Pioneer Group's Legacy

The Japanese government divides Japanese orphans into two categories, namely "Japanese orphans" and "China orphans". Japanese with residual Japanese nationality refers to those who had Japanese nationality before1September 2, 945 but came to Chinese mainland and settled in Chinese mainland, and had Japanese nationality before1September 2, 945; Or my parents came to Chinese mainland before September 2nd. 1945, I was born and settled in Chinese mainland, and I still have Japanese nationality. The latter refers to those who had Japanese nationality before1September 2, 945 and now have China nationality, and who came to Chinese mainland and settled in Chinese mainland before1September 2, 945; Or my parents came to Chinese mainland before September 2nd. 1945, I was born and raised in Chinese mainland, and now I have China nationality.

Most overseas Chinese in Japan are members of Japan's national immigration plan, Inner Mongolia. 1945 After Japan announced its surrender on August 5th, 15, its colonial ruling institutions in northeast China and enterprises and institutions established by the puppet Manchukuo authorities immediately fell apart. At this historical moment, the Japanese troops stationed in various parts of Northeast China and the Japanese expatriates scattered around the country are afraid of retaliation, panic, and flee all over the mountain.

At this time, only the old, weak, sick, disabled women and children were left in the Japanese pioneering group. Deeply influenced by the spirit of Japanese Bushido, many members of the pioneering group in Jiamusi and Hegang, located in the hinterland of Sanjiang Plain, committed suicide under the attack of lack of food, fatigue and cold.

In August, founder county 1945 became the gathering place for members of the Japanese pioneering group. In mid-September, a group of pioneers from Tangyuan, Huachuan and Huanan counties near Jiamusi collectively walked to Mudanjiang and tried to return to China by train, but the train in Mudanjiang was interrupted and these people returned to founder county.

Some pioneers who are going to Harbin via Acheng have no strength to go any further after arriving in founder county, so they have to join the pioneers of Tangyuan and Huachuan who came here first and stay in the house left by the original local pioneers in Jixing Village, Yihantong Township, founder county.

Due to the chaos after the war, a month passed, and the Japanese pioneers stranded in founder county still didn't see any ships. At this time, a plague came quietly to them with the cold, and groups of people fell down one after another. People who were not infected with the plague also died under the blow of cold and hunger.

1September 29th, 972, after the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, the two governments began to search for blood relatives for Japanese orphans in China during World War II. Most orphans have returned to the motherland, but due to the differences in language and living habits, it is difficult for the second and third generation children brought by Japanese orphans from China to integrate into the mainstream Japanese society. These orphans returned to the motherland after half a century, but in their hearts, it was a strange land.

On September 23rd, 2002, more than 600 war orphans who returned to Japan from China formed a plaintiff group, and held the "Plaintiffs' Unity General Meeting and Pledge Meeting of State Compensation Litigation for Residual Orphans" in the People's Hall of Daejeon District, Tokyo, Japan, and formally sued the Japanese government, demanding that it reflect on and compensate for the policy of "abandoning nationals". Since the occupation of Northeast China, "emigrating to Manchuria" has been a hot discussion and expectation of Japanese military and political circles and public opinion. 1932 65438+ 10, the kwantung army ruling department held a consultation meeting on Manchu legal system and economic policy in Fengtian, and the meeting focused on the issue of "emigrating to Manchuria". After the meeting, the Kwantung Army's ruling department formulated the immigration plan, the Japanese immigration program and the military immigration program. The basic spirit of these plans is that 10 and 15 years later,100000 armed "military immigrants" and100000 "defense immigrants" will move to the northeast of China respectively. "Resettlement of soldiers" should give priority to the placement of retired soldiers from Manchuria in the garrison, and take immigrants with military organization and discipline as the vanguard of "immigration to Manchuria".

1932 10 under the personal planning of Tieren, the captain of the Kwantung Army, who is known as the "father of the pioneering group", 493 Japanese armed immigrants were stationed in Yongchuan Town, Mudanjiang, and Mirong Village and Thousand Villages were built the following year, becoming the first immigrant group to invade northeast China. It was also in June 5438+10 that the Kwantung Army officially promulgated the Manchu comprehensive immigration policy and immigration plan. According to this plan, the main functions of the Northeast Immigrant Group are: "fostering Japan's realistic forces in Manchuria, enriching Japan's and Manchuria's national defense, maintaining public order in Manchuria, and seeking cultural achievements in the Far East led by the Japanese nation"-that is, the "Immigrant Group" has multiple military and political functions such as consolidating "national defense", maintaining public order, and cultural aggression. This "Manchu Immigration Comprehensive Policy and Immigration Planning" also defines the specific planning of immigrants as "special agricultural immigrants". The plan stipulates that "special agricultural immigrants are mainly veterans, and they are quite garrison organizations and have sufficient self-defense capabilities." In other words, the Immigration Corps is a paramilitary organization and an important supplement to the Kwantung Army.

According to the above plan, during the period from 1932 to 1936, Japan made five "experimental immigrants" to the northeast. In view of the success of the "experiment",1On August 25th, 936, the Hirota Cabinet of Japan officially announced that it would take large-scale immigration to the northeast of China as one of Japan's seven "national policies" and decided to "immigrate one million households within 20 years" to the northeast of China, that is, "transport mainland agricultural immigrants to Manchuria", with the goal of moving in about one million to five million households within about 20 years.

The plan has been implemented since 1937. Its "million immigrants" are divided into "A immigrants" and "B immigrants". The so-called "group immigration", also known as "group immigration", refers to immigrants who receive generous subsidies from the government, are directly accepted by the government, and are placed in well-off resettlement sites, with the aim of making them the core of future immigrant villages, with at least 200-300 immigrant units; "Class B immigrants", also known as "free immigrants", refer to immigrants who mainly rely on private practice and receive meagre government subsidies. In addition, there is a special "Manchu and Mongolian Youth Volunteers". From 1938 to 194 1, about 165000 16- 19-year-old teenagers were moved to the northeast of China to undertake "enriching the people's national defense and ensuring". It was also at this stage that the name "Manchuria Pioneering Group" officially appeared.

The nature of the "Manchuria Pioneering Group", in the words of the Japanese military, is to "cultivate strength" with population growth. The military believes that the reason why the complete rule of Manchuria was not realized in those years was: "The Japanese did not take the means of proliferating the people and letting themselves go, which led to the existence of real power. ..... (If) after the Russo-Japanese War, we actively transferred to many ethnic groups, the Manchuria incident would not have happened, and even if it had happened, it would not have ended in bloodshed. So I must give priority to cultivating my strength in the future. " Its long-term purpose is to make the Japanese "live permanently for 5 million to 6,543.8+million" in the northeast of China.

Another nature of the "Pioneering Group" is a part of the Japanese armed forces in the northeast of China. After "September 18th", Japan was threatened by two military forces in Manchuria. One is the anti-union and bandit troops in the northeast; The second is the neighboring Soviet army, which also covets the northeast of China. In particular, the latter poses the greatest threat. A large number of "pioneers" moved in, which is the mission of building a "living fortress" project. Most of the "million immigrants" were deployed in the guerrilla areas of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition forces and the long border areas between China and the Soviet Union. The Japanese authorities have also divided the third line of defense according to their importance-the "first line of defense" is located on the Sino-Soviet border, and the "vanguard troops" distributed in this area are "military assistants who fought against the Soviet Union and cooperated with the Kwantung Army" and "the reserve troops of the Kwantung Army in case of emergency", accounting for 50% of the total number of Japanese immigrants. The "Second National Defense Zone" is aimed at the anti-Japanese armed forces in northeast China. The "pioneers" distributed in this area accounted for 40% of the total number of immigrants, and their role was to cooperate with the Kwantung Army to "suppress the anti-Qing and anti-Japanese armed forces" and maintain public order in Manchukuo. The "third line of national defense" refers to the political, military, economic, industrial and transportation areas, where the "pioneers" are the least distributed and mainly play the role of defending important areas and transporting materials. Since founder county laid a monument for the Japanese "Manchuria Pioneering Group", it is natural to ask further: What kind of history did the "Pioneering Group" leave in founder county?

According to the book History of Founder People's Revolutionary Struggle published by founder county Old Area Construction Promotion Association in 2005, from 1939 to 1943, Japanese * * * sent six pioneering delegations to founder county, with a total of 129 1 household, with 4828 people. What did these "pioneers" do in founder county? In the book My Witness: Oral History of 200 People who Experienced War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression published by the People's Liberation Army Literature and Art Publishing House in 2005, the author was fortunate to read the oral memory of an old man in founder county about this history.

The old man named Liu Anfa was born in 19 14. He witnessed the history of the Japanese "pioneering group" and worked for Japanese "immigrants". /Kloc-0 joined the People's Liberation Army of China in 1947, participated in the Liberation War and suppressed bandits in Guangxi,/Kloc-0 returned to China due to illness in 1953. The interview time is April 2005 1 1, and the interview place is in Li Ji Village, founder county, Heilongjiang. The old man's oral memory is not long. The full text is recorded here, and the author's supplementary explanation is in brackets:

"Our village is an old village. Before the Japanese came, the Manchukuo government asked us to submit all the land photos on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. First, I said I received heavy points. Later, it was said that a salary was given to 100. It's good to earn 10 after that.

(Author's Note: Indirect plunder through Manchukuo is the main means for the "Pioneering Group" to seize China people's land)

In the eighth year of Kant (1940), the Japanese came. A "Red Department" was built in Jixing Nantun, which is the regimental headquarters of their "Pioneer Group". They are called "red department", so we call them "red department". It is a straw house with a red brick foundation, surrounded by black locust trees. The head of the "pioneering group" is there. He has a German shepherd. When he came out, he gave him a briefcase.

They occupied our land, even the mountains and forests were divided, and we were not allowed to go up the mountain and behead. Whoever dares to cut off our heads will be beaten if the intersection is blocked. The Japanese are divided into classes. I still remember that Class One and Class Three were placed in Lishu Garden, Class Two in Qiaoxi, Class Four and Class Five in Henan, and Class Seven and Class Nine in East Banla. "

Most China families whose land was confiscated were moved to special "tribes". The two of us didn't move, leaving the Japanese as households-Japanese people can't grow up in dry fields. They grow oats and barley to feed the horses. The land they planted is the land we have prepared. If there is a ridge, they will remove the seed along the ridge, then level it, and then hire someone to cut it when it grows. Until the recovery, the Japanese didn't learn to grow dry land-they said "open up", but in fact even our fertile land couldn't be planted. They eat imported rice instead of sorghum rice. They wear yellow clothes issued by the state, just like Japanese soldiers. (Author's Note: What is the fate of the China people who were robbed of their land in founder county and driven into the "tribe"? Tao Qingshan, the old man who survived from the "tribe", left precious memories. The following are some excerpts of memories: "My family moved here from Yitong Township. I was four years old that year. We have eight tribes here, and our home is in the second tribe. I can't remember the details. I only remember that the Japanese occupied our land. My family of five, my parents, two sisters and I, plus the old Liang family, came here in an old ox cart. ..... After coming, many people didn't want to stay, but the Japanese built a big wall, a watchtower and two doors around the "tribe", and some people were responsible for the entrance and exit. After dark, someone knocked on the bangzi, which was very strict. ..... In our place, there was a name called' Tiaozaogou'. This is our local dialect, which means death with a door. To this day, I don't want to recall the life of the tribe. It's too bitter and too miserable. Every time I think about it, I feel uncomfortable for a few days. How bitter is it? Five people in the whole family have a twist quilt to wear during the day and cover at night. Of course it's tepid. At that time, it was very cold in winter, so I slept by baking. During the day, you wear clothes on your body, which is the only thing for the whole family. Anyone who goes out to work must wear it-at that time, who can be shameless when living so hard! ..... I didn't put on my clothes until I recovered, which was 13. When I was in the tribe, it was always bare. The winter when my father died, my mother gave birth to a younger brother. I only lived one night and then I died. I froze to death. The wall is made of wooden poles and mud, and it is frosted inside and outside, with nothing to cover and no milk to eat. How can a newborn child stand it ...)

These Japanese train every morning, carrying wooden guns, making faces, screaming and practicing assassination. Young children practice intensively. (Author's Note: This fully proves that the main duty of the "Pioneer Group" is not economic colonization, but armed aggression, and the Pioneer Group is a paramilitary group. )

My father was taken away by my beard when I was two years old. At that time, there were only my mother, my brother and me at home. After losing the land, my brother and I worked nearby. Later, the village chief Liu Kun told me not to work outside. I can't even earn three acres of crops a year, but I still leave one acre to farm at home. Nine years after Kant, I started farming. At that time, capable people had relations with the Japanese in the "pioneering group" and planted some good land. Liu Kun helped me find a Japanese, like Ji Guo of Class Five. He rented him 30 acres of fertile land. After a year, he can collect seven or eight loads of corn and soybeans, and he can leave some food after paying the money, which is better than going out to carry the work.

Ten years after Kant, my brother was also working at home. At that time, I was young and energetic, helping the Japanese and doing everything. Cutting, shoveling, planting, harvesting, ploughing, planting, everything, shoveling and shoveling, cutting the land and cutting it in half. (Author's Note: Most members of "Manchuria Pioneering Group" don't practice in person. Japanese writer Kenzo Shima traveled all over Japan's "Manchuria Development Zone". He said in 1939: "There is no place where Manchu people are not allowed to do farm work." Of course, life is still bitter. The corn, brown rice, sorghum and millet seeds we eat-we can't eat rice and white flour, which was discovered as an "economic crime" by the Japanese. Therefore, on holidays, if the family is better, get something to eat and steal it in the dark. A man in our village went to a relative's house to eat some "dry gold" His red skin is about the size of a grain of rice. I am not used to taking the train when I go home. I got carsick and threw up. When the Japanese saw it, they ate their meal and arrested it at that time. Later, I seemed to be dragged to work and never came home. At that time, the Japanese were so strict that they couldn't even eat.

I was 18 years old when the "pioneering group" came. No culture, no knowledge. If they occupy our land, we will be their tenants, and we have to entrust people to engage in farming. At that time, I didn't understand why I suddenly became an inferiority complex.

I am very lucky. It turns out that people live scattered, and there are two or three thatched houses outside the ditch. Because of the anti-Japanese meeting in the mountains, the Japanese moved to the "tribe" and the China people moved to the "four tribes" and "five tribes". There is no well, no water and no medicine in the ditch. That place is called jujube ditch, which almost killed people.

All the families near our village have moved away. At that time, there were many beggars, every day. They dare not go to the "pioneering group" to beg, but only ask us-no one dares to go to the "pioneering group" to beg, and even the livestock dare not go to the Japanese fields. There is a Qu Qinggui in our village who is also a rich man. Several cows have been in the land of the "Pioneer Group". If you find it, check it down, buckle the cow, arrest it, and fight it again and again. At that time, Liu Kun was the village head, saying that he was helping to find them back. Many other people's pigs went to Japan, where they were killed and had to be beaten.

The Japanese also have better ones, such as the old monitor of Class Five. He doesn't care if we pull wood up the mountain. Later, he was fired, saying that he was not responsible. There are also Japanese people, which are also quite pitiful. There is a very powerful Japanese blacksmith in Nantun who can hang hands with foreign horses. He has a good relationship with my brother. He is almost 40 years old and suddenly wants him to be a soldier. He came to see his brother for a drink and cried. In the year of rehabilitation, all the men in the "Pioneering Group" went to the army except for their disabilities. (Author's Note: From the very beginning, the "Pioneering Group" was responsible for continuously providing troops for the Japanese army. This responsibility can be divided into two levels: 1. Incorporating those soldiers who should have returned to Japan after the expiration of their service into the "pioneering group" can save the fatigue of long-distance travel and facilitate rapid recruitment again; 2. A large number of "Manchu and Mongolian Pioneering Young Volunteers" recruited from Japan entered the "Pioneering Group" for one or two years, and all of them quickly entered the army. )

My brother was also recruited as a diligent official to teach Japanese in Jiamusi. I also repaired the airport for the Japanese for a year. I don't have enough to eat, I live in a shed, it snows, and I have to work barefoot. The "two devils" swear when they open their mouths, and fight when they raise their hands. Many people are exhausted.

Before and after the recovery, the Japanese saw that the general trend was not good and began to run away. At that time, there were many Japanese in our country, and the "pioneers" in the north all went south through us and wanted to return to Japan. Later, the Russian army came, and many Japanese, tens of thousands of people, were trapped here and could not leave. The dead are gone, piece by piece. What is even more frightening is that people who can't walk get together, pile up explosives and grenades, and commit suicide collectively. (Author's Note: In this regard, the book History of Founder People's Revolutionary Struggle published by founder county Old Area Construction Promotion Association in 2005 also recorded: "Several houses in the (Pioneer Group) regimental headquarters caught fire and people didn't save them. In front of a house, two children ran out of the window, caught up with an adult from behind, stabbed the child to death with a bayonet, then committed suicide by caesarean section and fell beside the child. The older children struggled to climb to the door, and the burning grass and trees on the eaves fell and buried the children. In the fire, people throw clothes, furniture, bedding, blankets, rifles and bullets into the fire. A boy shot and killed more than a dozen big horses tied to the tree at the head of the village. " This kind of record can also prove that the "pioneering group" is not a simple "Japanese civilian", but a paramilitary organization. )

When the Japanese retreat, they usually kill children and women first. Women hold their children in a circle, Japanese soldiers throw grenades into the circle from a distance, and the surviving children are stabbed to death by bayonets. I know that once, those Japanese women even drowned their children in the water, more than 20 children! On the contrary, China adopted those poor Japanese children. There were more than 1000 in our company alone, and they all went back to Japan later. "