The historical development of the Russian nation

Due to the remote geographical location of Novgorod, there are many factors that are not conducive to development, so Oleg, Liurik's successor, decided to March into Kiev. After he occupied Kiev, he made a four-way conquest, and put Slavic tribes such as Slovaks, Kriviks, Dylev, Seville, Radila Croats and other non-Slavs under his control. In this way, a country with Kiev as the center has been formed in history-Kiev Ross. In fact, it is the same country as later Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. This is an early feudal country with strong remnants of primitive commune system. Its rulers were savage and greedy for enjoyment, indulged in eating, drinking and plundering wealth, and their "trip to the palace" was well known. All this eventually led to a bloody conflict between Dylev and Kiev Russians. Devli people killed Archduke Igor of Kiev Ross when they couldn't bear it, and Igor's wife took many rare and cruel revenge measures against Devli people. She probably won't stop until she killed them all. In the course of the Grand Duke of Kiev's attack on Byzantium, the Gulos once again showed extreme cruelty and ferocity. They not only plundered property crazily, but also burned churches and destroyed palaces. They are cruel to the captured prisoners of war, "or hacked to death, or tortured, or shot to death with an arrow, or thrown into the sea." According to Byzantine historians, Igor's son Sviatoslav was indomitable, brave and impulsive. According to the History Book of Kiev Ross, Sviatoslav "walked briskly and was as light as a leopard" in the battle, went out "without cooking utensils and cook the meat, only put sliced horse meat, animal meat or beef on the fire to eat" and "didn't set up a tent, spread saddle pads and sleep in the open air" at night.

It can be seen that some people say that the "ugly oriental factor" accepted by Russians from Mongolia is actually an inherent feature of ancient Eastern Slavs living in the northern part of the Eastern European plain. Many geographical, climatic, cultural, political, economic and other conditions have created a distinctive and unique character of Russians, whose basic characteristics have long existed and were not transplanted from the East. As for the Mongolian rule over the Russians for more than 200 years (1243- 1480), it has indeed brought great suffering to the Russians, seriously damaged Russia's not-so-long national culture, and made the history of the Russian nation not only stagnate, but also entered an era of closed door. But relatively speaking, Mongolians have little influence on Russia in many social and cultural aspects. This is because Mongolia is a nomadic people, and this lifestyle and social organization are difficult to integrate with Russia, which is dominated by agriculture. Moreover, their rule over the Russians was carried out through a few Russian princes and nobles, and they did not take the form of direct occupation. It is impossible to construct a unified economic model between the settled agricultural society whose social structure is concentrated in cities and cultivated land and the predatory nomadic society whose production mode is mainly grassland. Moreover, nomadic society has the characteristics of periodic plunder and expansion, which expands rapidly and contracts rapidly. Its way of life in the conquered countries is parasitic, and its mode of production is stagnant and has not been integrated with Russia. However, on the other hand, the Mongolian conquest of Eurasia itself broke the barrier between East and West, and also opened the door for Russia to communicate with Asia. Russia began to open its eyes to Asia and was attracted by Asia.

Moreover, Mongolia's experience in governing the country and ensuring security has greatly inspired Russian rulers, and many of Mongolia's governing methods have been adopted by Russia. But in general, Russia's acceptance of all this in Mongolia is passive and forced. In addition, Mongolia's rise is not long, so its influence on Russia, especially in spiritual civilization and cultural psychology, is far less profound than that of Byzantium, an ancient civilization. Byzantium's influence on Russia is various, of course, the Orthodox Church occupies the most important position. Because the original polytheism belief of Russians is very primitive and crude, it is not difficult to abandon it. Moreover, ancient Russians enjoyed a developed mysticism consciousness, and their beliefs changed smoothly from polytheism to orthodoxy. The Orthodox Church accepted by Russia from Byzantium is not only a religious belief, but also a world view. The Russian prophet's premonition, mysticism meditation, inspiration, religious mission and messiah spirit all obviously originated from Byzantine religious culture.

Because Byzantine culture was in its heyday at that time, it was very attractive to Russia. In addition to religion, astrology, psychics, writing, currency, architecture and decorative arts popular in western Europe at that time were introduced to Russia from Byzantium, so some people say that Russia is "the daughter of Byzantium" in all the above aspects. It can be said that after the Byzantine humanistic spirit with the Orthodox Church as the core entered Russia, it gradually penetrated into the hearts of Russians and ignited the mysterious passion of Russian polytheism soul. Perhaps this really hides the fate of Russian history.

Even after the decline of Byzantium, Russians still regard the church as the source of spiritual enthusiasm and follow the Greek tradition. Therefore, to see the soul of Russians, we should not only identify it from their regional concept of living next door, but mainly look at the development process of this nation's own civilization and the influence absorbed to meet its own needs in this process. If we must say that Russia has two kinds of souls, not from the East and the West as some people say, but from the Eastern Slavs and the Orthodox Church. Accurately speaking, it is the fusion of these two souls that determines the fundamental heterogeneity of the Russian nation. 1240, the Mongols conquered most of Russia's territory and established the Golden Horde with the Volga River as the center. Since then, the Mongolian rule has lasted for 240 years. A highly unified centralization of authority is a typical feature of Mongolian rule. This feature mainly inherits China's regime model. This model has laid a deep imprint on the political system of Russian countries in the future. The conquest and rule of Mongols made Russians who had just accepted western civilization turn sharply to the east, which not only seriously damaged Russia's economic and cultural development, but also hindered its contact with Europe and widened the distance between Russia and western civilization.

Although the Mongols ruled Russia for 240 years, they never completely orientalized Russia. Because Russians still retain their own language-Russian, but also retain the Orthodox Church, that is, the Orthodox faith. /kloc-the European revolution that broke out in 0/848 showed Russia the decay and decline of capitalism. In order to overthrow feudal autocracy and avoid the disaster of capitalism coming to Russia, Lenin chose socialism. He combined Marxism with Russian concrete practice and led the October socialist revolution that shocked the world, thus ending the pace of Russian capitalism and starting the socialist process. At the end of the 20th century, western culture attacked Russia again. Especially after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the independence of the Russian Federation, Russian liberals headed by Yeltsin resolutely abandoned Soviet-style socialism and embarked on the western-style capitalist road without hesitation. However, after more than ten years, the Russian state has not been "westernized", but has fallen into crisis again and again. After Putin came to power, it can't be said that Yeltsin's total westernization was changed to orientalization, but at least the oriental factor was added to the policy. After reform, failure and re-reform, Russian society gradually woke up from the nightmare of "Westernization". In order to "strengthen the country and enrich the people", the Russian people even sacrificed democracy and freedom and demanded an "iron fist" to rectify the order. Therefore, Putin first started with restoring the constitutional order and rectifying the federal system, and promoted the "New Deal" with both eastern and western colors. With the passage of time, Putin's "New Deal" has achieved initial results. Through Putin's "New Deal", the eastern and western civilizations have once again achieved integration.