Introduction to the Historical Background of Manzhouli Border Treaty

The Manzhouli Border Treaty, also known as the Qiqihar Agreement, is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and Russia in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang on February 20th, 2008 19 165438, and it is also the last border treaty signed by the Qing government. The following is an introduction to the historical background of the Manzhouli Border Agreement, which I have carefully compiled for you. I hope you like it.

Historical background of Manzhouli border agreement

The water boundary and land boundary adjacent to Russia in the northeast of Inner Mongolia are delimited by 1689 Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty and 1727 Sino-Russian Abaha-Tumen River Border Treaty. However, with the expansion of Russian aggression, border disputes in this region are increasing day by day, and Russian illegal cross-border occupation of China land has occurred frequently. Hulunbeier's Sino-Russian border, because it is remote and sparsely populated, has been peaceful for nearly 200 years since it was demarcated. Since the opening of the Dong Qing Railway, the border situation has become more and more complicated. My territory is desolate, a large number of immigrants move to Russia, and towns are dotted. Especially after 1900, Karen State, the border of China, was burned by Russian troops, and there was no defense. Russians cross the border to mine, fish, hunt, mow grass, etc. 1907 Sunamuzelin, deputy commander of Hulunbeier, was reinstated by the Russian army. Song Xiaolian, the new deputy commander of Hulunbeier, Gatal Baganda Hukalun, 1 soldier, 22 soldiers per card. However, the border is long and there are few cards, so it is difficult to prevent Russians from crossing the border for production and operation and implement effective border management. What's more, Russian bandits entered our country in droves, robbing and killing Mongolian herders and businessmen. In the winter of 1909 alone, more than 20 people were robbed, and the money amounted to 20,000 to 30,000 yuan, resulting in 5 deaths. [1] In order to prevent Russia from expanding its aggression, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a note to the Russian government on 1909, proposing that both sides send personnel to survey the border. 19 10 In April, Russia agreed to the proposal of the Qing government.

Urgent signing of Manzhouli border treaty

19 10 in may, the Qing government appointed song xiaolian of Hulun road, Heilongjiang province as a demarcation Commissioner, and held a meeting with Russian demarcation Commissioner ru Danov in Manzhouli. After three months of talks, 10, the meeting decided to survey the water boundary first and then the land boundary. Because China and Russia have not surveyed the land and water boundary of Manzhouli for a long time, the waterway boundary and river are blocked, and the ports and tributaries are divided; Land boundary and boundary point are destroyed and the boundary is unclear; Moreover, the provisions of the Old Testament were relatively simple, and there were no pictures to rely on at that time. These objective factors became an excuse for China's arbitrary occupation by Russia. With regard to waterways, the Russian side abandoned the contract, insisting that the river had been diverted to the west in history, and strongly pointed out that the branch on the right bank was the old channel of the Ergon River, and wanted to incorporate many islands in the river near the banks of the China into the Russian territory. When demarcating the land boundary, the Russian side often goes far away from the customary boundary line in history, but goes deep into China for more than ten miles or dozens of miles to find the boundary point, which is far-fetched, quoting the boundary point set by the Old Testament in a certain place, and threatening to force the Chinese side to admit it. Song Xiaolian refuted this statement and protested against Russia's threat of force. However, in order to avoid the breakdown of negotiations, the Qing government blindly adopted a compromise and concession attitude. 19 1 1 year (the third year of Xuantong) In May, the Qing government sent Zhou Shumo, the governor of Heilongjiang, as the minister to inspect the Sino-Russian border and held talks with Russian representative Bodrov in Qiqihar. Before the meeting, Russia repeatedly increased its troops near the Manzhouli border and threatened to use force. During the dinner, the Russian side demanded that Manzhouli be included in Russia, and Zhou Shumo argued and resolutely refused. The Russian side also proposed that China should make concessions in other parts of the land-water border in exchange for Russia not occupying Manchuria. On February 20th, 65438, Zhou Shumo was forced to sign the Manzhouli Border Treaty with Russia. At this time, the Revolution of 1911 had broken out and the Qing Dynasty was about to fall. In view of this, Russia sent a note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty, agreeing on three chapters. Without the approval of the two governments, the government thinks it is completely closed. ? Did the Manzhouli Border Agreement become so hasty? Finalize? .

The original treaty of Manzhouli border treaty

Time and place:191year1February 20th, the first day of November in Xuantong, the Russian calendar191year1February 7th. [2]

China and Russia have redefined the general plan of national boundaries, from the 58th boundary point of Ganda Lake and talba to the 63rd boundary point of Abagaitu, and along the Ergon River to the intersection of Heilongjiang (amur river).

His Majesty the Great Emperor of the Great Qing Dynasty and His Majesty the Great Emperor of Russia are both dispatched officials specially appointed by their respective governments. The imperial edict of the Great Qing Dynasty appointed the Governor of Heilongjiang, the Minister of Border Affairs of China and Russia, and the imperial edict of Great Russia appointed the misar Association Bodilov as their respective privileges, which was a compromise. They negotiated the case on behalf of their respective governments, and the result was clear:

First, from talba, the boundary point of Ganda Lake No.58, to Abatu No.63, the Sino-Russian land boundary line, and then according to the second agreement concluded in Qiqihar on October 18th of the third year of Xuantong, that is, November 25th of1kloc-0/year, and the exchange map attached to this case, it is considered that after the following points, this boundary has been in China for five years, that is, the Russian calendar. The boundary line shall be subject to the red line drawn in the intercommunication map, starting from the 58th boundary point to the 63rd boundary point, restoring the Shunda Lan 'e Lomu River and ending at Huel Gong River. The views of all walks of life are listed as follows:

1. At the 58th boundary of Ganda Lake in talba, four-sixths of twelve Li due south of Ganda Lake Peak in talba, that is, 312 sand ropes in six Li, that is, 7,220 meters of grass.

B. Chahan Aola, the 59th boundary point, is located in the northwest of the northern shore of Harlan Noel Lake, thirteen, that is, seven miles and sixty sand ropes, that is, seven thousand seven hundred and sixty meters high.

C, Tabento Luohai, the 60th boundary point, near Jinyuan frontier fortress, that is, Genghis Khan frontier fortress, is four miles northwest of Cha Hanauer Lake, that is, four miles, that is, 4,360 meters.

Ding, Suoketu, the sixty-first boundary point, is located in Jiuhuali, northeast of Manzhouli Railway Station, that is, on Sishili Sasol, that is, on Gaofu, which is 5,341 meters high, on Jinyuan border fort (that is, Genghis Khan border fort), and on Sisuo, which is 872 meters high.

E. The 62nd boundary point of the Tolo Sea in Erdene is on the north slope of Siding, which is 24 Li 4 minutes southeast of the boundary point 6 1 in Suoketu, which is 12 Li 400 sand rope, which is13952m.

Kyrgyzstan, Abagaitu, the sixty-third boundary point, is in DharamOlomo, the west bank of the Plodoc River, in Abagaitu Otun, that is, twelve miles and two minutes southwest, that is, six miles and three hundred sand ropes, that is, 7,194 meters, that is, in Abagaitu, China, the Russian name spans six miles and five minutes southwest, that is, three miles and two hundred and fifty sand ropes, that is, 3,715 meters.

Second, the Sino-Russian waterway boundary starts at the Ergon estuary where Heilongjiang meets amur river, and ends at the 63rd boundary point of Abagai map. It is still based on the Ergon River in the 28th year of Kangxi, that is, the Russian calendar 1689, the Nebuchadnezzar Treaty, the China calendar Xuantong for three years, and the Russian calendar191year. According to the first and third agreed resolutions, all the continents in the Ergon River belong to China and Russia through peaceful division, as shown in the left (omitted):

The first, second and third agreed recommendations (abridged) specify detailed measures for all boundary issues from the 58th to the 63rd boundary point and from the Ergon estuary to the 63rd boundary point, and these recommendations are attached to the exchange map and continental map of this case. This proposal and articles of association shall be signed and sealed by the ministers of China and Russia, and shall have the same effect as these General Rules, and both parties shall abide by them.

Done in Qiqihar on November 1st, the third year of Xuan Tong's reign, and on December 7th, the first year of the Russian calendar, in duplicate, one in Chinese and one in Russian, signed by the ministers of the two countries and reprinted, so that both sides can have the Chinese and Russian texts as evidence.

Governor Zhou of Heilongjiang Province, Minister of the Sino-Russian Border, was inspected by the Imperial Decree of the Great Qing Dynasty.

The decree of the Great Russian Empire outlines the connection between misar and the capital.

The first day of November in the third year of Xuantong Huali.

19 1 1 year1February 7th, Russian calendar.

The Treaty Influence of Manzhouli Border Treaty in Qiqihar City