Can you elaborate on the events of people who came back from Russia in the Qing Dynasty?

Not afraid of difficulties and hardships, thousands of miles back to hometown-Turgut's return to the motherland

Turhut is an ancient tribe among Mongolian people in China. As early as the end of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1628), in order to find a new living environment, most Turks left their native land of Talbahatai, Xinjiang, crossed kazakh steppe, crossed ural river, and came to the lower reaches of Volga River and the shores of Caspian Sea, which were not occupied by Russia at that time. On this sparsely populated grassland, they opened up their homes, worked and lived, and established a nomadic feudal regime-Turkut Khan.

During the following 100 years, the Turku people always maintained the relationship with the Qing government.

Turkutians lived in the Volga River basin for more than 40 years. In the 1960s of 18, they decided to return to their homeland, mainly because of the great pressure from the Russian Empire, which made them unable to live any longer. The first is politics. Turhuth's system is that King Khan decides everything, and there is such an institution called Zalgu under King Khan. The Russian government wants to reorganize Zargu and raise its power to the same level as King Khan, which is a serious threat to King Khan.

Economically, the Russian government allowed a large number of Cossack immigrants to expand eastward, and constantly reduced the nomadic land in Turku, which meant that the development of animal husbandry in Turku was restricted. Culturally speaking, Turks all believe in Tibetan Buddhism, and the Russian government forces them to believe in Orthodox Christianity, which is absolutely unbearable for Turks mentally.

The Russian government implements the hostage system against Turks, with the aim of controlling Turks. Everything is under the command of the tsar. I told you to go east, not west. I told you to go to war, so you had to go to the front.

/kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, the Russian empire tried its best to control the ocean. With the expansion of Russian aggression, there are more and more wars, including a long war with Turkey. At that time, Russia recruited young Turks as Russian troops to fight Turkey, so in the middle of this war, Turks also suffered great casualties. Moreover, the war lasted for 2 1 year, and every time Turkut went to 654,380+10,000 people, almost 1 10,000 to 20,000 people came back from the war. At that time, Turgut people said that if this war continued, there would be no Turgut.

There is also a very important reason, that is, during the strong period of Turhut, their khanate was on an equal footing with Russia, and after Russia became strong, they were required to bow to their knees. To sum up the above reasons, in such a situation, Turks, how to decide their own destiny, are facing severe tests and choices. 1767, under the leadership of Wabashi, Turhut held a small top-secret meeting at that time, at which it was decided to return to the homeland of the East.

After all, Turks have lived in the Volga River basin for nearly a century and a half, and the grasslands and pastures here have left their footprints and shed their sweat. I'm about to give up that land, and when I say I'll leave, not all ordinary people can figure it out at once.

In the autumn of the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1770), in a secret place on the grassland in the lower reaches of the Volga River, Wobaxi, the Khan King of Tulhut, presided over the top secret meeting for the second time. At the meeting, they solemnly vowed to leave Russia and return to the motherland. 177110/On October 4th, Wabashi called all the soldiers for general mobilization, and proposed that Turks would become slave races if they did not resist and left czarist Russia. This general mobilization ignited the flame towards light in Turku people's hearts.

Although Wabashi and others tried to keep secrets from the Russians, the news leaked. The drastic changes in the situation forced Wabashi to act in advance. They had planned to return to their homeland with more than 10,000 compatriots on the left bank. Unfortunately, it was a warm winter, and the river was not frozen, so people on the left bank could not cross the river. I had to make a temporary decision, and more than 30,000 households on the right bank acted immediately.

The next morning, the wind was very cold. When the sun shone on the snowy Volga grassland, more than 33,000 Turks on the right bank of the Volga River set off and left their foreign land where they had lived for nearly a century and a half. In their words, they went to the east, to the place where the sun rises, and to find a new life. Wobaxi led 10,000 Turkish soldiers. He took the lead in lighting his wooden palace; In a flash, countless villages also burst into flames. This tragic act of cross the rubicon shows the determination of the Turkish people to break with Russia forever.

The news of Turgut's return to the East soon spread to St. Petersburg. Catherine II, the empress of Tsarist Russia, thought it was a shame for Tsarist Romanov's family to let the whole tribe go abroad under her nose. She immediately sent a large number of Cossack cavalry to chase the Turks heading east. At the same time, measures were taken to strictly monitor the remaining 10,000 adobe houses on the left bank of the Volga River.

The Turkish team soon crossed the grassland between the Volga River and ural river. Walking on the outside, a group of Turkhuts were overtaken by Cossack cavalry. As the adobe houses were rushing forward with livestock, it was too late to rally the teams scattered on the vast Yuan Ye to resist, and 9,000 soldiers and civilians died heroically. A dangerous mountain pass that must be passed by the team returning to the east is Aoqin Gorge Valley. A huge Cossack cavalry seized this mountain pass. In the face of a strong enemy, Wo Baxi calmly commanded: he organized five camel soldiers to attack from the front, then sent artillery teams to outflank and almost wiped out the Cossack army to avenge the death of 9,000 compatriots.

Along the way, in addition to brutal fighting, Turks were constantly attacked by cold and plague. The population of Turks has been greatly reduced due to the attack of combat casualties, disease and hunger. Some people have lost confidence in whether they can return to their motherland. In this most difficult time, Wabashi held a meeting in time to boost morale. He said: We would rather die than look back!

The Qing government didn't know the news that Tuguhun people returned to the East in advance. Turks could not communicate with the Qing government, let alone get any assistance from the Qing government. Brave Turk Hut people still have to cheer up and move forward step by step towards the set goals.

In March of the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (A.D. 177 1 April), Buden Zabu, the left lieutenant of Dingbian, reported to the court that the Russian side had sent someone to inform the Turkut army that it was returning to the east. The Qing government only learned the news. The news of the return of the Turhuts caused a debate in the Qing court, and no agreement was reached on whether to let them go back or take them back. Finally, the Qing government decided: first, if the Russian government wants to come forward to negotiate this matter, it must resolutely block it back; Second, Turks must be resettled when they come back.

The Turks fought bloody battles without hesitation. The trip lasted nearly half a year and went to Wan Li. They overcame the constant encirclement and interception by the Russian, Cossack and Kazakh armies, overcame unimaginable hardships and suffered great national sacrifices. Finally achieved the feat of returning to the East.

According to the Qing Palace archives "Manchu Vice Memorial", the170,000 Turks who left the Volga grassland suffered from illness and hunger after fierce fighting all the way, "only half of them went to Ili". In other words, about 80,000 to 90,000 people have sacrificed their lives.

On a sunny morning in May, the Turhuts finally reached the Ili River on the border of the motherland. Yi Chang 'an, the general manager of the Xibe camp of the Iletupai, then the general of Ili, and other officials met the newly arrived Wabashi, Sheren and others on the Ili River. Soon, Wobaxi went to Yili with Yichang A to meet Counselor Shuhed, and Shuhed conveyed the will of Qianlong to Wobaxi, asking Wobaxi and others to go to the summer resort to meet Emperor Qianlong in the crisp autumn season, and handed the letters awarded by Emperor Qianlong to Wobaxi, Zebokdoqi and Shelun. Gan Long's imperial edict was written in Manchu and an ancient Mongolian script. This imperial edict fully expressed Qianlong's praise and welcome to Turks. Soon, thirteen people, including Wo Baxi, and forty-four entourage, accompanied by honest officials, came to the summer resort from Chahar Banner.

This year, it happened that the Putuo Zongcheng Temple in Chengde was completed and a grand ceremony was held. Gan Long ordered the erection of two huge stone tablets in Putuo Zongcheng Temple, engraved with his own "All Surrender of Dulhut" and "All Notes of Excellent Dulhut Department" in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan languages to commemorate this major historical event.

The feat of the Turks' return to the motherland deeply touched the people of the whole country, and various places donated materials to the Turks. The Qing government also allocated special funds to buy livestock, leather clothes, tea, grain and rice to help the poor Turku people tide over the difficulties. It is recorded in detail in Ute Turhut's Notes and Manchu Vice Memorial.

In order to properly resettle the returned Turhuts, the Qing government appointed officials to reclaim the land rich in water and grass, and allocated Bayinbuluke, Wusu and Cobuduo to the Turhuts for grazing, so that they could live and work in peace and contentment. Finally, the nomadic land is the "land under the leadership of Wabashi", also known as Old Tulhut, which is divided into four roads: east, west, north and south, and there are four leagues, each of which has appointed a leader. The land led by Sheleng is called the new Turhut, and Sheleng is the leader. There is also the Khoshuote Gongge Department, which consists of four flags, with Gongge as the leader.

Although more than 200 years have passed, people have not forgotten the heroes who returned to the East, and their deeds have become enduring academic research topics. Many scholars at home and abroad have praised the heroic feats of the people of Turgut and their return to the motherland. The epic of the hero who returns to the East will be sung forever.

The Establishment of Northeast Territory —— Emperor Kangxi's Anti-Russia

Kangxi (1654- 1722, Aisingiorro Michelle Ye) was the second emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and he was in office for 1 year, from 1662 to 1722. It was at this time that the Kangxi-Qianlong "Peace and Prosperity" in history was opened, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty for more than 260 years was also laid during this period. Kangxi and Louis XIV of French Bourbon Dynasty (1661-kloc-0/715) and Peter the Great of Russian Romanov Dynasty (1682- 1725) attracted people's attention at the same time.

Emperor Kangxi reigned for 6 1 year, leaving a remarkable chapter in the history of China in the domestic and international struggles. At home, during the Kangxi period, China formed a feudal country with a vast territory, many nationalities and strong unity; Under this condition, the feudal economy and culture developed to a new peak, and the territory of China was further unified and stable.

Since the establishment of state rule in the Qing Dynasty, it has encountered complicated and intractable contradictions with western countries and faced a sinister international situation that China's dynasties have never experienced. In particular, Russian armed forces invaded the northeast of China for a long time, plundered and harassed the Heilongjiang River Basin, violated the territorial integrity of China, undermined the peaceful life of residents of all ethnic groups in China's border areas, and threatened the rule of the Qing government. The people of all ethnic groups in China and the Qing government had to strengthen their defense against Russian invasion.

/kloc-In the middle of 0/7th century, Russian colonists began to peep at the territory of China. 1643, Yakutsk overseer Golovin sent an expeditionary force headed by Vasily Boyakov, a clerical officer, with *** 133 people and * * * * to Heilongjiang. This group of invaders burned, killed and looted everywhere, doing all kinds of evil. Their atrocities were bravely resisted by the local Daur people. By the time we returned to Yakutsk in the spring of 1646, only 53 of the team 133 were still alive.

1650 1 month, 70 Cossacks led by Yerofi Khabalov crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains, invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin in China and fled to the western part of Kazak. But seeing that the people of China were ready and weak, he decided to go back to Yakutsk for help. 165 1 at the beginning of the year, he led 137 people to flee to Heilongjiang again and captured Jacques city by force. Due to the heroic resistance of the people of all ethnic groups in Northeast China, the invaders were finally driven out of the Heilongjiang River Basin.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/665, Chernigovsky, an exile from Siberia, Russia, gathered a crowd to kill the Russian Ili Skduk, and then fled to the Heilongjiang River basin with 84 people to recapture jaxa. Their aggression was praised by the Tsar, who appointed Chernigovski as the general manager of Albazin (jaxa) and paid him 2000 rubles. In this way, these robbers who killed and robbed became the official officers and men of Russia. With the support of the czar government, they became more fearless. They not only built castles in Nebuchadnezzar and Gaxa, set up fortifications, extorted taxes, kidnapped hostages, established colonial farms, enslaved and suppressed local residents in China, but also harassed and expanded the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang.

In the face of crazy Russian aggression, Emperor Kangxi, after strengthening his rule over the Central Plains, decided to take resolute self-defense measures to defend the frontier from foreign aggression and sent troops to fight back, thus completely destroying this group of Russian aggressors. Emperor Kangxi pursued the policy of military struggle, diplomatic negotiation and enriching frontier defense. He summed up the experience of China soldiers and civilians in fighting against Russian invaders for more than 30 years, made a careful plan and made detailed preparations. 1682 In April, Emperor Kangxi toured Shengjing (now Shenyang), then left the wicker border from Fushun, Xingjing and Hadacheng (now Xifeng), and sailed on the Songhua River at the shipyard (now Jilin) in May to personally inspect the border defense situation. In September, Emperor Kangxi sent Tan Lang, deputy commander-in-chief, and Peng Chun, the first-class male, which angered hundreds of people. In the name of deer hunting, they scouted the geographical situation and land and water traffic near jaxa. 1683 65438+ 10, Tan Lang and others reported that it was not difficult to capture Russia, as long as 3,000 troops were enough, and suggested immediate action. Emperor Kangxi disagreed with this purely military view and thought it necessary to make more adequate preparations. First, build cities and station troops in Heilongjiang (now Aihui), Huma and other places, store grain, build ships, plan land reclamation, and open up post roads to win the battle.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/683, Emperor Kangxi ordered the establishment of Heilongjiang General, with Sabusu, the deputy commander-in-chief, stationed in Aihui (now Aihui), and deployed 3,000 troops to defend the Heilongjiang River basin for three times, preparing to destroy the invading Russian invaders. While doing a good job in military strikes, in order to strive for a peaceful solution to the jaxa issue, the Qing army sent letters to the Russian aggressors entrenched in jaxa for many times, asking them to leave the territory of China and return to Russia, and not to disturb the residents of China, or they would be wiped out. However, the aggressive Russian invaders turned a deaf ear to China's warning. Instead, we recruited new recruits, strengthened jaxa's troops, and appointed Torbu King, a military aristocrat with operational experience, as the overseer of Albazin, and came to jaxa to direct operations.

After repeated warnings and persuasion to the Russian invaders failed, Emperor Kangxi decided to send troops to wipe out the gang. 1685 In June, Emperor Kangxi sent Peng Chun, commander-in-chief of the army, to Japan Aerospace Agency. After Peng Chun arrived in jaxa, he first sent a letter from Emperor Kangxi to the Tsar, and sent his own message to the Russian army in jaxa, demanding that the Russian army leave China, and issued a final warning to the invaders. On June 23, the high command of the Qing army moved to Yakemen for talks with Russia. The Russian side is stubborn and rude. On June 24th, the Qing army lined up and surrounded jaxa. On the 25th, a group of Russian troops went down the river from Heilongjiang in an attempt to rush into jaxa. They were intercepted by the Qing army and fought fiercely on the river, killing more than 40 Russian soldiers. Then, the Qing army set up a cannon and bombarded jaxa violently. The Russian army suffered serious casualties and was heartbroken and desperate. Under the surrender of the Qing army, Torbu, the leader of the Russian army, raised the flag. The Qing army accepted the surrender of Russian troops and adopted a lenient attitude towards them, allowing more than 700 Russian troops to withdraw from jaxa and return to Russia via the Ergon River. In addition, 45 Russian soldiers, including Bashili, refused to return home and asked to stay in China. Return to Aihui with the Qing army.

King Torbu retreated to Nebuchadnezzar from the flying hag, but his ambition to invade China still exists, and he still wants to make a comeback. At this time, 600 reinforcements led by Peter arrived in Nebuchadnezzar Chu, and the strength of the Russian army increased. At the same time, they found that after the victory of the Qing army, they had all evacuated to Aihui, leaving no garrison in jaxa. So, King Torbu and Peter immediately led the army to reoccupy jaxa, and made every effort to build castle fortifications and raise food and grass in an attempt to fight a life-and-death war.

When Russian troops occupied jaxa again, the Qing government had to send troops again. 1686 In March, Emperor Kangxi ordered: Today, Russian troops will return to jaxa to build a city and occupy it. If it is not suppressed quickly, it will surely accumulate grain and stick to it, and the plan is not easy. General Sabusu and others were ordered to lead his 2000 men to occupy the city of Jacques. In July, Sabusu was ordered to lead more than 2,000 people and 400 Fujian rattan soldiers into jaxa and then attack the city. After more than two months of siege, the Russian army suffered heavy losses. At the end of September, Russian leader Torbu King was killed. Most Russian troops in the city died or died of illness. More than 800 Russian troops were left with only 66 people, and food and ammunition were exhausted. The Russian army trapped in jaxa had to do nothing.

In order to completely solve the problem of Russian invasion of the Heilongjiang River basin and realize the stability and peace of the border, Emperor Kangxi wrote to the tsar many times, condemning the Russian invasion of China, suggesting that he withdraw the invading army and send envoys to discuss the border issue. 1686 In September, the Qing government entrusted the Dutch envoy Bin Xianbazhi, who returned from Beijing, to send a letter to the Russian czar, suggesting that the two countries stop fighting, hold negotiations and * * * agree on the border.

1686165438+1October, just as the siege of jaxa was dying, a group of Russian emissaries, led by Vinukov and Fei Volov, came to Beijing from Moscow, submitted the imperial edict of the czar demanding the lifting of the siege of jaxa, and sent envoys Golovin to China to negotiate the border. Emperor Kangxi agreed to the request of the Russian czar, ordered to stop fighting, lifted the siege of jaxa and unilaterally withdrew. 165438+ At the end of October, the Qing army stopped attacking. 1687 In May, the Qing army left jaxa and returned to Aihui, waiting for the arrival of the Russian military mission. The Jaxa War, which lasted more than two years, ended.

This war is a just self-defense war of China people and Qing government to counter Russian aggression, expel aggressors and recover occupied territories.

The first confrontation with Russia, the battle of jaxa.

The Battle of jaxa is a self-defense war to resist aggression and recover lost territory, which was forced by the Russian invaders in an attempt to occupy a large territory of Heilongjiang River Basin in China.

Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins have been the territory of China since ancient times. After the Qin and Han dynasties, officials were set up here in all dynasties. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty, it continued to exercise jurisdiction over this area and strengthen its rule. In addition to General Shengjing (now Shenyang, Liaoning Province), General Ningguta (now Ning 'an, Heilongjiang Province) and General Heilongjiang (now Aihui, Heilongjiang Province), local residents were also organized into the Eight Banners. At the same time, strengthen the towns under the jurisdiction of general Jilin and Heilongjiang, set up shipyards and warehouses in important areas along the Yangtze River, open post stations and post roads on land, and develop land and water transportation, further strengthening the political, economic and cultural ties between the border areas and the mainland. Until16th century, Russia was a small feudal serfdom country in Europe, separated from China by Wan Li.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, Russian rulers gradually invaded and expanded from a small principality in Europe. In the fifth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1632), Yakutsk city was established as the main base for invading China. Since then, armed men have been sent to invade the Heilongjiang River Basin in China.

In the summer of the 16th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1643), Tsar Yakutsk Chief Executive Golovin sent 132 troops to invade south along the Lena River, and this winter they crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains and invaded China territory. 1 1 month, these invaders arrived at Daur's Putiur jurisdiction in the middle reaches of Qili River (now Jieya River), went out to plunder and exterminate Daur people, and were called "man-eating demons" by the people of Heilongjiang Province. In the early summer of the following year, after being thawed by Qili River, bandits invaded Heilongjiang, the largest inland river in Northeast China, and were resisted by people of all ethnic groups along the way.

In the third year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1646), Boyakov led the remnants to enter the Lena River via Maya River and Ardan River and fled back to Yakutsk. After returning, Boyakov threatened to conquer Heilongjiang as long as he sent 300 troops and built three fortresses. The information brought back by Boyakov about the Heilongjiang River basin and his plan to invade the Heilongjiang River basin by force have attracted the attention and praise of the Russian authorities. In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), Yakutsk sent Khabarov and Yakutsk's 70 soldiers to invade Heilongjiang at the end of this year, occupying the jurisdiction of China Daur leader Rafkai, including Yakesacheng village (now Albakino on the left bank of Heilongjiang), which was resisted by local people. Khabalov led his accomplices to stepanov and returned to Yakutsk for help. At the end of the following summer, Khabarov led 138 outlaws, with three guns and some * * * * *, invaded Heilongjiang again, seized Yakesha City, and sent people to attack Daur residents, take hostages, plunder women, and kill and set fire to them. At the end of September, Khabarov led an invading army of more than 200 people to invade the village of Uzala in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang (now Honggari River), occupied the village in the city and ravaged the local residents. The heroic Hezhe people stepped forward and asked for support from the Qing government. In February of the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), the Qing government ordered Zhang Jing (official name) of Ningguta to lead troops to attack and fight in Wuzhala village, killing Russian troops 10 and injuring 78 people. In June of the 15th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1658), Shaerhuda, commander-in-chief of Ningguta, led 40 warships to engage in fierce battle with the invading army in the lower reaches of Songhua River, killing 270 people. In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), the water army led by General Ba Hai of Ningguta defeated the enemy in Gufatan Village, beheaded more than 60 passes and drowned many people.

After repeated attacks by China's soldiers and civilians, the Russian invaders who invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin in China were once wiped out. Later, Russian invaders built a city in jaxa. Although the Qing government warned many times, it didn't help. In the long-term negotiations with Russia, the Qing emperor saw that if it was not for "making military power, it was ignorance to punish fear" and decided to suppress it. At the same time, I also realized that the reason why "sending troops in the past could not be extinguished" was that there was no garrison in Heilongjiang, and troops were sent from Ningguta to fight back, but they stopped every time because of insufficient grain depots. Second, although the number of Russian invaders was small, they survived because of "building scattered houses and self-sufficient farming" and Nebuchadnezzar's trade with them. As a result, I advanced and retreated, and I retreated and advanced, resulting in a situation of "endless use of troops, which made the border people uneasy".

In view of this situation, Kangxi adopted the general plan of biting off the hand that feeds him, that is, sending troops to seize his way forward and backward, sending troops to defend Heilongjiang forever, establishing a walled city, confronting it, and then taking its field and making it into trouble. At the same time, supplemented by solemn warnings. If the invading army remains stubborn, it will be resolutely eliminated. To this end, Kangxi took a series of measures to strengthen border defense construction and prepare to destroy the invading Russian army: reconnaissance of the terrain and the enemy's situation, sending troops to cut off the crops planted by the invading army near Jaksa, so that the Chechen Khan of Mongolia could cut off trade with the Russians in order to tire and stop the invaders; In the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), in December, it was decided to dispatch 1500 troops from Wula (now north of Jilin) and Ningguta to Heilongjiang City and station in Aihui and Huma (now south of Huma). Later, in view of the distance between the two places and jaxa, Humabing was stationed in Elsuri (now southwest of Svetlana, Russia). In July of the following year, Sabusu, deputy commander-in-chief of Ningguta, led the army to Ersuli. In September, I decided to build a city in Aihui and prepare guns and ships. At the same time, five or six hundred soldiers from Wula and Ningguta and four or five hundred soldiers from Daur (now Nenjiang County, Heilongjiang Province) were sent to Aihui area; Arrange war equipment, set up a post station, transport and store military materials. These measures were suitable for the needs and characteristics of the northeast frontier struggle at that time.

This is because the area from Heilongjiang to Waixing 'anling is thousands of miles away from the hinterland of Northeast China. Against invaders like Russia, it is impossible to stop their aggression only by relying on the tribal armed forces of the local people. It is necessary to plan the entire frontier, temporarily station troops and defend it, and control a certain number of troops to maneuver in appropriate places to cope with the capricious invasion of Russian troops. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a considerable number of post stations and grain depots, open up land and water transportation lines and raise means of transportation to ensure the victory of counter-offensive operations, and establish a relatively complete border defense line after the victory of counter-offensive to facilitate the long-term border defense struggle.

In September of the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the Qing Dynasty ordered the Russian invaders entrenched in Chayu and other places to leave the territory of the Qing Dynasty. The invading army ignored it, but led troops to flee to the beloved Hui for looting. The Qing dynasty defeated Sabusu and burned all the strongholds established by the invading army in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, making jaxa an isolated city. However, the invading army retreated. In the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), on the 23rd day of the first month, in order to completely eliminate Russian aggression, Kangxi ordered the commander-in-chief Peng Chun to go to Aihui to take charge of recovering jaxa. In April, under the command of Peng Chun, about 3,000 Qing troops marched into jaxa from Aihui with warships, cannons, knives, spears, shields and other weapons. Arriving at the gates of Jacques on May 22nd, he immediately issued an ultimatum to Tolbuzin, the leader of the invading army. Tolbuzin, relying on a solid nest with 450 soldiers, 3 guns and 300 shotguns, refused to do so. On May 23, the Qing army was attacked by land and water. Strategists are deployed in the south of the city, warships are in the southeast and guns are in the north. At dawn on the 25th, the Qing army fired artillery bombardment, and the invading army suffered heavy casualties and was unstoppable. Tolbuzin pleaded for surrender, and the emissary asked to leave jaxa while remaining armed. With the consent of Peng Chun, Russian troops withdrew to Nebuchadnezzar Chu (now Nebuchadnezzar Chu). After the Qing army drove away the invading army, it destroyed Jacques City and immediately returned to the division, leaving some troops stationed in Aihui and other troops stationed in Aihui and Morgan (now Nenjiang, Heilongjiang) to strengthen the defense of Heilongjiang.

After the Russian aggressor troops were forced to leave jaxa, they had a guilty conscience and continued to piece together troops in an attempt to commit crimes again. In the autumn of the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), Moscow sent 600 troops to reinforce Nebuchadnezzar Chu. Knowing that the Qing army had retreated, Tolbuzin, the leader of the invading army, led a large number of Russian troops to jaxa again. This treacherous behavior of the Russian army aroused great indignation of the Qing government. At the beginning of the second year, Kangxi received a report and ordered a counterattack.

On July 24, more than 2,000 people of the Qing army arrived at the gates of Jacques, attacked the city and ordered the Russian aggressors to surrender. Tolbuzin ignored it. In August, the Qing army began to attack the city, and Tolbuzin was shot and killed. He was replaced by Petain and went on fighting. On August 25th, considering that Russian troops were holding on to jaxa, waiting for reinforcements, and considering the inconvenience caused by freezing in the middle of winter to ship movement and horse food supply, the Qing army dug trenches in the south, north and east of jaxa Province, and sent warships to patrol the Xijiang River to cut off foreign aid on the defensive. The invading army was besieged in recent years, and many people died in the battlefield. There were 826 invaders, and only 66 were left in the end. When Jacques was in danger, the tsar hurriedly asked the Qing army to evacuate and sent a special envoy to negotiate the border. The Qing army promised to let the remnants of the invading army withdraw to Nebuchadnezzar Chu. After the counterattack of jaxa, the two sides concluded the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty on July 24th in the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), which stipulated that the outer Xing 'an Mountains to the sea, the grbic River and the Ergon River were the eastern borders of China and Russia. The areas north of Heilongjiang, south of Xing 'an Mountains and east of Wusuli River are all the territories of the Qing Dynasty.

The Qing army won the battle of Jaxar because the war was just, and it was warmly supported and actively supported by the military and civilians, especially the people of all ethnic groups in the border areas. Secondly, the Qing army gradually understood and mastered the characteristics of border struggle from the long-term struggle, took effective measures and made more adequate preparations. Third, implement the policy of combining military and political work. On the basis of force, the aggressor should be severely warned first, and then troops should be sent back after the warning is invalid. In the counter-attack, we adopted the tactics of sweeping the periphery first, then advancing by land and water, surrounded on three sides, and intercepted and cut off its foreign aid, forcing the invading army to be trapped in an isolated city and conquer it.

The victory of this war is the victory of China people's long-term and repeated struggle to defend the frontier in the vast northeast border. Defeated the attempt of Russia to invade the Heilongjiang River Basin in China across the outer Xing 'an Mountains, curbed the decades-long aggression of Russia, made the northeast border of the Qing Dynasty basically peaceful in the next century and a half, and wrote a triumph of the anti-aggression struggle.

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