The Historical Evolution of Kunming

As a place name, the word "Kunming" was difficult to research before the Tang Dynasty. There are different opinions about the origin of the word "Kunming". Most scholars believe that "Kunming" was originally the ethnic name of an ancient nation in southwest China.

"Kunming" was written as "Kun", "Kun Mi" or "Lin Kun" in China ancient literature. In the early days, it was not the name of a city, but the name of an ancient nation living in the southwest of China, that is, today's western Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan.

According to records, the appearance of the word "Kunming" can be traced back to the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Sima Qian, a famous historian at that time, wrote in Historical Records Biography of Southwest Yi: "From the east of the same teacher (now Baoshan) in the west to the north, Zhang and Kun all migrated with livestock, but they were not in their usual places and could travel thousands of miles." Thus, the word "Kunming" is the ethnic name of a minority in ancient Yunnan.

"Kunming" appeared as a place name in the Tang Dynasty. "In the second year of Wude, Kunming County set up a town, and the land of Kunming was connected to the south, hence the name." Accordingly, Kunming County is not Kunming today, but Dingze Town (now Yanyuan County) in Sichuan. The reason why Dingze Town was named "Kunming" in the Tang Dynasty has been clearly written in the records, which is why it is close to Kunming. Kunming here still refers to the Kunming people. Before the Gai Han and Tang Dynasties, most ethnic groups in Kunming settled in western Yunnan. It was not until Nanzhao and Dali that Wuman and Baiman rose, and the place where Kunming people lived was occupied by Wuman and Baiman. Kunming talents moved eastward to central Yunnan and lived around Dianchi Lake. In the second year of Song Blessing (1254), Dali was destroyed in the Yuan Dynasty and a "Thousand Houses in Kunming" was established in Shanshan. "Kunming" began to appear as a place name and continues to this day. As for the meaning of the word "Kunming", Jin Changju explained: "Most of the migrants grow Kunming in Japan, and a few species grow in Japan." This sentence can be interpreted as the Kunming nationality with a large population. Kunming has a long history and splendid culture. It is one of the first batch of 24 national historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council, with a history of more than 2,200 years, and Dianchi Lake has a civilization history of 3,000 years. About 30 thousand years ago, people lived in Dianchi Lake area.

Tens of thousands of years ago, the ancestors of Kunming people lived a primitive life in this area. About 4,000 to 7,000 years ago, there were settled agricultural nationalities in Dianchi Lake Basin, engaged in "slash and burn" primitive agriculture, hunting, raising livestock and poultry and other commercial activities, and were able to spin and weave. Dianchi Lake area and rice cultivation have a history of at least several thousand years.

In the Bronze Age, there were many clans and tribes in Dianchi Lake area, mainly Pu people. Miao, Qiang and other nomadic peoples crossed the Jinsha River from Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan and entered the Dianchi Lake area, where they merged with the local people to form the Dian nationality, which promoted the development of the Dianchi Lake area.

In the 3rd century BC (298-277 BC), Zhuang Ti, a general of the State of Chu, led many people into Yunnan, arrived in Dianchi Lake area, formed an alliance with local tribes, and called himself the "King of Yunnan", whose old city is now Jincheng Town, Jinning County. Zhuang Kaidian brought advanced culture and technology from Chu State and Central Plains, and played a positive role in promoting the political and economic development of Dianchi Lake, which was dominated by Yunnan tribes at that time. From the Warring States Period to the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Dian people" around Dianchi Lake established the Dian State and created a unique "Dian culture".

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, it actively sought to develop the "Southwest Yi" area. BC 109 (the second year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited foot soldiers in Bashu area, and the king of Yunnan was forced to surrender.

In the Han Dynasty, Yizhou County was set up with Dianchi Lake as the center, and the county government and Wang Dian were stationed near Jincheng today. The county consists of Guchang County in Kunming, Jianling County in Kunyang, Dianchi County in Jinning, Li Anran County in Anning, Qinghai-Tibet County in Fumin and Kunze County in Yiliang, which pushed the centralized county system to the southwest frontier, marking that ancient Yunnan began to accept the direct rule of the central dynasty. The implementation of the county system effectively promoted the disintegration of the slave society in Dianchi Lake area. The migration of Han nationality and the spread of advanced technology and culture in the Central Plains have brought the economic development of Dianchi Lake area to a new level. After Zhuge Liang of Shu Han pacified Nanzhong, Yizhou County was changed to Jianning County, and "the county was still the old Yizhou County", and "Daxing" was appointed as a local official to implement the policy of promoting national unity.

In 27 1 year (the seventh year of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty), the Jin Dynasty divided four counties in the south (Jianning, Yunnan, Yongchang and Xinggu) from Yizhou (governing Chengdu) and established Ningzhou, which was one of China 19 Kyushu countries. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, cuan clan, the most popular local surname, became the ruler of central Yunnan. In 339 AD (the 14th year of Xianhe), the Jin Dynasty named Chen Juan as the secretariat of Ningzhou, and recognized his hereditary status.

After more than 200 years in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the early Sui Dynasty, under the situation of political turmoil and ethnic disputes in the Central Plains, cuan clan's rule over Kunchuanjiao maintained a relatively stable social situation of "serving both the strong and the weak and quietly teaching", which made the social economy of Dianchi Lake area have a new development. By the end of Liang Dynasty and the beginning of Sui Dynasty, Dianchi Lake area had become a relatively prosperous and wealthy area in southwest China at that time.

The Tang Dynasty, founded in 6 17, established 92 states in Yunnan. Dianchi Lake area is the main part of 92 states.

In 6 18 AD (the first year of Wude in Tang Gaozu), the Tang Dynasty appointed Xian Hongda, the son of cuan clan, as the secretariat, governing the county, and his office was still located in Yining City. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Montessori forces in Erhai area rose and Nanzhao State was established.

From 746 to 747, Montessori sent Rogge to join the army peacefully and destroy the clan.

In 765 AD, Luo Feng of Montessori Pavilion (King Nanzhao) ordered his eldest son, Feng Jia, to be different from Kunchuan (now downtown Kunming), set up and expand Dongcheng, and stationed there. Tuodongcheng became the eastern town of Nanzhao at that time. The opening of Tuodong City laid the foundation for the development of ancient Kunming, developed into the second political, economic, military and cultural center of Nanzhao, was an important channel between Guangxi, Guizhou and Annan (now Vietnam), and played an important role in the social and economic development of southwest China and international exchanges with Southeast Asia at that time.

In 765 AD, Nanzhao Kingdom built and expanded Dongcheng, which was the beginning of Kunming's construction. Dali is called Zancheng. Tuo Dongcheng and Shan Zhancheng are Nanzhao and Dali's Tokyo respectively.

In 937 AD, Dali seized Nanzhao power, established Dali, unified Yunnan, and established Shanshan House on the basis of expanding Dongcheng, becoming one of the eight houses of Dali. The government followed Tuodong City. Duan regime experienced drastic social changes, liberated slaves and corvees, further disintegrated Nanzhao's aristocratic rule and liberated social productive forces. The city scale of Shanzhanfu was further expanded, and the bustling downtown gradually moved to the west of Panlong River (now Jinbi Road and Shisan Street), where Dali rulers often stayed. Duan rulers built palaces and gardens in Shanshan and built water conservancy projects. By the end of Dali, Shanshan City had developed into a prosperous city with many businessmen and workers in central Yunnan.

1253 (the third year of Yuan Xianzong), the Yuan Army captured Yunnan.

1276 (13th year from Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty), after Saidianchi ruled Yunnan, the number of households, thousands of households and hundreds of households established during the period of military unification were changed to roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties, and Yunnan was formally established as a book province. Kunming County was set as the land of Zhongqing Road (the name of Kunming began here), and the administrative center was moved from Dali to Kunming. Since then, Kunming has officially become the political, economic and cultural center of the province. During the Yuan Dynasty, after the initial military plunder and ethnic repression, it was gradually replaced by the policy of fixing taxes and improving ethnic relations, and expanded people's villages, built water conservancy projects, set up rent taxes, exempted corvees, "opened Yunnan Post Road" and "prohibited roads to facilitate people's exchanges". Officials of the Yuan Dynasty dug Haikou River in Kunming area, dredged Mantis River and lowered the water level in Dianchi Lake, which not only alleviated the flood in Kunming city, but also "gained more than 10,000 hectares of fertile land" and expanded the farmland area. Build Jinzhi River and Songhua River Dam, and divert water from Panlong River to irrigate farmland on the east bank of Dianchi Lake; It also introduced sericulture technology from the mainland to develop silk weaving industry, which made farmers and craftsmen "earn ten times as much as before" and made the political and economic development of Dianchi Lake area take on a new look in the middle Yuan Dynasty.

After the Ming Dynasty marched into Yunnan in 138 1 (the 14th year of Hongwu), it changed the administrative division of "land" in the Yuan Dynasty to government, imitated the organizational system of the mainland, and set up the Yunnan Business Propaganda Department and the General Military Department. In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of immigrants entered Yunnan, and the population of Han nationality in Kunming surpassed that of local aborigines for the first time. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Li Dingguo and other peasant rebels, Li Yong and Wu Sangui successively established political power or palaces in Kunming.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after the Opium War, especially the Sino-French War of 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu), imperialist forces such as France and Britain quickly invaded Yunnan. Yunnan Machinery Bureau, founded in 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu), became the beginning of Kunming's modern industry. Later, official enterprise, such as mint, tannery, official seal bureau, telegraph bureau and post office, came into being.

1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu), commercial enterprises began to appear in Kunming.

1905 (30th year of Guangxu), Kunming was changed into a commercial port in Qing Dynasty.

1905, Kunming became a commercial port. 19 10, the completion of the Yunnan-Vietnam railway made Kunming an open city.

1908 (in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu), a small steamboat appeared in Dianchi Lake, and a "rickshaw company" was established in the city.

19 10 year (Xuantong two years), Yunnan-Vietnam Railway was built in Kunming. It further strengthened Kunming's economic position and transportation hub position as the province's business center. By the year 19 1 1 year (the third year of Xuantong), there were more than ten industries in the city, such as matches, flour, glass, cigarettes, hardware, tea making, leather goods processing, western medicine processing and canned ham. Match industry is the largest, with four manufacturers. In addition, there are 43 small-scale mining of coal, lead, copper, iron, bowl flowers (cobalt) and other minerals.

19 1 1 The Chongyang Uprising overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Yunnan.

19 15, Kunming broke out "protecting the country first" and the whole country responded.

19 19, Yunnan municipal government was established, which was the beginning of the establishment of Kunming.

Kunming office was established in 1922.

In August 1928, Kunming Municipal Government was established. During the Anti-Japanese War, Kunming became one of the economic, cultural and military towns that supported China's anti-Japanese war, and became a famous "democratic fortress".

1949 65438+February 9, Kunming was peacefully liberated.

During the period of 1937, the anti-Japanese army rose, foreign factories and schools moved inward, and a large amount of funds, equipment and talents flowed into Kunming, which promoted the short-term prosperity of Kunming's economy. The Kuomintang Central Committee and the bureaucratic capital of Yunnan have set up factories and enterprises in Kunming, such as the Central Machinery Factory, Copper Smelter, Electric Factory, Power Plant, No.53 Arsenal, Electric Steel Factory, Spinning Factory and Cigarette Factory.

1February 24th, 950, Yunnan was peacefully liberated.

195 1 year, 8 districts were merged into 5 districts. Namely: Zone 1 (Shengli Hall), Zone 2 (Yuantong Street), Zone 3 (Xiaojipo), Zone 4 (Chongren Street) and Zone 5 (Shangyi Street).

In the Republic of China, the suburbs were Kunming County (now Guandu and Xishan). Because Kunming is divided into cities and counties in history, the Kunming County People's Government was established on April 6, 1950, which was placed under the jurisdiction of Wuding District. Due to the small jurisdiction of Kunming at that time, it was not conducive to social and economic development. 1950 On August 30th, the People's Government of Yunnan Province made a decision, and Kunming County was transferred from Wuding District to Kunming City, with seven districts under its jurisdiction.

1951February, the municipal government assigned five townships around the city to Kunming county, thus adding a suburb to govern eight districts. Namely: Area 1 (Chen Jiaying), Area 2 (Guandu), Area 3 (Dabanqiao), Area 4 (Boluo Village), Area 5 (Datangzi), Area 6 (Gao Feng), Area 7 (Longtan) and Suburb (Baimamiao). The county government is located in Ma Street. At this time, the municipal government directly governs five urban areas and 1 suburban counties, with a total area of 1878.23 square kilometers and a total population of 60 12 15 at the end of the year.

1953 approved by the State Council, cities and counties merged, and five districts in the city were adjusted to four districts. The organizational system of Kunming County was abolished, and the eight districts under the jurisdiction of the original county were adjusted to five, six, seven, eight and nine districts, which were directly led by the municipal government. In June, 1953, 1 1, the district office was changed to the people's government, and it was a county-level political power. 1954 65438+ 10, the third district (Haikou) of Kunyang county in Yuxi area was transferred to Kunming city and changed to the tenth district.

1956, the first and third districts were merged into Panlong District; The second and fourth districts merged into Wuhua District; The original five or six districts were merged into Guandu District; The seventh district was renamed Longquan District; The original 89 District merged into Xishan District; The tenth district was renamed Haikou District. 195610 June19 The Provincial People's Committee approved the request report of the Kunming Municipal People's Committee on the work of merging areas. In the same year, Anning County was transferred from Chuxiong District to Kunming City and changed to Anning District. At this time, Kunming has two urban areas, five suburbs and seven districts, namely Panlong District, Wuhua District, Guandu District, Xishan District, Longquan District, Haikou District and Anning District. It has a total area of 3,363.36 square kilometers and a population of 822,506 at the end of the year.

1958 65438+February, Longquan District was merged into Guandu District. 1958, Fumin county was transferred from Wei Chu to Kunming.

1In April, 959, some mining areas in Yiliang County and Songming County of Qujing Special Zone were transferred to Kunming City and Liang Ming Mining Area was established. In September, the area was revoked and returned to their respective counties. In June 5438+10, Longquan District was merged into Guandu District, Anning District was abolished and Anning County was re-established; Haikou District was changed to Haixing People's Commune and placed under Anning County.

1960, Jinning County in Yuxi Special Zone was transferred to Kunming (previously, Chenggong County and Kunyang County in Yuxi Special Zone were merged into Jinning County in 1958 and 1959 respectively).

196 1 In, Haixing People's Commune in Anning County was transferred to Xishan District and renamed Haikou People's Commune. 1962, five people's communes in Jinning County, namely Longjie, Wujiaying, Dayu, Luo Yang and Ma Jinpu, were designated and Chenggong District was established (1965). By 1965, Kunming has four districts and four counties, namely Panlong District, Wuhua District, Guandu District, Xishan District, Anning County, Fumin County, Jinning County and Chenggong County. It covers an area of 6,465 square kilometers and the population at the end of the year is 1, 382,536.

1983 10 With the approval of the State Council, Yiliang County, Songming County, Lunan Yi Autonomous County and Luquan County in Wei Chu of Qujing area were placed under Kunming City, and the municipal area was expanded to four districts and eight counties.

1June, 985, Luquan County was changed to Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County.

19951June13rd, the State Council replied: Anning withdrew its county to set up a city.

1998 10 8, approved by the State Council: Lunan Yi Autonomous County was renamed Shilin Yi Autonomous County; 65438+officially renamed in February.

199865438+On February 6th, the State Council approved: the prefecture-level Dongchuan City was abolished and Dongchuan District of Kunming City was established; Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County under the jurisdiction of Qujing City is under the jurisdiction of Kunming City. 1999 February, officially implemented. At this point, Kunming administrative region was formed.

On may 20th, 20 1 1, the State Council approved the cancellation of Chenggong county and the establishment of Chenggong district in Kunming, with the former administrative area of Chenggong county as the newly established administrative area. Chenggong district people's government in santai road. The resident of Kunming Municipal People's Government moved from Dongfeng East Road, Panlong District, Kunming City to Jinxiu Street, Chenggong District, Kunming City.