South American history

Indians were the earliest pioneers in South America. The plateau in the middle of the Andes is the birthplace of ancient civilization in South America. As early as around 10 century, the Incas, an Indian tribe living in this area, established the Inca Empire centered on Cuzco in southern Peru.

From 1438 to 1533, the Inca Empire used various methods, from military conquest to peaceful assimilation, which made the territory of the Inca Empire cover almost the whole western South America. During the reign of the monarch Vaina Capac, the national strength of the empire reached its peak. 1526, Spanish colonist Francisco Pizarro discovered the Inca Empire. 1529, the civil war for the throne broke out in the Inca Empire, and its strength was greatly weakened. 1533, Pizarro invaded the Inca Empire, designed and killed the last monarch of the Empire, Atahualpa. The Inca Empire perished and became a colony of the Spanish Empire.

At the peak of15th century, its territory started from northern Ecuador in the north and reached Talka in Chile in the south, with a population of about 900 ~120,000. At that time, agriculture was quite developed, with corn, beans, potatoes, cassava, quinoa and other crops planted, llamas and alpacas domesticated, and reached a high level in water conservancy irrigation projects, transportation routes, construction and handicrafts. Brilliant Inca culture is an important part of human material civilization and spiritual civilization. Colombia, southern Chile and Paraguay are relatively densely populated areas outside the Inca Empire. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, Portuguese and Spanish colonists from Iberian Peninsula in Europe began to invade. Portugal invaded Brazil, and Spain ruled a vast area of South America except Brazil.

/kloc-At the end of 0/6, British, French and Dutch colonialists fought fiercely to carve up Guyana and some offshore islands. Since then, the whole continent has entered a period of 300 years of colonial rule. Spain has established three viceroy posts in South America: Peru (including Peru and Chile), Granada Novo (including Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela) and La Plata (including Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay), and Portugal has established a viceroy post in Brazil. Colonists used violence to promote all kinds of slavery, forced Indians to work in plantations or mines for free, and plundered land and gold and silver wealth in South America.

Indian homes were destroyed, ancient civilizations were destroyed, and the population dropped sharply. In order to supplement the shortage of labor, the colonists imported a large number of black slaves from Africa. The mercantilist policy of the suzerain forced the colonial people to specialize in producing one or two kinds of agricultural and mineral products that could make huge profits in the international market, forming a single product system, which led to abnormal social and economic development. With the influx of immigrants, the social systems, customs, religious beliefs and cultural traditions of Spain, Portugal and other countries spread to all parts of South America, and Spanish and Portuguese gradually replaced Indian and became the common official languages.

In the second half of the18th century, the colonial system maintained by the suzerain country became the biggest obstacle to social development. The development of this major contradiction pushed the people of South America onto the road of the war of independence.

18 10, the fire of armed uprisings spread all over South America. After more than ten years of bloody fighting, the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal was finally overthrown.

The people of South America have waged a long and heroic struggle for freedom and reconciliation. Among them, Simó n Bolí var liberated Venezuela and established a republic. 1819 February 15, Bolí var established the parliament of angostura and delivered a famous speech. He was elected president of Venezuela, and immediately launched a movement to liberate New Granada. August 7, the Battle of Boyaca. 17 February 17, Bolivarian established the Republic of Colombia and divided it into three provinces: Venezuela, Cundinamarca and Quito. Parliament elected him President of Colombia. After Bolivarian liberated Lima, Spain and America were completely liberated.

By 1826, 10 national independent countries were established one after another, and only a few areas such as Guyana were still under colonial rule of Britain, France and the Netherlands. After independence, the nominal bourgeoisie and the state power were controlled by the native white landlord class and the bureaucratic comprador bourgeoisie, which practiced dictatorship and maintained the land ownership and feudal exploitation of the big manor, and the economic development was slow. Britain, the United States and other countries take advantage of this situation to turn the country into a place where they supply raw materials, dump goods and export capital.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the whole of Europe experienced the Napoleonic Wars. 1808 Portugal was occupied by France. So, the Portuguese Dieners Tia de Bragan? A) Brazil, a colony in South America, moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1809. 18 15 years, Brazil became a kingdom. Then Brazil was ruled by Pedro I and II respectively. /kloc-After the 1970s, the voice of abolitionism became louder and louder. 1879, abolitionists launched the abolitionist movement, and provincial councillors immediately launched the provincial council to vote on the abolitionist movement. 1883, the "Abolition Alliance" was established, and the abolitionist movement spread all over the country. 1889, Pedro ii fled to France, and the Brazilian empire officially collapsed.

/kloc-the United States, which rose at the end of 0/9, with its economic strength and favorable geographical position, squeezed out other countries and became the hegemon of South America. The people of South America have waged a long struggle against imperialism, hegemonism, colonialism and safeguarding national sovereignty.

After World War II, the struggle became deeper and wider. South American countries took the lead in launching the struggle against the maritime hegemony of superpowers, set off a wave of nationalization with the restoration of national resources as the main content, actively promoted regional economic integration, worked hard to establish a new international economic order in former British Guiana, and made great achievements in developing national economy.

1966 and 1975, British Guiana and Dutch Guiana (Suriname) gained independence from colonial rule. In South America, there are 12 independent countries besides the disputed French Guiana and Malvinas Islands (called Falkland Islands in Britain) between Britain and Argentina. They are all developing countries.