Are Hakkas Han Chinese of pure blood?

"Hakka" is the name of a branch of the Han nationality. This ethnic group, known as "Hakka", migrated to the south from the end of Tang Dynasty to the middle of Ming Dynasty, gathered in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and merged with the local She nationality and other aborigines. It has a unique dialect, culture and characteristics different from other ethnic groups of Han nationality. It is dominated by the Han nationality, and at the same time includes the She nationality, Yao nationality and other "customized" ethnic minorities.

Hakka people are mainly Han people, and the main characteristics of their culture show that they have inherited the Han culture in the Central Plains, so they should definitely be a branch of Han people. But this clan is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members should include members of different nationalities who are integrated with each other and enjoy the same cultural characteristics. So "Hakka" is a title of Han nationality, but it is not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.

What are the Hakka ancestors (2)

Hakka ancestors are the ancestors of Hakka people who lived in the area where the clan system was formed before the formation of the Hakka clan system.

Hakka ancestors, in a word, should be the ancestors of Hakka people, but the situation is more complicated. Except for the local "customized" ethnic minorities, the ancestors of Hakkas are all migrating Han Chinese. However, among the migrating Han people, many people have been migrating in the north and south of the Yangtze River for hundreds of years, and it took several generations to move into the areas formed by Hakka people in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Some Han immigrants who entered Hakka areas, the first generation, even the second or third generation, did not leave the Central Plains ... Some of them settled in areas where other people gathered and became members of other people. So if the ancestors of Hakka people are collectively called Hakka ancestors, then? Quot The term "Hakka ancestors" has no special connotation, or the concept is chaotic, which must be limited by time and space. Time is before the formation of Hakka clan, and space is in the formation area of Hakka clan. That is, the ancestors who directly produced Hakka dialect were called Hakka ancestors.

What is Hakka (3)

Hakkas are members of Hakkas. Anyone who has any two of the three conditions of Hakka descent, Hakka cultural quality and Hakka identity consciousness is a Hakka.

Don't mistake Hakka descent for Han descent. Although the Hakka clan is a branch of the Han nationality, it is dominated by the Han nationality, and at the same time it contains the "customized" She nationality and other ethnic minorities. In other words, the Hakka clan was bred by the Han Hakka ancestors (subjects) and non-Han Hakka ancestors (that is, she Yao and other ethnic minorities living in the breeding area during the Hakka clan breeding period). Therefore, Hakka clan is the general name of the lineage of the members of all ethnic groups that make up Hakka clan. Cultural quality is mainly manifested in language and living habits. Hakka identity consciousness means self-identification of whether you are a Hakka or not. Among the three factors that determine whether a Hakka is a Hakka, the more important is the cultural quality and self-identity of the Hakka, not the lineage.

What is Hakka Descendants (Ⅳ)

Hakka descendants can be interpreted as descendants of Hakkas, but if their descendants are still Hakkas, there is no need to call them "Hakkas descendants" because their predecessors are the ancestors of Hakkas, so they are called "ancestors" because they do not have the characteristics of Hakkas. In this way, the descendants of Hakkas should be people of Hakka descent without Hakka cultural quality and Hakka identity consciousness. For example, I have moved away from the Hakka community for a long time, but I can't speak Hakka, and I don't think I am the original Hakka, nor do I think I am a descendant of Hakka. Hakka descendants should be descendants of Hakka who are no longer Hakka. If this distinction is not made, what is a Hakka and what is a Hakka descendant? You can never say that your father is a Hakka and your son is a descendant. If the son is still a Hakka, why is he called a "descendant"? Because the Hakka clan has not been terminated so far, if the Hakka clan disappears one day, the descendants of the Hakka can also be called Hakka descendants after it disappears. Whether this is appropriate. Ask experts for advice.

The Origin of Hakka Names (5)

The literal concept of "Hakka" is foreign residents. As the appellation of clan, the meaning of "home" should be "person", not "household", such as "shopkeeper" and "boatman". "Hakka" is the abbreviation of Hakka and Hakka. But "guest" is not a simple outsider compared with "master", such as Guangfu school, Fuxing school and so on. They are also Han Chinese who moved south from the Central Plains, and they are also "outsiders". Why not call it Hakka? The reason is still under discussion in academic circles. Historically, all ethnic groups in the south of the Han nationality formed earlier than the Hakkas, basically in the same administrative region (some of them are only partially extended), while the Hakkas formed later, not in the same administrative region, but in the connecting areas of the three provinces. Another special phenomenon is that the original aborigines or owners in this connecting area, in addition to a very small number of Guyue people, also include "Shanke", "Muke" and "Xieke". Most of them are also "outsiders". These "Hakkas" and later "Hakkas" have lived together for a long time and merged with each other, giving birth to unique language and cultural characteristics. (It can be considered that the ethnic group was initially formed at this time, but there was no official name. However, these unique people moved abroad, such as Fulao, Guangfu and other residential areas, and were called guests, customers and Hakkas by local hosts. Moreover, this title was called by different ethnic groups along the coast of Fujian and Guangdong, and it should be regarded as a kind of "* * * song" for people with the same cultural characteristics (that is, Hakkas later determined) from the cultural connotation. Whether this is related to the "Hakka dialect" of the aborigines in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, or whether the residents in these places have spoken "Hakka dialect" (although there is no written record), it is still difficult to determine. At present, the origin of Hakka names is to use "He Shuo" as a metaphor for "claiming". "He said" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Claiming that time began in the middle of Qing Dynasty. But this does not mean that the Hakka clan was formed at this time. "He said," It was the Fulao people along the coast of Fujian and the Guangfu people along the coast of Guangdong who first "said" it. "Claiming" is self-identification. Because the history of Hakka before the formation of clan system has always been the migration history of visiting other places. People have no derogatory meaning for titles, and at the same time, they are in line with their own history; I agree.

What is Hakka Spirit (6)

Some scholars think that the term "Hakka spirit" is inaccurate, and put forward opinions on the use of words such as human nature, personality, folk customs, characteristics, fashion, morality, quality and temperament. Different people have different opinions, no matter what words, no matter what, they have the right to use "spirit" to explain. Hakka spirit is created by Hakka history. Hakka history is the history of wandering, struggle and entrepreneurship of Hakka ancestors and Hakkas. In order to survive and develop, long-term migration, vagrancy and drift from place to place have gradually shaken off the shackles of the traditional conservative concepts of "a different place in the Central Plains" and "parents are not far away" and established a new concept of "being at home in the whole world".

That is to say, in order to survive and develop in adversity, we must fight against nature and society and work hard. Winners are those who dare to struggle and take risks. They finally reached the other shore and gained new life and development.

Hakka ancestors received traditional Confucian education in their hometown of the Central Plains, and their clan and family concepts were deeply rooted. After leaving the Central Plains and living in exile for a long time, I realized the importance of the joint efforts of clans and families, and further consolidated and strengthened the concepts of clans and families. Therefore, the idea of respecting ancestors and Mu Zong is very prominent. It is very prominent to remember the father's bones, get together, and then repair the genealogy and ancestral temple. After a long period of exile, Hakkas have more deeply realized that "it's better to stay at home for a thousand days than to go out for half a day", so as to care more about their hometown, deeply understand the integration of the fate of home, hometown and country, and the relationship between honor and disgrace, so that the idea of patriotism and love for hometown is strongly manifested in all aspects, which is particularly prominent.

The manifestations of Hakka spirit are complex, simple, long and short, which can benefit all aspects of consciousness and behavior, but the most prominent and essential one can be summarized as "being at home all over the world, taking risks and enterprising, respecting one's ancestors and family, and loving one's country and hometown".

Distribution of Hakka Areas in China (7)

Hakka areas are customarily called pure Hakka counties and impure Hakka counties, but so far there is no standard to measure them. For example, pure Hakka counties, the percentage of Hakka population in the total population, impure Hakka counties can only be regarded as impure Hakka counties. Therefore, it can only be arranged according to the survey data of scholars in the past and recent years. With the deepening of Hakka studies, this arrangement will be somewhat different. There may be some newly discovered Hakka counties that have not been listed yet, but those that should not be listed can only be used as reference at present.

Jiangxi: There are 18 pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganxian, Nankang, Xinfeng, Shangyou, Dayu, Chongyi, Anyuan, Longnan, Quannan, Dingnan, Ningdu, Du Yu, Xingguo, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Shicheng and Tonggu. There are 20 non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganzhou, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Jishui, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Xiushui, Wuning, Pingxiang, Hengfeng and Wuyuan.

Fujian: There are Changting, Ninghua, Liu Qing, Mingxi, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, Yongding, Jianning, Jiangle and Taining1/pure Hakka counties and cities. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities such as Chong 'an, Guangze, Shaowu, Shunchang, Shaxian, Yong 'an, Sanming, Zhangping, Longyan, Nanjing, Pinghe and Zhao 'an 12.

Guangdong: There are 17 pure Hakka counties and cities, including Meijiang, Meixian, Tai Po, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning, Wuhua, Zijin, Longchuan, Heping, Li Anping, Wengyuan, Shixing, Nanxiong, Liuhe, Heyuan and Xinfeng. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include Shaoguan, Qujiang, Ruyuan, Lechang, Yingde, Fengshun, Boluo, Liannan, Dongchang, Huizhou, Huiyang, Huidong, Raoping, Shantou, Jieyang, Jiexi, Chaoyang, Huilai, Puning, Lufeng, Haifeng, Longmen, Shenzhen, Baoan, Fogang and Qingyuan.

Guangxi: Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Hepu, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Bobai, Pubei, Luchuan, Lingshan, Ningming, Chongzuo, Fusui, Yongning, Yulin, Hengxian, Beiliu, Rongxian, Wuming, Guigang, Binyang, tengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, Wuxuan and Mashan.

Sichuan (including Chongqing): Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Tongjiang, Daxian, Bazhong, Yilong, Guang 'an, Baxian, Peilin, Chongqing, Hejiang, Hechuan, Huxian, Huzhou, Neijiang, Fushun, Longchang, Weiyuan, Zizhong, Anyue, Renshou, Jianyang, Chengdu, Xinjin and Shuangliu.

Guizhou: Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Zunyi and Rongjiang.

Hunan: Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Chaling, Yanling, Youxian, Anren, Changning, Laiyang, Lingxian, Yongxing, Guidong, Rucheng, Jiangyong, Jianghua, Chenxian and Yizhang. 18. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities Hainan: 8 counties including Danxian, Chengmai, Ding 'an, Lingao, Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning and Sanya.

Taiwan Province Province: Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Changhua, Hualien, Yunlin, Taitung and Taipei. 13.

Hong Kong and Macao: Hakkas in Hong Kong and Macao live in various places, accounting for a considerable proportion of local residents.

Shaanxi: Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other Hakka areas in southern Shaanxi have many Hakkas returning from Hakka areas, with a population of 200,000. It is not yet possible to determine non-pure Hakka counties and cities.

Henan: There are many Hakkas returning from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in the south of Henan, but they have never been determined to be non-pure Hakka counties.

Distribution of Hakkas around the World (8)

Asia:

There are 70 million people in China, 6.5438+0.2 million in Indonesia, 6.5438+0.25 million in Malaysia, 600,000 in Thailand, 600,000 in Singapore and 6,800 in the Philippines.

Vietnam 6.5438+05 million, Myanmar 55,000, Cambodia 6.5438+00,000, India 25,000, Laos 500,000 and Saudi Arabia 220,000.

Japan1.20,000 people Brunei 09,000 people Pakistan 02,000 people Nepal 02,400 people Sri Lanka 0.01.7,000 people Kuwait 0.01.7,000 people.

0. 1.000 in North Korea, 20,000 in South Korea, 0.05 million in Turkey and 0.05 million in Bangladesh.

United States:

The United States has 284,000 people, Jamaica has 65,438+10,000 people, Trinidad and Tobago has 6,000 people and Panama has 5,000 people.

Colombia 0.0 1 10,000 Guatemala 0.0 1 10,000 Dominica 0.10.2 million Canada 865,438+0,000.

Bolivia 0.010 million Peru 200,000 Brazil 2400 Chile 0.10.2 million.

Guyana 600,000 Argentina 500,000 Cuba 0.8 1 10,000 Ecuador 0.2 million.

Suriname 0.4 1.000 Venezuela 0.200 Mexico 0.0 1.000.

Europe:

France has 30,000 people, the Netherlands has 0.2 1.000 people, Russia has 0.1.200 million people, Denmark has 0.1.200 million people, Norway has 0.300 million people, and Britain 1.52 million people.

Germany 500,000, Italy 0. 1.00 million, Switzerland 0. 1.00 million, Belgium 430,000, Portugal 0.05 million and Sweden 0.24 million.

Yugoslavia 0.24 million Czech 0.0 1.00 Austria 0.500 Iceland 0.0 1.002 million Spain 0.0500 Seychelles.

There are 20,000 people in Luxembourg.

Africa:

Madagascar 00200, Mozambique 00300, Nigeria 00200, Senegal 00600.

Zambia 00600, Ghana 0200, Reunion 18000, Mauritius 35000.

Kenya 0.0 1.000 South Africa 25000 Zaire 0.020 Angola 0.020.

Oceania: New Guinea 0. 1.2 million Nauru 0. 1.2 million Russell 0. 1.2 million Solomon 0. 1.2 million.

43,000 in Australia, 0/000 in New Zealand/KLOC, 0/000 in Tahiti/KLOC, 5,000 in Fiji, 0,500 in Marshall and 0,300 in Western Samoa.

The 82 countries listed above are 85 countries and regions if China, Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong and Macau are listed separately. This is an accepted figure. But in recent years, it is said that there are more than 90 countries and regions, even more than 100. The total population is more than 80 million, 1 100 million, 654.38+200 million and other different data. According to the above figures, it should be about 80 million. But each has its own basis, and it is still difficult to determine what is right and wrong.