Introduction to European nationalities

The first book in 2020. Standing in the wood. China Social Sciences Press. 1997. Favorite book.

There are three questions about European politics and history that have been incomprehensible and unclear.

First, the Balkan issue and its specific manifestations, such as the outbreak of World War I and the right and wrong of the Kosovo war. There is a saying in high school history textbooks, "The Balkans is a powder keg in Europe". I never understood the complexity behind this sentence, so I always remembered this sentence.

The second issue is the Northern Ireland Independence Army.

Third, some grievances of Central Asian countries, such as Armenia and Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia, Russia and Chechnya.

In addition, the evolution and classification of European nationalities from Greece and Rome have always been seemingly understood, seemingly understood and seemingly incomprehensible.

I have always vowed to study and sort out the European nation and history. I have read books on this subject before, but I always forget to read them. This book meets this demand. Like reading a textbook, I read it carefully again, but I don't know how long I can remember it.

I. Religion

Catholicism: First, Western Europe and Southwest Europe, mainly Romans (Latin) ethnic groups, such as French, Italian, Spanish and Luxemburg;

The second is Eastern Europe. Western Slavs and some Yugoslavs, as well as a small number of Germans, Ayers and Maltese.

Christianity: Central Europe, Northern Europe and Britain, such as Britain, Germany and Northern Europe.

Orthodox Church: Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Greece.

Islam: Southeast Europe, such as Turkey and Albania.

Second, language.

Indo-European languages account for 90% of the European population, mainly divided into Slavic languages (accounting for 36% of the population, Eastern and Southeast Europe) and Germanic languages (Central Europe, Northern Europe and Britain, such as Germany, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden). ) and Romance (also known as Latin, mainly Western Europe, Southwest Europe, Ruyi, France, Spain, Portugal, Romania). In addition, there are Greece and Albania

Urals: Hungary, etc.

Caucasian language family: Chechnya, etc.

Altaic language family: Turkey.

Semite family: Malta.

Dutch and Flemish originally have the same origin and language, but they are actually two peoples because they believe in Christianity and Catholicism.

Croatian and Serbian use the same language, but Croatian uses the Latin alphabet and Serbian uses the kirill alphabet.

Third, history.

Greece: From the 8th century to the 6th century, the ancient Greeks established more than 200 slave city-states. In the 5th century AD, Greece formed the Tyrol League with Athens as its ally and defeated the Persian army. The Greeks created the Greek phonetic alphabet in the 9th century, was conquered by Alexander of Macedonia in the 4th century, and was incorporated into Roman territory in the 2nd century, but Greek culture conquered both. Italy, France and the West have become the regions with the longest civilization in Europe. The Greeks, who were in the ruling class of the Eastern Roman Empire, influenced Eastern Slavic through their worship of ancient Greek civilization. The Latin alphabet was transformed by the Romans on the basis of the ancient Greek alphabet. Kirill alphabet is also derived from the Greek alphabet.

Rome: In the 8th century, a Latin founded the city of Rome. In the 8th century, ancient Greek letters were converted into Latin letters. Absorbing advanced Greek culture, the Italian Peninsula was unified in the 3rd century and expanded to the outside world, forming the Romanization process of European national development. At that time, except for the Greek Peninsula and Italy, the Celts (Gauls) were barbarians, and they were quickly romanized with the conquest of the Romans. During the invasion of Germanic barbarians in the 4th-5th century, Gaul and other nationalities were completely romanized and assimilated Visigoths, Franks, Burgundy and others. The 200 years after the establishment of the Roman Empire was a period of Roman peace.

One of the external causes of the demise of the Roman Empire was that in 9 1 year, Dou Xian in the Eastern Han Dynasty defeated the Xiongnu in the north and moved it westward. The westward migration forced the Germanic barbarians to enter Rome westward. In 476, Odoac, the leader of German mercenaries in the Roman Empire, overthrew the Roman Emperor romulus. In various battles, Clovis, the leader of Franks, established the Frankish Kingdom in the 5th century and became the most powerful Germanic country in Western Europe. In 800, Pope Frank King Charles was crowned, which later became known as Charlemagne Empire. In 843, the empire was divided into East and West Franks, namely Germany and France. Generally speaking, the barbarians lacked experience in governing the country, which led to the emergence of religious forces independent of feudal kingship. I would rather bleed than sweat.

In the East, Emperor Justinian of Byzantine Empire compiled the Justinian Code in the 6th century.

Britain: England was a British province of the Roman Empire in the1-5th century, and Rome withdrew its troops in the 5th century. Germanic tribes such as the Angles and Saxons came to England. At the end of the 8th century, the Danes invaded and England resisted. Viking was the last time barbarians invaded western Europe, while eastern Europe was constantly facing the invasion of Asia. 1453 The Hundred Years' War between Britain and France ended in victory and France was unified. After the separation of Britain and France, Henry IV made his inaugural speech in English for the first time.

Ha ha. World War II was the victory of Slavs, and the century-long eastward advance of the Germans was destroyed.

Four. Balkan Mountains

The Balkans are located in the throat and the lifeline of traffic. Great countries such as Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria (geographical location), Italy, Austria (Ottoman Turkey), and the United States all want to occupy their sphere of influence. The main contradiction between Europe and the whole world can be reflected here. It can be said that the Balkan Peninsula is a multi-faceted and extremely sensitive balance, which is used to measure the international volume comparison. As long as either side gains strength, she will swing at once. It is a buffer zone for great powers and a place where emerging powers rise. Bagan countries often change hands between big countries and constantly change their suzerain countries.

Serbia was originally controlled by Austria, and later became dependent on Britain, France and Russia. The Austro-Hungarian Empire regarded this as a thorn in the side and a thorn in the flesh. Serbia has long resisted the enemy, emphasizing discipline and centralization.

The economies of Croatia and Slovenia are in the hands of Austria, Hungary, Germany and Italy. Croatia's long-term economic development emphasizes democracy, freedom and decentralization.

Kosovo is an autonomous province composed of Albanians in Serbia.

Serbia is the focus of contradiction between Germany, Austria and Italy and the camps of Britain, France, Russia and the United States. Austria's attack on Serbia opened the prelude to the First World War.

Verb (short for verb) Ireland

Ireland was invaded by Britain from12nd century, and was completely annexed in 180 1 year. It is a rare domestic colony in western Europe. Ireland became independent from the Commonwealth in 1948, and Northern Ireland still belongs to Britain. Two-thirds of the residents in Northern Ireland are immigrants from England and Scotland. They are Protestants and hold economic and political power. The native Irish are descendants of Celtic and believe in Catholicism. The aborigines want to be unified with Ireland, but Protestants are firmly opposed.

The characteristics of intransitive verbs in European ethnic relations

The pattern from east to east is: 1, Slavic ethnic areas in the east, Russia, Ukraine, etc. 2. Eastern Europe, Balkans, etc. 3. Germanic Central Europe, mainly in German-speaking areas. 4. Romanized Western Europe and Southwest Europe are mainly descendants of ancient Romans and Romanized nations, such as Italy, France and Portugal. 5. British Isles. Germans and Carters.

This pattern was formed in the Middle Ages, and four regions formed their own dominant powerful nation states: Britain, France, Germany and Russia.

Eastern Europe, on the other hand, is located between the powerful Slavs and Germans, and has long been in a tug-of-war and compromise between them. Eastern European countries are buffer zones between big countries, and on their territory, there is always a huge shadow of another or several big countries. They have no clear national boundaries, and national boundaries are constantly changing with international treaties. Ethnic groups live together, and there is no clear national dividing line. Everyone has historical enemies.

Besides, the words mentioned by the author are also quite interesting. Chinese characters are abstract ideograms, so they have been handed down and consolidated the unity of China; Latin, on the other hand, is a phonetic symbol, which is marked by countries according to their own pronunciation and gradually becomes a similar but different national language. If Chinese characters are phonetic symbols, Cantonese, Shanghai dialect and Beijing dialect should be three different languages. . . . . .