section from Li Xi Station to Baoan (Yuexi to Baoan) are particularly dangerous. The former can't leave after five in the afternoon; The latter needs to go hand in hand. From Xichang to Fuling, you usually take eight stops, but if you are in a hurry, you can save a day by going from Xichang to Song Lin on the first day and Deng Xiangying on the second day. It takes seven days to get to Fulin.

From Fulin Road to the north, slightly to the northeast, passing Hanyuan Street (called Hanyuanchang), 25 miles north of Hanyuan County. It is one of the largest towns in Hanyuan County, and it is especially lively than the county seat. One stop to Hanyuan County (formerly known as Qingxi County). Turn northeast from the county seat and take three stops to Ya 'an. It is planned that Hanyuan County will turn over Daxiangling and stop at Huangnibao. Enter Yingjing County from Huangnibao (still Hanyuan County), pass through the county seat, and arrive at Maliuchang (still Hanyuan County) the next day. Finally, from Maliuchang to Ya 'an County, one stop is Ya 'an County. (If you take a big stop on the road, one day from Hanyuan County to Yingjing County and the other day to Ya 'an, so it only takes two days. ).

According to the above, the road from Xichang to Ya 'an via Yuexi, Fulin and Hanyuan is generally Twelve Horse Stations (Xichang to Fulin No.8 Station, Fulin to Hanyuan No.1 Station and Hanyuan to Ya 'an No.3 Station). All the places it passes through are under the control of Sichuan Province. Twenty-seven years after Xikang was established as a province, it was all transferred to Xikang. Geographically, the south of Dadu River (near Fulin) belongs to Ningshu; To the north (from Fulin to Ya 'an), it belongs to Ya 'an. Although there are twelve stops, there are too many, and some of them are too big. Therefore, it usually takes more than 12 days for ordinary caravans to take this road, and it often takes 16 days when it is more, and almost 13 days when it is least. After they arrive in Fulin (whether going north or south), most of them have a day off. In some big stations, walking evenly or dividing a station into two days will take up more time. On the other hand, if the journey from Xichang to Fulin takes seven days as mentioned above, then you will have to walk eleven days from Xichang to Ya 'an (this is also the road that many slide poles and walkers often take). If you travel from Hanyuan County to Ya 'an in two days, you can save one day, so ten days is enough. Ya 'an has a main road leading to Chengdu (this road used to be four major stations, commonly known as 360 miles). Now it has been changed into an expressway, which is the eastern section of Chuankang Highway. Highway mileage, * * * one hundred and fifty-three kilometers, or three hundred o six li), according to this from Xichang to Chengdu, the old road under normal circumstances is sixteen horse stations.

If you want to go to Kangding from Kang Shu in the west instead of Ya 'an and Chengdu, you should go north along Laoda Road to Hanyuan County, then branch off from there to the northwest, fly over the mountains and go to Kangding via Luding. The route from Hanyuan to Kangding, * * * five stops (Hanyuan three stops to Luding two stops to Kangding), commonly known as 345 Li, is actually about 335 Li. From Hanyuan Station to Yidong. From Yidong to the mountains, Hualinping Station 1 to Luding, Luding Station 1 (60 Li) to Wagou, Wagou Station 1 (60 Li) to Kangding. If you are on the road, you can reach Lengzhai in one day from Hualinping in Yidong, Luding in one day from Dabaoba and Kangding in one day. This can save a day; It only takes four days from Hanyuan to Kangding. Generally speaking, from Xichang to Kangding via Hanyuan, it is generally fourteen stops (nine stops to Hanyuan and five stops to Kangding). Many people only walk from Xichang to Fulin for seven days, so it becomes thirteen stops. If Hanyuan only takes four days to go to Kangding, it will only take twelve days. It is said that if you go all the way, you will arrive in eleven days. Because this road is the main road, it is convenient to stay along the way, so it is not a problem to be in a hurry.

The above-mentioned road from Xichang to Ya 'an via Yuexi, Fulin and Hanyuan can be called Line A. This line was once the main traffic artery between Xichang and Sichuan mainland. But there are several other routes besides this one.

The fastest can be called the second line. The route from Xichang to Pingba, the first six stops halfway, is exactly the same as the A line. From Pingba to the northeast, the highway leads to Jinhekou, and there is also a road to follow, which takes four days to reach. This section of the road passes through the edge of Liangshan in three days and completely passes through the Yi area: it is quite dangerous without the protection of the Yi people. Fortunately, the Yi people in this area are more organized than the Yi people in Liangshan, and there are always toasts. As long as you ask the toaster for help, there will be no problem. Now the toaster in this area is Mr. "Ling (local people pronounce cold) Photoelectricity". (Historical dust note: Ling Guangdian (1913-1989), Yi nationality, is a native of Shengli Township, Ganluo County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, and is a descendant of Hijikata Chizuru households in Tianba in the warm zone. He was an outstanding figure of Liangshan Yi people in the Republic of China. Toast Toast has seven people, covering an area of more than 60 square kilometers. His father had three brothers, uncle and uncle, all of whom died young. My father was soaked in opium when he was young and died at the age of 36. The second uncle has no heir. According to the rules of the Tusi family, his estate should be inherited by Ling Optoelectronics. After the death of my uncle and father, my sister-in-law made trouble from time to time because of the industry, and her family was weak. 1926, due to an accident, a dispute between Yi and Han nationalities was caused, and Han people sued the government. The government failed to handle the "foreign affairs" with the sheikh, and sent the local warlord Liu Jinan to handle it. Liu Jian's four families were weak, so in the name of "improving the land and returning to the present", they carried out ethnic oppression, extorted money from Ling Jia, and argued that their people were "Han Tuan", forcibly changed their customs and costumes, and detained Ling Optoelectronics' cousin. Ling Optoelectronics survived because of its young age and the protection of Han people. 1927, Ling Optoelectronics left Fuling to protect Chang 'an, the army of Sichuan border. This sheep is a good friend of Lingguang's parents. Ling learned from a bitter experience and studied hard, and was favored by his third aunt, who thought he was his adopted son (he didn't close his eyes until Ling arrived and held him in his arms), that is, the sheep family invested in studying in Xichang and Chengdu. 1933 was admitted to the 10th issue of the Central Army Military Academy (Huangpu Military Academy) of the National Government. During my study in Nanjing Central Military Academy, I joined the Scout Organization. 1936 After graduating from the military academy, he was appointed as an official of the government of the Republic of China, and at the same time, he was reinstated as a chieftain (Hijikata Chizuru household). 1947 was elected legislator, 1950 served as deputy commander of the 27th Army on the eve of Liangshan liberation. After liberation, he served as a member of Sichuan CPPCC. Ling Optoelectronics loves Yi culture, has strong Yi consciousness and Chinese national feelings. He wrote many works about Yi people in his life. His son Erbusha and Professor Wen Chunlai from the History Department of Sun Yat-sen University collected, sorted out and published Lingguang Electronics Collection. )

This gentleman is good at Chinese, deeply understands the feelings of Chinese people and has a good impression on Han people. At present, I work in Tunwei and live in Xichang most of the time. Usually covered in military uniforms, it is not easy to distinguish foreigners. Anyone who finds a letter from Ling Jun in Xichang, or sends someone to escort him, can ignore the security issue. This situation is much more civilized than Liangshan Yi area. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, Han people have often taken this route in business and caravan. Although it is dangerous, it is much faster than the road crossing the West and Hanyuan, but in terms of traffic frequency, it is far less than the A line.

Jinkou River belongs to Ebian County, Sichuan Province, and is located on the north bank of Dadu River. I have been walking on the south bank of this river since Pingba. When we approached the town, we didn't cross to the north shore. There is a small river here (that is, the "Jinkou River", the town is named after this river), which flows into the Dadu River from north to south. Jinkouhe Town is located on the west bank of the river, close to the river bank. Just at the intersection of the two rivers, it has always been an entrance of the Yi people in Ebian, so its position is very important. Shaping is the largest village in Ebian, which is more prosperous than the county seat. Second, Jinkou River (after the completion of Lexi Highway recently, Jinkou River tends to seize the position of Shaping).

From Jinkou River Line B to the east, at the foot of the northern bank of Dadu River, go straight along the river and take a stop (commonly known as Jiuli) to Ma Si Creek (also known as "Heba") on the other side of Shaping (located on the southern bank of Dadu River). From there, the road continues along the river and goes down the river. Later, I gradually went up the mountain and counted it as three miles in Xinchang. From Xinchang, the road is far from Dadu River, and turn northeast to Emei. From Xinchang Wuli to Sibeigang Wuli and then to Shi Jianping, it is already Emei County. Ten miles to Duigou, ten miles to Dachang and fifteen miles to Longchi, which is a big town in Emei. From Longchi Shili to Banshixi. Go ten miles to Yangcun Town (also known as "Yangcunpu"), ten miles to the land pass, and ten miles to Huangmaogang. Huang Mao's post is behind Emei Mountain, that is, under the cliff of Jinding (the top of Emei Mountain). Starting from Huangmaogang, Wuli goes to Shi Geological Exploration, Wuli goes to Gao Qiao, Wuli goes to Guan, and Wuli goes to Emei County. * * * From Ma Si Creek to Emei, the measured distance is 165 huali, which is a two-stop road, in which Longchi is a stopover and New Gao Qiao is a two-day meal stop. From Emei County to the northeast, through Suji (the largest town in Emei County and the most important silk and satin industry center in Sichuan) to Leshan (Jiading), the journey is 80 Li, which is an easy place to stop.

Generally speaking, from Xichang to Leshan, it takes 13 and a half stops. Most people drive a little, 13 days. This route is the fastest traffic route from Xichang to Sichuan mainland, which saves 3 days compared with the road from Xichang to Ya 'an (16 station).

The third road (line C) from Xichang to the north is the recently completed Lexi Highway. The route of this highway is roughly as follows. From Xichang to Lugu, it's exactly the same as Line A. Going forward from Lugu, the two lines branch off. Line A goes to Deng Xiangying in the northeast; Line C generally continues northward, passing through Mianning County to Da Qiao (still in Da Qiao County). From the bridge to the northeast, I dragged Wu across Xiaoxiangling Mountain in Bodhisattva Mountain, out of Mianning into Yuexi County, from Bodhisattva Mountain to the north, across Tiezai to Moluo (Yuexi County), from Moluo to Pumpkin Shop in the northeast. After the pumpkin shop, the road returned due north and slightly west, and went straight to the "farm" on the south bank of Dadu River (still in Yuexi County). Cross the Dadu River in the "farm", enter Hanyuan County, go northeast, go back along this river, reach Fulin, cross the A line here and go forward from Fulin. Line C does not run from Daxiangling [14] to Ya 'an, but goes northeast and along the old road, most of which is far from crossing the river. From Suoyiling steep plate down the mountain, generally go southeast, pass through Shouyongchang (under Ebian County), reach Jinkou River (but the highway goes up the mountain without going through the town itself), and return to Dadu River. Starting from Jinkouhe River, the road changes from north to east, all the way up the mountain, next to the parallel line B, passing Jixingling and Xianyan (near here, you can see Shaping from below), reaching Xinchang, where it joins with Line B, with a total distance of 5 14 km, 1000 Li and 28 Li along this line from Xichang to Leshan. Cars are usually divided into four days.

Most of the routes of the above-mentioned Lexi Highway are the same as an old road. Xichang-Salo section is the Ding Line, which will be mentioned below. From Fuling to Jinkou River via Suoyiling, and then from there to the north bank of Emei and Leshan Dadu River, most of the whole journey is also an old road (this road does not pass through the Yi area). Comparatively speaking, it is a new route, only the section from Malaojing Farm across the river to Fulin (of course, this road is not completely new). In the past, most of the roads were from Molo to Anshunchang, where they crossed the river (see the D line below) and were rich in forests. Anshun Chang is 30 miles upstream of the "farm" and still belongs to Yuexi County. The Dadu River turns 90 degrees around here. So the "farm" is on the south bank of the Dadu River, and Anshunchang is on the west bank of the river. Anshunchang is a famous place in history. After the failure of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the late Qing Dynasty, Shi Dakai was captured here.

Before the construction of Lexi Expressway, several possible routes were considered. In terms of distance, of course, the B line mentioned above is the fastest. Xichang, Fulin and Jinkou River are like three corners of a right triangle, sitting at right angles in Fulin. At present, Lexi Highway runs northbound from Xichang to Fulin, and turns eastward from there to Jinkou River, forming two right angles on a triangle. The diameter of C-B line tends to Jinkou River. Generally speaking, it is much faster to take the chord of this triangle. It is said that there was an argument among experts about taking the second and third lines. Later, I died on the third line, not because the second line had to pass through the Yi area, nor because the mountain was too steep, but because this road needed too many bridges. As for the wisdom of this choice, there are still problems; As the current Lexi Highway crosses Mianning Mountain Range, the snow there (Tuowu and Tiezaizai areas) is very thick in winter, so it is difficult to pass. In any case, at present, the road from Fuling to Leshan, following the old road and bypassing Suoyiling, not only takes a big bend to the north without meaning, but also goes over mountains and mountains, wasting a lot of roads. Even if the third line is used instead of the second line, the road will be much shorter along the north bank of the Dadu River without bypassing this hurdle. Moreover, this road along the Dadu River was measured when planning to build the Sichuan-Yunnan Railway. From Fuling to Leshan, it is only about 130 km, which is nearly half less than the current 263 km of Lexi Highway, with a difference of 100 km. It is said that the road is still near Coconut Ridge because the road by the river passes through three big forests. Now it seems. This is a wrong estimate.

The above roads A, B and C are actually the three main routes from Xichang to Sichuan mainland. In addition, there is a road that passes through Liangshan Yi area, and few people walk, which will be described in Chapter 5. As for the following three roads: Ding, E and Ji, they mainly lead to Kangding. Because it has something to do with the above three lines, I will briefly describe it here.

The starting section of Line D (Xichang to Salo) is exactly the same as Line C (Lexi Highway) mentioned above. At Moro, it diverges from the C-line, heading northwest to Anshun Field. After arriving at Anshunchang, go north along the west bank of the river, go upstream without crossing the Dadu River, and reach the other side of Luding, that is, northwest to Kangding. This route from Xichang to Kangding is said to have thirteen stops. As far as the distance is concerned, it is faster than taking the A line to Kangding. But the time is not saved (it takes thirteen days for two roads); Moreover, because this road is a small road, the caravan rarely walks (carrying goods), and there are few people along the way, so it is impossible to travel (by standing). Sometimes it is better to take the road quickly. If you want to take this road to Sichuan, you can go from Xichang 1 1 station to Luding, then turn east and follow Laoyakang Avenue for 6 stops to Ya 'an, 17 days, which is 5 days longer than the A line.

A * * * feature of Line D and Line C is that the middle part is in Mianning and Yuexi counties (between Daqiao and Moluo, Tuowu and Tiezaizai areas) and needs to pass through a Yi area. Anshunchang area is also a Yi area. Because of this relationship, the Han people used to regard this as a fear of the road. Shi Dakai's capture is also a loss to the barbarians. Since the Republic of China, foreigners in this area (still black foreigners) have gradually naturalized, and their customs have gradually been sinicized, becoming so-called "familiar foreigners" with less harassment. After Xikang was established as a province, these familiar foreigners were hired to keep watch and feel safer when traveling. In other words, before the completion of Lexi Highway, this road was no more dangerous than Hanyuan and Ya 'an Avenue.

The E line runs from Xichang to Anshun Chang, which is exactly the same as the D line. Since Anshun Field doesn't pass through Luding, it goes northwest, passes through Mill Face and Yulin Palace, and reaches Kangding directly. It is said that from Xichang to Kangding, it is also this road 13 stop, and the journey is a little faster than the Ding line. In 28 years, the Construction Department of Kang Province plans to open the Kang-Dian Highway. At that time, the proposed route, the southern section from Kunming via Wuding and Yuanmou to Huili, used the old route of Kunhui Avenue. The middle section is Xi Hui Avenue, which is the E-line here. Later, the Ministry of Communications built two highways, Lexi and Xixiang, and this plan was abandoned.

The last route (your own route). From Xichang to Mianning County along the C-line, turn to the northwest, climb several high mountains, reach Jiulong County in Kang Shu, then go north from Jiulong, and pass Muju Chengzi and Yulin Palace to Kangding. This road is not only a long detour, but also extremely dangerous, and it needs to pass through hundreds of miles of vast and sparsely populated Kangren area, so few people walk. Compared with other roads, its importance is not commendable.