Foreign liquor knowledge

Foreign wines are basically classified according to different production methods, which are divided into three categories: distilled wine, brewed wine and mixed wine.

1. Distilled liquor

Distilled liquor is a liquid with high alcohol content obtained by distilling and purifying fermentation raw materials. Distilled liquor can be divided into grain distilled liquor, grape distilled liquor and other distilled liquors according to different raw materials. There are several kinds of distilled spirits commonly used in restaurants:

(1) whisky

Whiskey is the most representative distilled liquor made from barley, rye and corn, which is fermented and distilled and aged in wooden barrels. The market sells a lot. Whisky has a wide range of producing areas and different production methods. The main varieties are:

1) Scotch whisky.

It is a famous brand product in Scotland. It is made of barley malt by drying and peat baking, and has a unique flavor. The age of this wine.

At least 8 years, generally 10 years or more. Scotch whisky has a unique style, with reddish brown color, clear and transparent, burnt flavor and strong smoky flavor.

The famous brands of Scotch whisky are: johnnie walker Black Label, Chivas Regal, Bell, Old Parr and some special ones.

2) Irish whiskey.

It is brewed from barley, oats and other grains. Distilled for three times and aged in wooden barrels for 8~ 15 years. The style is close to that of Scotch whisky, the most obvious difference is that it has no smoky burnt smell and soft taste, so it is suitable to be mixed with other drinks as a blended wine.

Familiar brands are: John jameson &; Son), powerful, old Bush Mills, Tullamore Lou.

3) Canadian whisky. Canada began to produce whisky in the middle of18th century. At that time, only rye whisky was produced, and its alcohol content was very high. /kloc-after the 0/9th century, it began to produce whisky brewed from corn, which has a light taste. Steamed, stored, mixed and bottled under the management of the Canadian government. The aging time in the barrel is 4~ 10 year.

The main famous brands are: Canadian Club, grimes and Royal Crown.

4) American whiskey. Although the United States has only a history of more than 200 years, most of the immigrants came from Europe, so they also brought wine-making technology. Bourbon is the representative of American whisky. Bourbon is a place name in Kentucky, USA. The whisky produced by bourbon is called bourbon. The main raw materials of bourbon are corn and barley, which are aged for 2~4 years after fermentation and distillation, but not more than 8 years.

Its famous brands are: Four Roses, Grandpa Odl, Jim Liang and Wild Turkey.

(2) Gin

Gin, also known as gin, can be divided into Dutch gin and English gin.

1) Dutch gin. Barley, malt, corn and rye are used as raw materials, which are distilled after saccharification and fermentation, and juniper and other herbs are added during distillation, and then distilled twice. Dutch gin is transparent and clear in color, outstanding in aroma and unique in style, which is suitable for single drinking.

Its famous brands are: Bols, Bokma and Henkes.

2) English gin. Using rye and corn as raw materials, after saccharification and fermentation, they were put into a continuous distiller. After distilling high-alcohol liquor, juniper and other spices were added, and then they were put into a single distiller for distillation. British Golden State wine can be drunk alone or used for mixing wine. British gin, also known as dry gin, is colorless and transparent, with a strange smell and a mellow and refreshing taste.

The more popular brands are Gordon's, Beefeater, Booth's and Tanqueray.

(3) Vodka

Vodka is divided into two types, one is colorless and tasteless vodka, and the other is vodka with various spices. Vodka is a representative strong liquor in Russia, and its raw materials are potatoes and corn. The distilled vodka is slowly filtered for more than 8 hours, so that the original liquor fully contacts with activated carbon molecules and is purified into pure vodka. Vodka is colorless and tasteless, and it is the most tasteless wine in alcohol.

The famous brands of vodka are: smirnoff, the red card in Naya, Stolic, and the green card in Moscow, Moscow and Moscow.

4) Rum

Rum is a by-product of sugar industry, which is refined from sugarcane and mostly produced in tropical areas. The production process of rum is similar to that of most distilled spirits. After raw material treatment, alcohol fermentation and distillation, liquor must be aged for 1~3 years before it can be dyed with oak color and fragrance. Rum can be divided into three categories according to taste, namely, low-alcohol rum, medium-alcohol rum and high-alcohol rum. Rum can also be divided into three categories according to color, namely silver rum, golden rum and dark rum.

The famous brands of rum are bacardi breezer, Myers' black rum and Captain's.

(5) Tequila

Tequila, produced in Mexico, is a kind of strong liquor, which is made from a cactus called tequila. The growth period of agave is 8~ 10 years. When brewing wine, the spherical cactus is first split and put into a distiller for distillation. The agave was crushed in a flat glass, poured with warm water, fermented in distiller's yeast, distilled again and aged in wooden barrels. Tejila wine is amber, with peculiar aroma and fierce taste.

Common tequilas include Anejo, Ole, Mariachi and Sauza.

6.brandy

The predecessor of brandy is white wine. Brandy is a high-quality wine made from fermented grape juice, which has been distilled twice. France is the world's leading producer of brandy. Cognac, which the French are proud of, is the most popular wine of its kind in the world and is known as the king of brandy. Cognac was originally the name of an ancient city in southern France. The French believe that only wines brewed in this area and made from local high-quality grapes can be called cognac. Another famous brandy producing area in France is Yannana.

French brandy uses letters or stars to indicate the storage time of brandy, and the longer the storage time, the better.

"v.s.o" is an aged brandy 12~20 years; "v.s.o.p" is a brandy of 20~30 years; "x.o" generally refers to brandy aged for 40 years; "X" generally refers to 70-year-old Secret Service Brandt.

"V" is the abbreviation of Very, which means very; "s" is the abbreviation of Superior, Special, which means special and grade; "O" is the abbreviation of Old, which means old age and senility; "P" is the abbreviation of Pale, which is clear; "X" is the abbreviation of Extra, which means extra.

The storage time of brandy is indicated by the star seal: one star represents 3 years, two stars represent 4 years and Samsung represents 5 years.

At present, the most famous brandies in the world are: Couvdisis, Hennessy, Martell, remy martin and Camus.

Brew wine

Homemade wine can also be called original juice wine, and the biggest category of home-made wine is wine. According to its sugar content, wine can be divided into four flavors: dry, semi-dry, semi-sweet and sweet. According to the international classification method, wine can be divided into four categories: table wine (distilled wine), sparkling wine, fortified wine and flavoring wine.

(1) table wine

Including red wine, white wine and rose wine, it is fermented from natural grapes, and its alcohol content is below 15. At the temperature of 20℃, wine with an air pressure below one atmosphere in the bottle is still wine.

1) red wine. This wine is made of purple grapes, skins and seeds through squeezing and natural fermentation. Because the pigment in grape skin dissolves into wine, the wine is red. Red wine is generally stored for 4~ 10 years, and its taste is just right. Usually at room temperature, 18℃ is the best drinking temperature.

2) white wine. This wine is made from white grapes by peeling, seedless, juicing and fermentation. The storage time is short, and it can be drunk in 2-5 years. It has the characteristics of refreshing fragrance, invigorating stomach and removing fishy smell. It is necessary to cool down before drinking, and it is generally most suitable to drink at 10~ 12℃.

3) Rose red wine. In the brewing process of this wine, some special methods were used, such as mixing purple grapes with white grapes to make juice, or soaking purple grape skins in white wine to make the wine appear rose red. The storage period is short, and it can be drunk in 2-3 years. Drinking temperature 12~ 14℃, that is, it is slightly cold to drink.

Many countries produce table wine. France is a famous producer of red and white wine, producing hundreds of famous brands of wine. In addition, Italy, Germany, Spain and the United States are all major producers of wine.

(2) sparkling wine

Including champagne and various sparkling wines. Champagne is a sparkling wine, which is produced in French champagne. Its production technology is exquisite and the wine taste is unique. The French government has stipulated by law that only sparkling wines produced in champagne areas can be called champagne, and only sparkling wines produced in other areas can be called grapes.

Champagne is made from peeled and seedless purple grapes and white grapes. Because grape juice will produce a lot of gas during fermentation, the carbon dioxide gas in wine is naturally formed, so it is unique. The alcohol content is about 1 1 degree. The drinking temperature is 4~8℃. Champagne usually takes three years to brew, and 6-8 years aging is the most popular. Champagne is generally named after the producer, among which most famous are: Most Chandon, Bollinger, Paris Water Jouet and Charles Heldsieck.

(3) Strengthen wine

Brandy was added in the brewing process of this kind of wine to make the alcohol content reach 17 ~2 1. Include wine, sherry, etc.

1) port. The most famous one is made in Portugal. Port wine is mostly red wine, but there is also a small amount of dry white port wine. According to the different production techniques, there are aged Potter, wine-stained Potter, ruby red Potter and brown Potter. Dry white wine is suitable as an aperitif, while dark brown wine is suitable for cheese.

Famous port wines include Croft, Saint-Germain and Taylor.

2) Sherry. Produced in Cadiz, Spain, it is blended with local wine and brandy, and the aging time is about 15 years. There are two kinds of wine, one is light yellow and bright, giving people a fresh feeling; The other is golden brown red, with excellent transparency and rich aroma. There is a typical walnut fragrance, and the older it is, the more fragrant it is.

The famous brands of this wine are Tio-pepe, Pemartin and Sandeman.

(4) Seasoned wine

This wine does not contain herbs, fruits, honey, etc. Add alcohol to common wine. The representative flavor wine is vermouth wine, which is not pure wine strictly speaking.

Weimeisi Weimeisi wine is made from white wine as the main raw material and about 30 kinds of spices. The formula for producing absinthe has been kept secret. There are four kinds of absinthe, namely dry absinthe, white absinthe, red absinthe and Turin absinthe. Vermouth is served as an aperitif in western food. The famous producing areas of Weimeisi are Italy and France.

The famous Vermeer wines include Italian martini, Italian Zinzano, Italian Gongchia and some French Noli wines.

Brew wine

Blended wine, also known as blended wine, is made of distilled wine or brewed wine and other materials. The fortified wine and flavored wine introduced earlier can also be counted as mixed wine. Blended wine can be divided into three categories, namely aperitif, liqueur and liqueur.

aperitif

There are many kinds of wine that can be used as an aperitif, such as champagne, whisky, gin, vodka, and some kinds of wine and fruit wine. This paper mainly introduces the aperitif with edible alcohol as the main wine.

1) fennel wine. Anise wine is made of fennel oil and edible alcohol or distilled liquor. Fennel oil contains a lot of absinthe, and 45% alcohol can dissolve fennel oil. Anise wine can be divided into colorless and colored, with good luster, strong fennel flavor, unusual taste, heavy and exciting taste, and the alcohol content is about 25 degrees. Anise wine is very famous in France, and its varieties are Ricard dyeing, Perhod fennel color and Berger blanc.

2) bite the wine. Bite wine evolved from ancient medicinal liquor and has nourishing effect. There are many kinds of beer with strong fragrance, light color and no alcohol. Bite wine is characterized by bitterness and medicinal taste. The main wines for making chewing wine are wine and edible alcohol, and the raw materials for seasoning are stems, roots and skins of Sophora alopecuroides. The alcohol content is between 16 and 40 degrees. The famous bitter wine is produced in France, Italy and other countries, and its varieties are: Campari (Italy), Dupont (France), Cynar (Italy), Amorpicon (France) and Angostura (France).

3) absinthe (introduced earlier).

(2) Sweet wine

Sweet wine is generally a kind of wine that western food drinks when eating sweets. Its main feature is its sweet taste. The difference between liqueur and liqueur is that liqueur is mainly wine, while liqueur is mainly distilled wine. Most famous liqueurs are produced in southern Europe, mainly including:

1) port wine (introduced earlier).

2) Sherry (introduced earlier).

3) Madeira wine. Produced in Madeira Island in the Atlantic Ocean, it is blended with local wine and distilled liquor as the base wine. The color of wine ranges from light amber to deep red and brownish red, and the taste types range from dry to sweet. It is not only a high-quality liqueur in the world, but also a good aperitif. The alcohol content is between 16 and 18. Its main varieties are: Madeira wine and Syrah wine.

(3) Liqueur (dessert wine) Liqueur is an alcoholic beverage made of edible alcohol and other distilled spirits as the main raw materials, supplemented by various seasoning materials, and sweetened. In western food, it is often drunk after meals, which can help digestion. Liqueur can be divided into fruit liqueur, herb liqueur and seed liqueur according to the seasoning materials used in preparation. The alcohol content is between 30 and 40 degrees. Famous wines are produced in France and Italy. The famous varieties are Amaretto, Anisette, Chartreuse, Cointreau, Drambuie and Advocatt.