On Japanese historical issues

1. Dahua to Innovation (China Tang Dynasty)

Decca reform

Social and political reform movement in Japan. It happened in 645, so it was the first year of Dahua, hence the name. In 593, after Shoto Kutaishi's regency, he carried out the reform of pushing the ancient emperor, initially established the idea of centralization and imperial power center, and weakened the conservative forces of aristocratic slave owners. But the reform did not touch the people's system, nor did it destroy the aristocratic forces. After Shoto Kutaishi's death, my consort took over the autocratic power of my family, while my father and son rejected the reformist forces, killed the son of Shoto Kutaishi, the big brother in northern Shaanxi, and set up another emperor. In 640, Gao Monk and Nan Yuan, who had studied in China for more than 30 years, were sent back to China (Min Monk returned to China in 632). They brought back the feudal ruling system and ideology and culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties and passed them on to the royal family, which provided an ideological basis for Japanese feudalism.

In June 645, the eldest brother Prince and others killed Su Yi when the North Korean emperor met the envoys of Koguryo, Baekje and Silla, and his father Xia Yi committed suicide the next day. This incident was called change B. After the coup, the emperor abdicated, and the reformists were established. Brother Zhong was the crown prince and minister, and Gao Senmin and Gao Xiang were doctors (consultants), so it was difficult to move the capital to Osaka. According to the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty and taking into account the old habits of Japan, the new government stipulated a centralized feudal state system. In 646 1 month, the main contents of the reform were announced in the form of imperial edict: abolishing private land and people, implementing the civil rights system of the commons, nationalizing the royal family, local nobles, people in barns and granges, but retaining the handicrafts of the imperial court, and the state gave grain titles to senior officials (according to their grades) above doctoral degree. Determine the administrative divisions and institutions of the central and local governments. The central government is divided into the capital and the capital (around Kyoto), and the local governments are divided into countries, counties and provinces. Prepare military and transportation systems. Officials are appointed and removed by the state, and the hereditary system is abolished. Prepare household registration and accounting (the registration of taxes is stipulated), adopt the method of expropriation and land grant, and determine the amount of land allocated to the people by the class and the amount of land rent and taxes that should be paid. The old tribute system, the new rent tax law, and the system of offering maids (servants) and receiving women (maids) to the royal family.

Laws and regulations grant nobles and officials below the royal family ranks and corresponding privileges. At the same time, establish an identity system that strictly divides good from bad. In 667, he moved the capital near Jiangdajin (now Shiga County). The following year, Brother Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Tianzhi, and compiled the first written law of Japan, The Order of Near River. Since 653, the new government sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty six times in 16 (one of them was killed on the way) to learn the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the feudal mode of production, which promoted social progress. After the death of Emperor Tianzhi, Renshen Rebellion took place (672). Tianzhi's younger brother, Prince Hai Ren, killed Prince Tomoko and became Emperor Wu of Heaven. In the same year, he moved the capital to Eagle Bird Palace (in today's Nara Prefecture). Emperor Wudi developed feudal centralization of authority, swept away the old forces and posthumous title officials, formulated the Eight-color surname (the hereditary honorific title of the leader of the eighth clan), and fixed the aristocratic status. In 689, in order to prevent the restoration of the old aristocracy, the Pure Imperial Order for Birds was compiled.

More than 20 years later, in the first year of Yu Dabao (70 1), Bubi Fujiwara compiled the most complete code "Dabao Law" in Japanese feudal countries, and finally completed the ideal of transforming into a new imperial country with the prosperous Tang Dynasty as the model. It strengthened centralization and promoted national unity, which was the starting point for Japan to enter feudal society.

On June 645 12 (the fourth year of the Japanese Emperor), the Taiji Hall in Feneban Palace in Japan was built. On this day, the Japanese imperial court is receiving the envoys of the "Three Koreas" and holding a "tribute" ceremony. With a "crunch", the palace doors were all closed, and the eldest brother Prince suddenly drew his sword to assassinate the great nobles, and many nobles present were frightened to disgrace. It turned out that this was a coup launched by Prince Zhong Da and Nakatomino Kamatari for reform.

Japan is a country composed of several big islands and several small islands. In ancient times, one of the characteristics of this island country was that internal contradictions had to be solved by itself, and it was difficult for external forces to interfere. At that time, the ocean was still the biggest obstacle for people to communicate with the outside world, so its own reform was extremely necessary. After the 3rd century A.D., a huge political power, Yamato State, appeared in Honshu, Japan. Yamato was originally confined to the Yamato area in the central part of Honshu Island. In the continuous expansion, Yamato gradually occupied the surrounding areas, and its territory became larger and larger. In the 5th century, this country has unified most parts of Japan, and today's Japan has developed on this basis. The supreme ruler of Yamato is the Emperor.

In the process of expansion, Yamato continuously occupied the surrounding land and people on it and distributed it to the royal family and big noble. Yamato divided the land into two parts: warehouses and granges. The former belongs to the royal family and the latter belongs to the nobility. At the same time, the working people are also divided into two parts, a small part is slaves, mainly used for housework, and the other part is people, mainly used for productive labor. The Ministry of Civil Affairs is a special phenomenon in the process of Japan's national formation. In the process of Yamato's foreign conquest, some obedient tribes and conquered tribes were collectively settled down, retaining the original tribal organizations and continuing to live in the original land, many of which still retained the original blood relationship; In addition, there are some departments that specialize in professional production, and their workers are also called Ministry people. According to the classification, those engaged in agricultural production are called Tanabe and Mibu, and those engaged in handicrafts or other industries are collectively called Ministry of Industry. In the quality department, it is divided into sewing department and Kanuchibe according to different industries. People engaged in special labor in big noble Farm are all named after their owners. People have their own families and means of production, and can have a small amount of family property. The owner is not allowed to kill or buy or sell people at will, but he can give them as gifts like slaves. So there is no difference between priests and slaves. At that time, people and slaves accounted for more than half of Japan's population. There are a large number of civilians between the nobility and the people, and their status changes because of the change of property, and they are in danger of becoming people at any time. After Yamato basically unified the whole country, it lost its geographical environment of continuing to expand outward and began internal competition. Some of the larger nobles tried their best to control the central government alone and gain greater benefits from it. Before the 6th century, powerful government departments controlled state affairs. Later, the emerging Su family became strong, defeated the ministers, gained control of the central government, and supported the emperor who was in his favor. The Su family is arrogant, and the small and medium-sized nobles below are also crazy about annexing land and brutally exploiting the people. Many civilians have also been deprived of land, land and wealth are constantly concentrated, and social contradictions are unprecedented. In this case, slaves, ministers and civilians rose up and evaded taxes. In the 6th century, the whole society was in a state of chaos. The ruling class has to consider how to find a better ruling method to replace the outdated ministerial system. Therefore, the reform of learning from China appeared in Japan. Reform starts from the top. Suwo rice (? -570) is a representative figure of reform. He was the minister of two emperors and was in charge of finance in the imperial court. He himself has a lot of contacts with Japanese who come to China, and has a good relationship with mainland immigrants. At that time, China, which was separated from Japan by a sea, had a high degree of social development, and it became fashionable for some upper-class aristocratic youths to learn from China. As early as the 5th century A.D., Japan had close contacts with Liu Song in China's Southern Dynasties and Baekje in North Korea, and advanced culture, science and technology from the Asian continent continued to enter Japan. In 555, Suwomi set up warehouses in five counties in northern Hebei, but many people escaped. Later, he tried the method of compiling accounts, and the effect was very good. The people rarely ran away. This practice was rewarded by the emperor. Using the method of establishing hukou, the people who were enslaved by the Ministry in the past were changed from households to small producers. These small producers pay taxes directly to the state every year, and actually become free national farmers. However, the idea of reform was opposed by the die-hards in the imperial court. Wu Bu Yuwei is big noble, who is in charge of the military. He tries his best to maintain the old ruling style. The incident that triggered the direct conflict between the two sides was the issue of Buddhist belief. In 522, King Baekje presented Japanese Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures. At the imperial court, Emperor Qin Ming asked the ministers if they could worship Buddha. Inazo advocated worshipping Buddhism and unifying the people's thoughts with Buddhism, but Yu Wei firmly opposed it. He believes that Buddhism will bring disaster to Japan, so it is better to worship the god of the original clan. Half a century later, two opposing forces met again. In 587, with the death of Ming Chengzu, Suwomazi, the son of Inami, and Wu Yu, the son of Yu Wei, fought a decisive battle because of the succession to the throne. Takeshi was defeated in the battle of clothes folding. Sue, my daughter controls the court. First, Emperor Liposei was established, and later in 592, his niece was established as Emperor Tugu. In 593, Emperor Tuigu appointed the stable, the son of tomorrow's emperor, as the prince. He was the regent of the dynasty, namely Shoto Kutaishi. Shoto Kutaishi knows China culture very well and appreciates China's unified national system. He strongly advocated strengthening imperial power and actively prepared for reform. In 603-604, he carried out the "ancient reform" and successively formulated the "Twelve Orders of the Crown" and Article 17 of the Constitution. The 12th rank is awarded to individuals according to their abilities and merits, which is a non-hereditary official position, crowding out those hereditary nobles, increasing the power of the emperor and making the government bureaucracy of the country take shape. Article 17 of the Constitution stipulates the code of conduct for Japanese subjects based on China's Confucianism, three basic principles and five permanent principles. It is clearly stipulated that "the country has no two monarchs, the people have no two masters, the rate is good for the people, and the king is the mainstay". The constitution also advocates that peace is the most important and class antagonism should be reduced. In 594, the emperor issued an imperial edict to promote Buddhism. In order to improve Japan's international status, Shoto Kutaishi, while strengthening ties with China, no longer regarded him as a minister, but adopted a title of reciprocity. He also sent a large number of overseas students to China. However, Shoto Kutaishi's reform is only a preparation, and it has not been vigorously promoted. The die-hards are still quite powerful. In 622, after his death, the Su family was afraid that further reform would damage Su's monopoly on state affairs, so they killed their son, Prince of Northern Shaanxi, and the reform that had just begun died.

But the idea of reform has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Sue's monopoly was opposed by the ruling and opposition parties. 12, in June, 645, the prince, together with others, suddenly attacked and assassinated Su I, a representative of the Su family, and immediately organized troops to defend it closely in Nara. 13, desperate father was forced to commit suicide. /kloc-in 0/4, the reformists formed a group with Prince He, the eldest brother of the reformists, as the core, deposed the emperor supported by the Soviet Union, and made his brother's uncle succeed to the throne as a light prince, saying that he followed China's example, established the title of "Dahua" and moved the capital to Osaka (today). On the first day of the first month in 646, the new regime promulgated the "Imperial Decree of Conversion", which was fully implemented throughout the country. In order to make the reform go smoothly, the new regime carried out population registration and land property inspection nationwide. The Dabao Law was promulgated in 70 1 year, which fixed the reform in the form of law. Large-scale innovation is a gradual process, which has gone through about half a century, and the reform plan has been continuously improved and revised in the implementation. After the reform of Dahua, Japan abolished the Ministry of Civil Affairs economically and established the feudal state-owned land system. Politically, the hereditary privilege of aristocrats was abolished and a centralized country centered on imperial power was established. Militarily, the conscription system is implemented, with a five-guard mansion in the capital and a corps in the local area. All the troops are under the unified command of the central government.

[Edit this paragraph] Main contents

economy

Economically, the Ministry of Civil Affairs was abolished, and the method of levying and issuing Sakata and the system of tenancy adjustment were established. "In the past, people from emperors and other places set up children everywhere, and other ministers, companies, partners, countries and village heads in the grange also abound." The royal barn was abolished, and the aristocratic granges and people were nationalized and became "commons and citizens". On this basis, the method of collecting and subsidizing Sakata and the rent and rent adjustment system were implemented. Once every six years, that is, twice every six years, the government gives classes to men over the age of six, of whom two thirds are men and women, and private handmaiden citizens 1/3, with the same number of male handmaiden citizens. After Ren Tian's death, Kubenden returned to the public. Bantian farmers shoulder the responsibility of renting mediocre tunes. Rent, that is, land rent in kind, is 2 bundles of 2 handfuls of rice per field. Courage is a kind of forced labor and its substitute. Among them, 50 households receive 1 person, 50 households bear 1 person's grain, 1 household 1 foot cloth, and 5 dou meters. Transfer and collection of local specialties are divided into field transfer, household transfer and salary transfer. Land transfer is levied according to the land area. Tian 1 town collected 1 piece, 2 pieces and 4 pieces of cloth. The number of households transferred to households is "1 household 1 foot 2". Pay with local specialty collections.

politics

Politically, a centralized feudal country with emperor system was established. Shortly after the establishment of the new regime, in order to establish the guiding ideology of centralization, the emperor called ministers to swear under the big tree that "heaven and earth are overwhelming, and the emperor is the only way." In 649, the imperial edict issued, asking state doctors to "appoint officials from eight provinces" to Hyunri and monks to set up a central organization. Local governments include states, counties and counties, which are respectively under the jurisdiction of state departments, county departments and county governors. The system of eight provinces and hundreds of officials and the system of state and county were influenced by the system of three provinces and six departments and the system of state and county in Tang Dynasty. Although the forms are different, they are all centralized administrative systems. In 647, the 7-color 13 crown was established. Two years later, the crown of 19 was established. For nobles above doctor, food seal is given, and the following is given as salary.

[Edit this paragraph] Impact

Large-scale innovation partially liberated the productive forces, improved Japan's ruling system and laid the national development direction of Japan. Dahua reform established an advanced management system for Japan at that time, which made Japan's social environment stable and social economy developed, laid the foundation for future prosperity, and also made Japan transition from a slave society to a feudal society.

[Edit this paragraph] Evaluation

Historians have different opinions about the social nature after the reform of Dahua. Most Japanese scholars believe that the reformed legal society is a continuation of the slave society. Because class relations have not changed since the reform of Dahua, the heavy burden of corvee of citizens is no different from that of ordinary people. Except for a few Japanese scholars, most China scholars believe that modernization reform is the reform of establishing feudal system.

Japan's Sakata Harvesting Method and Tenancy Adjustment System were formulated with reference to the Land Equalization System and Tenancy Adjustment System in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The nature is basically the same, and they are all land distribution systems and tax systems under land ownership in feudal countries. After the reform, the relationship between the state and farmers is the exploitation of farmers by landlords. The state occupies the means of production-land, and collects national taxes and taxes from citizens in the form of tenancy. Citizens are bound to Kubanden and attached to the state in a vassal relationship. This dependence of producers on landowners is an important feature of feudal production relations, which is the key point that distinguishes it from slavery. Bantian farmers not only have the right to use Kubangden for life, but also have the right to use forests and ponds. In addition to paying a fixed tax and corvee every year, the products left after paying the rent can be kept for yourself. Thus, their position in the relations of production has undergone fundamental changes.

After modernization, handmaiden still exists, but its number accounts for about110 of the population at that time, and most of them are concentrated in Guinea. Handmaiden did not play a leading role in social production, and most of them engaged in unproductive housework. At that time, the main actors of social producers were Bantian farmers.

Dahua innovation is a major reform movement in Japanese history. It promoted the development of the new production relations, namely the feudal production relations. It created a precedent for social reform in Japanese history without launching large-scale bloodshed; It safeguards sovereignty and prevents social division; It made Japan rapidly become an East Asian power from a post-developing country in East Asia.

[Edit this paragraph] Development after revision

After the Dahua reform, Yamato officially changed its name to Japan, meaning "the country where the sun rises". It modeled itself on the educational system of the Tang Dynasty, and set up imperial studies in the central government and China studies in local areas. Buddhism developed rapidly after it was introduced into Japan through China and Korea. Japan actively absorbs China culture, and China's Tang poems and calligraphy are very popular in Japan.

2. Meiji Restoration (11970s and 1980s)

Meiji Restoration was a political revolution in Japanese history. It overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate, returned the main government to the emperor, carried out great political, economic and social reforms, and promoted Japan's modernization and westernization. The main leaders of Meiji Restoration were some young warriors who tried to build a country that could keep pace with the West under the slogan of "Rich Qiang Bing". 187 1 year, abolish feudal counties and eliminate all feudal regimes. In the same year, a new standing army was established. 1873 implemented the national compulsory military service system and reformed the agricultural tax. In addition, the currency was unified. In the mid-1970s of 19, these reforms were opposed by two sides: on the one hand, frustrated soldiers rallied farmers who were dissatisfied with agricultural policies to revolt many times; On the other hand, civil rights theorists influenced by western liberalism demand constitutionalism and parliament, and everything is decided by public opinion. Under the pressure of all parties, the Meiji government implemented the cabinet system in 1885, and began to formulate the constitution the following year. 1889 formally promulgated the constitution, 1890 convened the first parliament. At the same time of political reform, economic and social reforms are also going on. The main goal of Meiji government is to realize industrialization. Military industry and transportation have made great progress. The first railway was built in 1872 and the new bank was established in 1882. In order to meet the needs of modernization, a large number of western science and technology were introduced. By the beginning of the 20th century, the goal of Meiji Restoration had been basically accomplished, and Japan was advancing on the road of modernization as an industrial country.

3. Post-war revival (late 1940s to 1960s)

French writers once described postwar Japan as "a country full of surprises standing on the ruins". They used their last potential for war. No nation has failed so thoroughly! "

The war caused Japan to lose 2.8 million prime labor force, and countless people were disabled. Millions of Japanese nationals from other countries returned home because of the failure of the war. There are homeless people who freeze to death every day in the Tokyo subway, and all the modernization achievements of Japan since the Meiji Restoration for more than 70 years have come to nothing. On the streets of Tokyo, heavy clogs and Japanese pale faces can be seen everywhere. Seeing the Americans and China people in the street, many Japanese people bowed in succession. Only four bus lines are still in operation in Tokyo, and Japan's national strength has fallen from the top six in the world to the poorest country in Asia.

Japan's advantages and disadvantages are equally obvious: the fascist cancer has been eliminated, democratic politics has begun to take shape, the army has been dissolved, Japan can devote all its energy to economic construction, and the war has destroyed Japan's hardware construction, but the spirit of the Yamato nation has not fallen.

1945 On the train returning from China to Japan, teachers among Japanese expatriates are giving lectures to the children on the blackboard.

1945, Sony has just been established. Akio Morita, the founder of Sony Corporation and a former Japanese naval officer, is eyeing a new thing: the small radio of the US military. He borrowed this little thing and studied it again and again.

In Japanese middle schools, the walls of toilets are densely covered with mathematical formulas.

There is a portrait of Japan's post-war economic recovery: a Japanese woman with a child and a medicine bag, and the streets are sparsely populated. The mother and daughter are not going to buy medicine, but to return the medicine and return the leftover medicine to the hospital because the country is still poor. . . . . .

Finally, Japan's opportunity came. With the outbreak of the Korean War, a large number of orders for military trucks flocked to Toyota, and Japanese enterprises flourished. 1955, Japan's economy recovered to the best level before the war.

Vietnam War is another opportunity for Japanese enterprises to grow, but the real God is an American economic master. He said that if Japan adopts advanced management methods and vigorously develops product quality, it will become an economic superpower in 20 years. The Japanese modestly adopted this gentleman's management style. In 1970s, Japan's economy surpassed that of West Germany, and in 1987, Japan's per capita GNP surpassed that of the United States.

Some people say that the revival of Japan is due to orders from several wars, but the opportunity also visited China. The difference is that Japan seized the opportunity and China missed it. Civil war and endless political movements, closed, how can such a country not have the opportunity to visit?