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How many years did Protestants stay in Holland after they left England?

decade

1608, this group of Puritans sneaked out of the country and came to the Netherlands. Because the Netherlands at that time was the capital of religious freedom in people's minds, there was no religious persecution and people were free to believe. You can believe whatever you want. Nobody cares about any religion.

In a word, this is a free place.

Puritan life

But it's too free here Ten years later, the Puritans who fully enjoyed their free life found that they had almost forgotten their beliefs. Because at that time, the Dutch only recognized money and would do anything to make money. In fact, even now the Netherlands has inherited their ancient mercenary spirit-the Dutch red light district is world-famous! Puritans live in this group of businessmen who value business over righteousness and only recognize money. They gradually feel extremely scared, afraid of losing their faith and not getting God's instructions. So they made an amazing decision: to go to the new world, to "the last paradise given by God", to embark on the paradise road given by God for the glory of God, and to create a paradise on earth-they called themselves "paradise travelers" from now on.

Their leader is a little boy named william bradford, who has grown up and set a guide for this group of devout believers.

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The necessary conditions for becoming a pilgrim: first, being a believer in the Lord, and second, being on the road.

At that time, Virginia, the first British colony, had been established in the North American continent, and immigration to Virginia required the permission of the London company authorized by the British king. So after they signed an agreement with the London company to move to Virginia, they began to take a galleon named "Mayflower" and embarked on an unknown journey.

In this group of Puritans' minds, they can turn their backs on their beliefs. Maybe they don't know what it means to immigrate to North Peanut, or they are confused by the propaganda of the New World, but one thing is that they really set sail for their ideals.

In this world, most people's behavior is profit-seeking, but there are always a small number of people who have to choose another road, and what kind of hardships they will encounter is not within their consideration. Of course, the actions of these people have indeed brought unexpected influence to society in many cases, but the overall progress of society is driven by them in most cases, isn't it?

The pursuit of biblical teachings is the belief of Puritans all their lives.

Hundreds of years later, in the east of the Eurasian continent, there were also a group of idealists who gave up the comfortable life they could get and chose a difficult road full of bumps and thorns. In the end, they also built a great country and saved a suffering nation! It has made a big step forward for the development of human society.

But at this time, these Puritans didn't know how difficult the road they chose was, and their ideals would not be realized until hundreds of years later.

The Mayflower set sail with 102 passengers, including men, women and children, and a pregnant woman; There are skilled workers, farmers and fishermen from all walks of life, as well as nobles, lawyers and priests, and 14 indentured slaves.

But their future is unknown. In the storm of the North Atlantic in September, where will the "Mayflower" carrying hope finally sail?

Mayflower sailboat full of ideals and pursuits.

During the winter storm in the North Atlantic, may flower finally arrived in the New World after 66 days' voyage. At first, they planned to arrive in Jamestown. After all, there has been a ready-made colony, and with a mature system and management system, it should not be difficult for new immigrants to integrate into life there, and their immigration charter address is Virginia. However, due to the wrong departure time (at that time, sailing mainly depended on monsoon and ocean current) and the influence of the storm on the way, they arrived at the shore in the severe winter, and the landing place was far from Jamestown. At this time, everyone on board knew that they could not reach their intended destination before the end of this winter. They are exhausted and depressed, and the ship's supplies are running out. There is no other way but to land in this unknown place.

However, not landing at the agreed place means that the colonial concession they obtained is invalid, and their status will change from colonists to actual occupiers of this land. Although this is out of the rule of the British Empire, it also means that it is no longer protected by the Empire. To stay away from the motherland is to stay away from the old laws and systems. Even if the system is unfair or harsh, it is better than lawlessness. As Christians, all their daily life depends on the specification of the offer, whether it is an agreement with God in faith (the New Testament is an agreement between God and man) or an agreement with the king in reality. Without this agreement, they have to face not only the sinister environment, but also the darkness in the depths of human nature.

The Christian Bible: The New Testament

Therefore, in order to survive, all of them must unite to deal with unknown risks.

Before landing, this group of exhausted travelers, tortured by the long sea journey, resisted the impulse to land for a long time. There were 465,438+0 adult men on board (65,438+002 when boarding in Holland), one died on the way, but another baby was born. Besides 65,438+04 indentured slaves, there are many women and children. Finally, a famous convention, the Mayflower Convention, was drafted.

In this convention, immigrants agreed to create an autonomous group in order to survive in this unknown land. This group was established on the basis of the consent of the managed persons, with the purpose of benefiting all the managed persons. Therefore, people need to elect representatives to make laws and abide by the laws made by their own representatives; At the same time, the convention emphasizes that everyone enjoys equal freedom and rights and is inviolable; But in order to survive, everyone takes out a part of private rights to form public rights, which are exercised by all the people and manage their own lives independently; Managers must obtain the consent of all when exercising sovereignty; People can establish order through negotiated contracts, rather than being imposed by authority above the people.

Sign the Mayflower Convention.

The Mayflower Convention is not only the first political document in American history, but also an extremely important political document in human history. It marks that the principle that "the government can rule only with the consent of the ruled" has been recognized and implemented, which means that the power they want to establish in the future must be given by the people, so they will also rule according to law.

Perhaps we are no strangers to the concept of "the law is determined by the people and the rule of law", but it was an epoch-making event at that time, because it was not only the system of * * * in ancient Rome, the religious theocracy in medieval Europe, but also the feudal dynasty system in the East of the old world. The power of all rulers is from top to bottom, and the people are always at the bottom of the ruled society, even the ancient Roman * * * and system praised by people is no exception, because their * * * and "is only the * * and between the ruling class elders, and has nothing to do with the people at the bottom.

The Senate in ancient Rome

However, in the feudal dynasty of the East, under the propaganda influence of the king's "return of destiny", the bottom people could only succumb to the thoughts and force of the ruling class and could not turn over. Even if the oppressed people can't bear to overthrow the emperor who is above them, it is only a continuation of the kingship. The rebels have become the new king and will continue to rule the people forever. All this has never changed for thousands of years.

However, the Mayflower Congress broke this ruling barrier and showed people the concept of democratic politics for the first time, telling us that the power of all groups is from the bottom up and granted by the people, and only the permission of the people is the cornerstone of governance. This thought may not be so conspicuous at that time, but it was the pioneer of many documents that changed world history, such as the American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of Human Rights, and it was also the foundation for establishing a democratic country that really served the people. Now the foundation of the United States is based on this humble document at that time. "Everyone in this society unanimously recognizes this group, enters into a contract, and eventually develops into a country." Philosophers believe that this is the only source of government's legal existence. The Mayflower Convention became the "birth certificate" of the United States, and the basic system of the United States was formed on this basis.

Mayflower sailboat

The immigrants landed and named the landing place Plymouth as a memorial. Because a long time ago, these persecuted Puritans set off from Plymouth, a port in southwest England, and began their journey of seeking Tao. I crossed the ocean twice, from England to Holland and then to the New World, spanning thousands of miles and going through more than ten years. From Plymouth to Plymouth, during this long journey, many people passed away and many people came to the world. This journey of pursuing ideals is finally over.

The visible journey is over, and the invisible road has just begun. No one knows what the future will be like. I don't even know if they can survive, because the biggest crisis they face at this time is how to spend this cold winter!

A copy of the Mayflower Convention, the original lost, out of sight.

Mayflower conference

In the name of God, amen:

We, the undersigned, are God-blessed kings of Great Britain, France and Ireland, loyal subjects of His Majesty King James, the defender of faith and church.

For the glory of God, to strengthen the Christian faith, and to enhance the honor of our king and country, we crossed the ocean and developed the first colony in Northern Virginia. Before God, we vowed to sign a contract and voluntarily form a people's self-governing group. In order to better realize, maintain and develop the above purposes, we will ensure that we will abide by and obey the laws, regulations, rules, articles of association and public offices that are considered most suitable and convenient for all the people in this colony.

Accordingly, on the date of1620 165438+10/65438 10/0, England, France and Ireland became 18 kings.

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