China World Cultural Heritage Information Great Wall

Abstract [Information about China Heritage]

The Great Wall, also known as the Great Wall of Wan Li, is an ancient military defense project in China. This is a tall, solid and continuous long wall to prevent the enemy from riding. The Great Wall is not an isolated city wall, but a defense system with the city wall as the main body and a large number of cities, barriers, pavilions and landmarks. 1987 65438+February, the Great Wall was listed as a world cultural heritage.

The history of building the Great Wall can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. The famous story about warlords in the war took place in Haojiang (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) and originated here. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries competed for hegemony and defended each other, and the construction of the Great Wall entered its first climax, but the construction length at this time was relatively short. After the six countries of Qin were destroyed and the world was unified, Qin Shihuang connected and restored the Great Wall of the Warring States, which was called the Great Wall of Wan Li in history. The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty to overhaul the Great Wall. Most of the Great Wall that people see today was built at this time.

This is the greatest military defense project in ancient world history. It is not a simple isolated first-line wall, but a complete defense system that connects the passes, military fortresses, Guancheng and military towns along the Great Wall from point to line and from line to surface. Fortress, customs and military town systems have many functions such as fighting, command, observation, communication and concealment, and are equipped with point, line and surface defense projects for long-term garrison.

The Great Wall is mainly distributed in Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Shaanxi Province is the province with the richest resources of the Great Wall in China, with a total length of 1838 km. According to the results of the national Great Wall resources survey conducted by the cultural relics and surveying and mapping departments, the total length of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty was 885 1.8km, and in Qin and Han Dynasties and early period it was 1.000km and 21.000km..

Construction method of the Great Wall:

Throughout the Wan Li Great Wall construction methods, there are the following:

Construction method of Wan Li Great Wall. Method version 1 Construction of rammed earth wall, adobe wall, blue brick wall, stone wall, stone wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall, brick wall. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two mountains and valleys, or at the bend of a river, or at the place where Pingchuan must pass. This can not only control the danger, but also save manpower and material resources, so that one person can guard it and ten thousand people can't force it.

Building castles or beacon towers in dangerous places is also an option. As for building city walls, we should make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan, Badaling and other Great Walls are all built along the ridge. In terms of building materials and structure, based on local materials, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

In terms of building materials and structure, based on local materials, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. There are rammed earth, rubble, masonry and other structures; In the desert, the structure of red willow branches, reeds and gravel is also adopted. In today's Yumenguan, Yangguan, Xinjiang and other places in Gansu, the remains of the Great Wall of the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago are preserved.

With the progress of social productive forces and the continuous development of brick-making technology, the output of brick products in Ming Dynasty increased greatly, and they were no longer precious building materials. Therefore, many parts of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty were inside and outside the wall.

Wan Li Great Wall Pass Jiayuguan Shanhaiguan Juyongguan Yumenguan Jingxingguan Niangziguan Yanmenguan Pian Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan Guan. GuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanGuanXin 'an YuanGuanGuanGuanGuanJinzhou Mashuikou Malan GuanNewly-opened Jianling Guanjinshanling. Yangfang Guan Bao Shuikou Guanzi Jingguan Xuanhua City Santun Guan Ying damao mountain Guanchong Yukou Xuliukou Cold Guanbaiyangguan Qingshan Guan tiemenguan Panjiakou Longjing Guanhongshan Guanchang Yukou Langwogou Concerned about the Estuary Baishikou Guanfu Tuguan Wulonggou Guanfei Fokou Widow Building Simatai Yanhe City Huangguan North Loukou Ningwu Guanliminbaokou Desheng Town Hongbaokou Pingping Pingkou Baoping Baokou Huamen Baokou Ningbaokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou and Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou Baokou and Baokou Chuanhongbaomiao Baokou Baokou. Broken Horse Mouth, Marble Mouth, Shaojiabaokou Dahekou, Hu Fei Mouth, Yingenkou, Blocking Tiger Mouth, General Yao Hui Jiao Shan Laoyingbao Hongmenkou Laoniuwanbao Yangfangkou Baicao Guangwu North.

1. Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan, known as the first pass in the world, is located in the northeast of Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province 15 km, where the Great Wall of Wan Li enters the sea. The total length is 26 kilometers, mainly including: Laolongtou Great Wall, the Great Wall of related cities in the south, Jiao Shan Great Wall, Mishmaguan Great Wall and Jiumenkou Great Wall in the north. Laolongtou Great Wall is the end of the Great Wall entering the sea. Shanhaiguan was a garrison system established in the Ming Dynasty, and the reform policy of reclamation system in the Ming Dynasty played an important role in the consolidation and development of Shanhaiguan.

2. Zhenbeitai

Located in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, a famous historical and cultural city, Zhenbeitai, about 3 kilometers away from the urban area, was built in the thirty-fifth year of Ming Wanli (1607). It is the most magnificent building in the Great Wall of Wan Li, the most magnificent military fortress and observation post in the Great Wall of Wan Li, and is known as the three wonders of the Great Wall of China (Shanhaiguan in the east, Zhenbeitai in the middle and Jiayuguan in the west), ranking first in the world. According to the danger, it is square, with four floors, a height of more than 30 meters and an area of 5056 square meters.

3. Jiayuguan Great Wall

Jiayuguan Great Wall is located in the southwest corner of Jiayuguan City, Gansu Province. It was named after it was built at the foot of Jiayu Mountain. It is the starting point of the western end of the Ming Great Wall. It was built in the fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1372). It is the best-preserved gate along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, the first pass in Hexi and an important stop on the Silk Road. A complete defense system consisting of inner city, outer city and moat, rammed with loess and covered with city bricks, is solid and majestic. Guancheng has a trapezoidal plane with an area of more than 33,500 square meters. The total length of the city wall is 733 meters and the height is 1 1.7 meters.

4. Jinshanling Great Wall

Jinshanling Great Wall is located in the Yanshan Mountains at the junction of Miyun District in Beijing and Luanping County in Chengde City, Hebei Province. It starts from Longyukou in the west and ends in wangjinglou in the east, with a total length of 10.5km ... There are 67 watchtowers, 2 beacon towers and 5 passes of different sizes along the line. There are many watchtowers on the Great Wall here, and one wall is 50- 100 meters. The city wall is based on huge stones, 5-8 meters high, and has various forms and unique horse-blocking walls, overlapping walls and barrier walls.

5. Badaling Great Wall

Badaling, located in Yanqing District of Beijing, is the most representative section of Juyongguan outpost of the Ming Great Wall, with an altitude of 10 15m. It is an important military pass in the Ming Dynasty and an important barrier for Beijing. 196 1 year, the State Council announced Badaling Guancheng and its city wall as national key cultural relics protection units. From 65438 to 0987, the United Nations listed the Great Wall of Wan Li as a "World Heritage" world cultural heritage. 199 1 In August, the Badaling Great Wall was included in the Palace Museum in Beijing, and obtained the appraisal certificate from the institute.

From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many passes along the Great Wall became places or centers for ethnic trade in agriculture and animal husbandry, and some gradually developed into important towns along the Great Wall. The Great Wall not only ensures the normal development of agricultural economy and culture, but also provides a place and convenience for their exchange and complementarity. It also plays an important role in mediating the two economies and making the agriculture and animal husbandry economy develop in the direction of mutual cooperation between the main and auxiliary departments. Therefore, the Great Wall not only plays the role of isolating the two economies and cultures, but also shoulders the heavy responsibility of closely linking the two economies and cultures.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were nearly ten million soldiers and civilians. When Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall, he began to strengthen the development and construction of border areas, which opened the prelude to stationing wasteland and guarding the border. Because it took a long time to build the Great Wall in the Han Dynasty, many people put forward suggestions for resettlement, which were adopted and implemented by the Han government. Reclaiming farmland and guarding the Great Wall with troops not only accelerated the economic development of the border region, saved a lot of government military expenditure, but also greatly reduced the pain of long-distance transportation and spread Chinese culture farther and wider.