The Heritage of Tunpu People in Ming Dynasty

Anshun lives in the hinterland of central Guizhou. It is located in the middle of the stepped slope belt on the east side of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, at the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. The climate here is pleasant, it belongs to the humid type of north subtropical monsoon, with abundant rainfall, and it is a relatively flat valley basin in Guizhou Plateau. Typical karst landforms have bred the strange mountains and strange waters in Anshun, and created the majestic Huangguoshu Waterfall, the uncanny Dragon Palace and the vast Huajiang Grand Canyon.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the name "Anshun" first appeared in local classics. The word "Anshun" in the eyes of rulers means "Anshun obeys" and "peace obeys", so that people here will always submit to the authority of the Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the historical situation involved Anshun in the war. In order to lead the reunification of Xinjiang, Zhu Yuanzhang sent his general Tang He south to Guizhou in the fourth year of Ming Hongwu (137 1), and in the fourteenth year of Ming Hongwu (138 1), Zhu Yuanzhang sent his general south, leading 300,000 troops to "transfer north to south" for the first time. The war to conquer the south has been going on for many years, but the result of military repression has not subdued the southwest, and the fire of rebellion has been rekindled from time to time, threatening the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the minister's suggestion and adopted the strategy of combining repression with appeasement. In addition to setting up officials and guards, he also practiced the system of reclaiming land. According to the ratio of 3 to 7, 30% troops are stationed in cities and 70% in rural areas. According to the general flag, everyone was assigned to 24 mu of cultivated land, Xiaoqi was assigned to 20 mu of cultivated land, and everyone was assigned to 18 mu of cultivated land, which made the troops and their families settle down. In addition, the Ming dynasty also forcibly recruited a large number of farmers, craftsmen, servants, businessmen and criminals from the Central Plains, Huguang and Jiangnan provinces to move to central Guizhou by the measure of "moving north to fill south". It is called "immigrants will broaden the countryside", and farm tools, cattle, seeds and fields are distributed. With the preferential policy of not paying taxes for three years, they lived together on the spot and joined the army together.

People living in this social area, due to the specific historical background, special living environment, special customs and unique artistic culture, named their villages with military properties, such as tun, fort, official, sentry, health, land, customs, cards and flags. Therefore, the "system" has been abolished, and such people can no longer be called in military terms, but live there. With the changes of the times, the abolition of wasteland reclamation and the influx of immigrants, the original tunbao has been expanded. With Anshun as the center, Pingba in the east, Zhenning and Guanling in the west, Ziyun in the south and Puding and Fiona Fang in the north, hundreds of Tunpu villages with a population of about 300,000 are scattered on this land. Ming Taizu's action of "the tiller doesn't get sick, but just plows the fields" not only achieved the military purpose of suppressing rebellion and consolidating rule in Ming Dynasty, but also promoted the development of Anshun with the advanced farming technology brought by military immigrants. Although Tunpu people come from the Central Plains and Jiangnan provinces, they have the same purpose, the same fate and the same survival needs. Many people live together in villages, which gradually forms a special cultural phenomenon-Tunpu culture, which is different from the local ethnic groups and other Han people and constitutes an intriguing element in Anshun's multi-culture. Why did Anshun form a unique Tunpu people and Tunpu culture to maintain the legacy of the Ming Dynasty? In this regard, outsiders are surprised and discussants are thinking deeply. If you walk into a Tun Bu Village to have a look, ask and listen, you will be relieved.

First, the geographical location and natural environment of Anshun. Although it is located in the Guizhou Plateau at an altitude of about 1 1,000 m, there are large flat basins between the peaks and valleys, and the abundant water resources, rainy and warm subtropical climate and relatively developed traffic brought by the geographical advantages. In Anshun, a highly dense tunpu community has become the most densely populated place in southwest China. With the passage of time, they lived together from generation to generation, which played an important role in the inheritance of Tunpu culture.

Second, after the implementation of the reclamation system, a large number of officers and men were concentrated in contiguous units to maintain the military system, usually focusing on farming and responsible for defending the surrounding areas; In case of war, you should be ready to go to the front. This self-contained organizational system of soldiers and peasants is different from the regular army and can be mobilized and lifted. One copy of "foolish loyalty" was exchanged for immovable land and home. This fate, in the face of the surrounding contradictory environment, is the same as the psychology of "being a stranger in a foreign land" and the cultural identity of the big fellow villagers, which closely connects these "fellow villagers" from Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei and other places, conveying the same cultural information and the same expression. Interact and help each other in a relatively fixed life circle, and jointly shape the soul of Tunpu culture.

Third, the farming system in Anshun in Ming Dynasty was mostly based on one family or several big surnames. The emperors of the Ming dynasty knew very well that the internal cohesion and external tension generated by the traditional patriarchal clan system thought could converge into an irresistible force. It is undoubtedly the best choice to implement the general plan of "filling the south", build a military stronghold of "more Han and less foreign", concentrate small troops and build a tunpu area with family as the main body. Today, in many tunpu villages, the surname is still the main body. They live in groups, build ancestral temples, repair ancestral temples, continue ancestral graves and genealogy, and continue the glory and development of their own people with patriarchal clan system. The result was the precipitation of Tunpu culture, which accelerated the solidification.

Fourth, marriage in the traditional sense is a necessary process to ensure the continuation of family blood. Under the domination of patriarchal clan system, the past view of marriage was very particular about "matching the right family". Under the control of this concept of marriage, they will never marry other ethnic groups around them, that is, "Hakka" Han people who came to Guizhou from other provinces, nor will they become the object of mate selection, and even form a marriage circle of "chariot to chariot", "fort to fort", "people to people" and "upper to upper chariot". It is this kind of one-way marriage, which is different from intimacy and intimacy, and forms a kind of interpersonal network of mutual assistance and interaction with the in-laws of aristocratic marriage, and preserves the inherent cultural images such as beliefs, folk customs and habits.

Fifth, Tunpu people come from the economically and culturally developed Central Plains and Jiangnan areas, and their mode of production is much better than that of local aborigines. The economy and culture are relatively developed, and naturally there is a strong sense of identity between them, which is self-contained and self-contained. Driven by the overall consciousness, they merged into a thick wall, disdaining the infiltration of the surrounding national culture. In addition, Tunpu people are the heroes of the Ming Dynasty. For indigenous people, they are conquerors and occupiers; For the Han people in the south of China, they are pioneers and pioneers. Their special social status endows them with a strong sense of pride and superiority, which not only discriminates against the local ethnic groups, but also looks down on the Shangtun Han people whose economic situation is better than theirs. She often laughs at her women's headdress as "broom handle" and her pointed feet as "foreign hammer". An authentic concept always puts itself in a condescending position, protects itself and explains itself alone.

Although the Qing dynasty abolished the system of reclaiming farmland, the army lost its political and military dependence and became the same social status as the people in Heping village and merchant village, the traditional superior mentality still lingered, just like they danced local operas, drummed the same drums, jumped the same books and played the same mentality.