Japanese invasion of China in history

About the Sino-Japanese War. The three major historical events of Japan's invasion of China are particularly significant. Correspondingly, there are three hot spots in the study of Japanese aggression against China: the first is the Sino-Japanese War, and the first is the study of the history of the Sino-Japanese War.

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was a large-scale Japanese war of aggression against China, and its scale far exceeded that of aggression against Taiwan Province. Some historians classify it as the first Sino-Japanese War, which started at 1937, and call it the second Sino-Japanese War. The research on the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 is relatively basic, and remarkable progress has been made in the past 20 years, and a large number of papers and monographs have been published. This paper starts with revealing the Japanese invasion of China before the war, the preparations for the war, analyzing the causes of the war, and studying the treaty of shimonoseki and its important clauses, which involves many problems in the course of the war. For example, Song Deling's Japanese invasion of China and Li Hongzhang before the Sino-Japanese War (Journal of Northeast Normal University 1989 No.3), Fu Yuneng's Evolution of Japan's China Policy before the Sino-Japanese War (Modern History Research 1995 No.0/issue) and Qi's The Day Before the Sino-Japanese War. Zheng Ruixia's Public Opinion and Intelligence Preparation in Japan before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1893 (Journal of Liaoning University, No.6, 1993), and Jin Jifeng's On the Causes of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1893 (World History, No.6, 198 1) and Guo Huiqing's On the Causes of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War (On the Causes of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War) He (Learning and Exploration No.5 1985) Nanchang Long (Northeast Normal University Kang wrote The Sino-Japanese War and Japanese Spy (Research on the History of Qing Dynasty No.4 +0994), Japanese Spy in the Sino-Japanese War (No.3 +0995), Han wrote A Brief Discussion on the Problems Related to the Sino-Japanese War, Guan Jie's New Theory on the Japanese Lushun Massacre (Journal of Hulan Teachers College No.2 1996) and Wang Cui.

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was a war between China and Japan, but we should not only talk about this war, but also talk about Korea, which is an important factor of the Sino-Japanese War: the war started in Korea, broke out in Korea, and then some fierce battles took place on Korean soil. The first paragraph of the treaty ending the war is about North Korea, and so on. It can be said that Korea is an inseparable part of the Sino-Japanese War. In recent years, there have been some papers on this issue, such as Nanchang Long's The Sino-Japanese War (Social Science Frontline 1989 No.4), Zhang Hengli's Review of Qing Government's Policy towards North Korea before the Sino-Japanese War (Anhui History 1993 No.2), and Zhang Zhenlong's The Sino-Japanese War (/KLOC-- The title of this article is changed to "Sino-Japanese War and Modern China and the World". Two monographs have also been published, namely, The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 and East Asian Politics by Dai Yi, Yang and Hua Li (published by China Social Sciences Press 1994) and Modern Sino-Japanese Relations and North Korea Issue (published by People's Publishing House 1999). The former covers a wide range, while the latter explores this North Korean factor on the basis of mainly using China materials, which is a masterpiece with considerable skill. The reason why Korea became a factor in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 is rooted in the long-standing "Sino-Korean relationship", which should be studied, but it is still a forbidden area for Japanese scholars and is often just a point in various works; However, a master's thesis by Kim Jae-sun, a Korean student, "Sino-Korean vassal relations before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the dispute between China and Japan over Korean vassal issues" (Journal of Sichuan Normal University,No. 1 0997) briefly and inevitably studied this issue.

The result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 had a far-reaching impact on China, Japan and the whole Far East. The signing of "treaty of shimonoseki" has caused new adjustments in Sino-Japanese relations, relations between European and American powers and China, relations with Japan and their mutual relations in China and the Far East. Some scholars believe that in this situation, Japan has adjusted its strategy toward China. Ding Mingnan's "Japan's invasion strategy under the guidance of" National Policy "from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 to the Russo-Japanese War" (Dongyue Tribune No.5, 198 1) discusses Japan's various "goodwill" and wooing activities towards the Qing government and rulers at this time.

As a member of Eight-Nation Alliance, Japan participated in the study of aggression against China, including Wang's Japanese invasion policy during the Boxer Rebellion (Journal of Northeast Normal University, No.2, 1987) and Mu Jingyuan's The Story of Japan and Russia Participating in Eight-Nation Alliance's Suppression of the Boxer Rebellion (Journal of Jinzhou Normal University, No.4, 1988).

Ten years after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan launched a war against Russia on our territory. This is an unjust war between imperialists. It is a war in which two warring parties stand on opposite sides, invade China at the same time, compete for land and rights in China, and re-divide their spheres of influence. Before the war, there was a sharp contradiction between Japan and Russia over the northeast of China and Korea (the so-called "Manchu-Xian issue"). After the war, Japan vigorously consolidated and developed its power in the south of the three northeastern provinces (so-called "Manchuria management") and colluded with Russia to boycott the United States. Scholars have investigated and discussed Japan's various aggression against China in this complicated and changeable international relationship from many aspects. For example, China's hegemony between Russia and Japan before the Russo-Japanese War (Historical Monthly No.3 1994), Dong Xiaochuan's Manchu-Fresh Exchange (Journal of Northeast Normal University No.4 1994) and Liu Yongxiang's On the Russo-Japanese War, Zhang Zhiqiang's account of the looting of Shenyang in the Russo-Japanese War (Journal of Liaoning Normal University No.51994) And Zhao Yunpeng of Mach's article "A Study on the History of the Fall of Northeast China" (No.4, 1997) reveals the situation that Japan forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty on the Affairs of the Three Northeast Provinces after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, and all kinds of Japanese breach of contract after the signing. Regarding Japan's invasion and expansion in the south of the three northeastern provinces, there are Wang's Negotiation on China-Japan Anfeng Railway (Journal of Social Sciences of shenyang normal University, No.4, 1985), Ber Ber's Negotiation on Anfeng Railway (Northeast Local History Research, No.3, 1987) and Tong Jing's Brief Introduction to China-Japan Anfeng Railway. Regarding Japan's struggle to resist US aggression and aid Korea and collude with Russia in order to consolidate and develop its power in the south of the three northeastern provinces, there is Tao's "Japan-US Competition in the Northeast (1905-1910)"; (World History 1996No. 1 issue), The Dispute between Japan and America and the Second Japan-Russia Agreement by Heather (Modern History Research 1988 No.2), About the Third Japan-Russia Agreement by Yu (Modern History Research 65438+)

19 1 1 year, the Xinhai Revolution occurred in China, and the Qing Dynasty was overthrown instantly. At this time, the Japanese ronin in China stepped forward and planned "Manchu-Mongolian independence" with the support of some radical aggressors in the military. Wang Shucai's "The First Attempt of Japanese Imperialism to Divide China-The First Manchu-Mongolian Independence Movement" (Journal of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, No.4+0985) makes a detailed discussion on this matter.

19 14 the outbreak of the first world war in Europe gave Japan a "godsend opportunity" to carry out great aggression in China, which led to the great expansion of Japanese forces in China for more than four years. The main events in this period are: sending troops to Shandong, fighting against Germany (this is another war launched on the territory of China after the Russo-Japanese War in 10), and seizing political power; Put forward "2 1 requirements"; Borrow money from China and sign a military agreement to control China. These have become the research topics of scholars, and many works have been published around these issues. There are Wu Zhou and Chen Xianchun's On Japan's China Policy during World War I (Shilin 1992 No.3), Huang Ziwei's Japanese Imperialist Invasion of Shandong during World War I (Qilu Journal 1984 No.3) and 19654. No.6, 1995), Japan's illegal trade and smuggling activities in Shandong (ibid., 1994 No.6), 19 14- 1922, Japan's military and political colonial rule in Shandong (War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Studies No.65438). The background of Japan's proposal of Article 21 to China is Mi Qingyu (History Teaching 1982 No.6), Japan's Mainland Policy and Article 21 Requirements, Lang Weicheng (Journal of Northeast Normal University 1984 No.6) and Cui Pi's On Japan's Mainland Policy and Article 21 Requirements. Article 21 > Who leaked it? (Spring and Autumn Annals of the Republic of China, Volume 3,1993); Zhang Bofeng's Xiyuan Loan colluded with Japan and Anhui (Historical Research No.6,1977); Pei Changhong's Nishihara Loan and the Cabinet's China Strategy in the Temple (ibid., No.5, 1982) Zhao Zhanwei's On the Special Role of Nishihara Loan in Japan's Invasion of China (No.2 of Historical Monthly 1997) Li Yongchang's On * * * and China and Japan's Defensive Enemy10. The relationship between Japanese and Anhui warlords is a typical example of the collusion between imperialism and China warlords. On this issue, Zhang Bofeng wrote the monograph "The Relationship between Anhui Warlords and Japanese Imperialism" (Historical Research No.6, 1982), and later published the monograph "Anhui Warlords and Japan" (published by Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1988), which comprehensively discussed the relationship between the two sides.

On the Authenticity of Tanaka Memorial. While Japanese academic circles basically denied the existence of Tanaka's memorial, some people in China's historical circles also discussed it. He has published some articles, most of which are compiled into Memories of Tanaka (edited by Liu Jianye and Gao Dianfang, published by Beijing Publishing House 1993). The book also compiled some articles by scholars from Cai Zhikan, Wang Jiazhen, Taiwan Province Province and Japan). In addition, there are Zhang Yun's "Tanaka memorial is indeed true" (Journal of Northeast Normal University, No.5, 1982) and Shen Yu's "Re-discussion on Some Issues" (Historical Research 1995, No.2). Most domestic scholars affirmed the authenticity of Tanaka's memorial. I haven't done any special research on this issue, and I dare not comment on right or wrong, but I always feel that the story of Cai Zhikan breaking into the imperial library of Japan and copying Tanaka's memorial is a bit mysterious. Maybe this problem can't be really solved until the royal stacks are opened to the outside world.

With regard to the May 3rd massacre of Japanese invasion of Shandong and Jinan in 1928, there are the Historical Materials of Jinan Massacre (Research on Modern History 198 1No. 1) and Xu's Preliminary Study on Japanese Motives for Sending Troops to Shandong (Magazine 1985 No.6)

"September 18th" is the second particularly important event in the history of Japanese aggression against China, and it is also the second hot spot in the study of Japanese aggression against China. There are too many articles about this incident published in China in recent 20 years, which is difficult to count. The content of the article covers almost everything, from the cause and effect of Japan's invasion of China to the study of relevant figures. For example, On the Causes and Consequences of Japanese Aggression against China by Hu Zhengbang 193 1 (Ideological Front 1983 No.4) and On the Causes of the September 18th Incident by Senior Two (Journal of Northeast Normal University 1987) Bao Yicheng's On Japan's Economic Crisis and the September 18th Incident (Journal of Xinjiang University, No.2, 1980), He Lin's Preliminary Study on the Economic Background of the September 18th Incident (Modern History Research, No.2, 1982), Nakamura Incident and the September 18th Incident (Historical Monthly) The first 1 period), an important step in the nakamura spy case (Journal of Liaoning Normal University No.5 1996), the Japanese Ministry of Military Affairs, Cabinet and the September 18th Incident by Lang Weicheng (World History No.2 1985), Mu Jingyuan's The Whole Story of Japanese Imperialism's Occupation of Jinzhou and Western Liaoning (September 18th Incident: Crimes of the Japanese Kwantung Army Added First Class by Yin Zhengping, Journal of Jinzhou Normal University) (Military History 65438+9, 0995, Wang Lianzhong and Sun Jianhua's Japanese Occupation and Plunder of Funeral Bureaucratic Capital after the September 18th Incident) (War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Studies 65438+ 2, 0996). Analysis of Cao Bihong's Brief Introduction to the Japanese Puppet's Forced Looting of the Northeast Customs after the September 18th Incident (Research on the History of the Fall of Northeast China No.4 1997) Susan Wang's Exploration of Ishihara Guaner's Thought of Invasion of China (No.6 Social Science 1 International Symposium on the 60th Anniversary of the September 18th Incident), The History of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and China (edited by the Historical Society of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Liaoning) In the 1980s, there were monographs on the September 18th Incident. For example, The History of the September 18th Incident (published by Liaoning People's Publishing House 1982) and Liu's Research on the September 18th Incident (published by National Defense University of PLA Press 1982) edited by Yi, Zhang Deliang, Chen Chongqiao, etc. On the 60th anniversary of the September 18th Incident199/kloc-. Among them, * * * six books are The Picture of the September 18th Incident, written by Ma Yueshan, Forty Years' Japanese History of Luda University, compiled by Liaoning Provincial Archives, and Selected Secret Archives of Japan and Northeast China before and after the September 18th Incident compiled by Liaoning Provincial Archives and Liaoning Academy of Social Sciences. At the same time, Heilongjiang People's Publishing House published Zhao Donghui's History of the September 18th National Disaster. In addition, Guo Dajun and Zhang Beigen wrote "Don't forget the September 18th Incident in Liutiao Lake" (published by China Overseas Chinese Publishing House 1992). "Don't forget the history series of national humiliation" and so on.

Closely related to September 18th is December 28th. There are many studies on the "December 8th Incident" in Japan, such as A New Probe into the Causes of the "December 8th Incident" in Shanghai by Bi Yongzheng (Journal of the Party School of Anhui Provincial Party CommitteeNo. 1987,No. 1) and The Truth of the Monk Incident on the 11th by Weng Sanxin (Shanghai Party History No.65438+).

After "September 18th", there were two developments in Japanese invasion of China: one was to occupy the northeast of China and form the puppet Manchukuo; First, from the outside to the inside, plotting to split North China. The existence of the Puppet Manchukuo is actually a form of Japanese colonial rule over northeast China, just as Japan's direct rule over Taiwan Province Province after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was another form of colonial rule. This paper does not intend to introduce the research situation of these two aspects in detail, but only points out that there are two published monographs on the history of Puppet Manchuria. One is the History of the Puppet Manchukuo (published by Jilin People's Publishing House 1980 and revised by Dalian Publishing House199/KLOC-0). The editor-in-chief of the Fourteen-year History of the Fall of Northeast China edited and published two books: A Study of the Fourteen-year History of the Fall of Northeast China (the first series was published by Jilin People's Publishing House1988; The second series, published by Liaoning People's Publishing House 199 1), contains more than 30 related papers. 1996 The Editorial Committee of Fourteen Years History of the Fall of Northeast China founded the academic publication Research on the History of the Fall of Northeast China, the main task of which was to expose the brutal aggression and cruel colonial rule of Japanese militarism in Northeast China. This publication has been published for many times, and many related research results have been published, and relevant academic information has been continuously provided.

Japan's expansion from outside to inside began when 1933 invaded Jehol, launched the Great Wall War, and forced the Tanggu Agreement to be signed. Then, centering on Jicha, he instigated "autonomy" in North China, concluded the so-called "Hemei Agreement" and "Qin-Tu Agreement", and made specialization in North China, and so on. With regard to this series of aggressive activities, there are Zhang Yali's Evolution of Japanese Aggression Policy from the September 18th Incident to the July 7th Incident (World History No.5, 1988) and Zhang Hongxiang's (Tanggu Agreement): Banditry with Jidong (Information and Research on Party History No.3-4, 1992) and Liu Guoxin's (. He is the author of Autonomy Movement in North China (Modern History Research No.4, 1989), On the Starting Point of Autonomy Movement in North China by Feng (Journal of Hebei Normal University, No.2, 1987), Shao, and Several Issues on the "Hemei Agreement" (About "Hemei Agreement" 1992), Zheng Yuchun's From the Planning of "Five Provinces Autonomy in North China" to "Ji 5", Feng's On the Formation of Japan's "Divide North China" Strategy (War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Studies No.3, 1993), Yao Hongzhuo's "Japanese Imperialist Activities in North China before the July 7th Incident" (Beijing Archives No. Shan Guanchu's Japanese imperialism was the chief culprit in planning the invasion of Sui Dynasty (Journal of Shanghai Normal University, 1988, 1). In the article "History of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and China" mentioned earlier, there are many articles about Japanese invasion policies and activities in this period. The monograph of this period includes Ma Zhonglian's September 18th to July 7th (published by China Youth Publishing House 1985), which mainly describes the resistance to Japanese aggression. China and Japan in Recent 50 Years (1932- 1982) edited by Zhang Pengzhou, Volume I (1932- 1934), Volume II (1935-/kloc-).

Japan's all-out war of aggression against China (War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China), which started with the July 7th Incident, is the third particularly significant event in the history of Japanese aggression against China and the third hot spot in the study of Japanese aggression against China. However, introducing this research is not the task of this paper. Japanese aggression against China for more than 70 years in modern history touched all areas of bilateral relations, and economic aggression and plunder were one of the important aspects. In the past 20 years, considerable achievements have been made in this field. It can be summarized as Du's Sino-Japanese Joint Venture in Old China (Academic Monthly No.7, 1982), Several Features of Japanese Investment in Old China (ibid., No.7, 1984) and Zhu Ting's Discussion on the Export of Modern Japanese Textile Capital to China (Archives and History,1984). Zheng Huixin's Destruction of Japanese Imperialism to China's Currency Reform 1935 (Modern History Research 1986No. 1 issue) Huang Minghua's On Japanese Imperialism's Opium Aggression against China (Jiangsu Social Sciences) 1997No. 1 issue). The change and implementation of Japan's policy of economic aggression and plunder in Northeast China (1986 No.2), Zheng's brief discussion on the characteristics of colonial economy during the occupation of Northeast China (Social Science 1996 No.4), Liu Wandong 1905- 1945, Japanese invaders plundered coal resources in Northeast China (Journal of Liaoning University/KLOC Fu Bo's The Story of Sino-Japanese Negotiation in Fushun Coal Mine Case (Fushun Social Sciences 1986 No.65438+) Sang Runsheng's "Japanese Militarism Plundering Northeast Agriculture" (Social Sciences Frontline No.2 108, Song and Japanese Colonial Fisheries Dominating and Plundering University Aquatic Resources (Journal of Liaoning Normal University, No.5,/KLOC) 1992 1 issue), On Japan's Immigrant Aggression against Northeast China by Feng Min and Lanhai (Qiushi Magazine 1997 1 issue), and Deng Peng's "Japan's Manchu and Mongolian Youth Volunteer Army" (learning and exploration). Huang Yaohui's Japanese Imperialism's Invasion of Immigrants in Eastern Inner Mongolia, China —— Taking Halahei Township in Keyouqian Banner as an Example (Study on the History of the Fall of Northeast China, No.4, 1997), Shao Huiji's The Story of Japanese Imperialism's Seizing the "Middle East Railway" (History Teaching, No.9, 1988) and Guo Hongmao's. 1985), Wang Tongqi's economic aggression in North China before the July 7th Incident (Journal of Tianjin Normal University, No.3, 1992), and Yao Hongzhuo's annexation of Tianjin textile industry by Japanese imperialism on the eve of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Zheng Huixin's Preliminary Study on Japanese Smuggling into North China on the Eve of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (Journal of Nanjing University No.4 1983), Ding Zeqin and Wang Meixiu's Smuggling Theory in East Hebei before and after the North China Incident (Journal of Peking University No.6 1987), and Zhang Zuguo's Japanese Smuggling Trade in East Hebei in the Mid-1930s (1987) Su Zhiliang, A Preliminary Study of Japanese Economic Aggression in Modern Shanghai (Journal of Shanghai Normal University 1987No. 1), Han Wei che's "On Japanese Bapan Iron Works Occupying Daye Iron Mine" (Journal of Liaoning University 1995 No.5) and so on. Compared with a large number of papers, there are too few monographs on Japanese economic aggression against China, and Du Fu's Japanese Investment in Old China (published by Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press 1986) is the most important one in this respect.

When it comes to Japanese economic aggression against China, people can't help thinking of Manchuria Railway. Manchuria Railway should be an economic institution, but since the establishment of 1906, its activities have rapidly exceeded the scope of railways and economy. It played a great role in Japan's war of aggression against China, and naturally became the research object of scholars. In recent 20 years, some papers in this field can be cited, such as Yan's Brief Introduction to Nanman Railway Company in History (History Teaching 198 1 No.6), Su Zhongmin's Overview of the History of Manchuria Railway (Historical Research 1982 No.5), Pang Huiru and Gao's Japanese Aggression on China Northeast and Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. Zhang Zuguo's Manchuria Railway and Japan's Capital Export to Northeast China (Research on China's Economic History 1989No. 1) and Wei's Brief Introduction to Fushun of Manchuria Railway and Sun Naiwei's Brief Introduction to Establishing the Affiliation Relationship of Manchuria Railway in Fengtian (Research on the History of the Fall of Northeast China 1998No. 1). An Overview of Manchuria Railway's Invasive Activities in North China before the July 7th Incident (Historical Yang Shaoming's Investigation Organs and Their Activities in the Early Period of Manchuria Railway (Research on the History of the Fall of Northeast China No.4 1997), Manchuria Railway Economic Investigation Meeting: Japanese Think Tank Ruling Northeast China (Journal of Social Sciences No.5 1998), Review of Manchuria Railway Intelligence Investigation Organs (No.4)