What are the similarities between European and American genes and Asian genes?

What are the similarities between European and American genes and Asian genes?

The human genome map shows that the similarity of gene coding between people is as high as 99.99%, and the difference is only 0.0 1%. It is this difference of 0.0 1% that determines the differences in appearance, body shape, skin color and eye color of ethnic groups. Scientists can't explain whether 0.0 1% gene can determine the quality of physical fitness, but what is certain is that people of different races must have differences in physiology and biochemical metabolism.

The research results of sports medicine show that black people have short trunk, long limbs, long upper limbs, big arms, thick lower thighs and thin lower calves, and there is an excellent moment between their feet and legs, and their hips are generally upturned, which is their physical condition and characteristics. American psychologist Eleanor? Mertelj Ray made a anthropometric study of African-Americans. He compared different races of the same height and found that the lower limbs of blacks are always longer, especially the calves are longer than other races. Because of the long lower limbs, black people's center of gravity is higher than other races, and their center of gravity is high, and the stability angle is reduced, which is conducive to speed and flexibility. Leg length is beneficial to running, which can make the ends of limbs get greater linear velocity, which is beneficial to pedaling, thus obtaining greater supporting reaction. Studies by European and American scholars have also found that under the condition of the same weight and internal organs, the bones of blacks are about 5 cm longer than those of people of other races. Researchers in China tested Cuban black women volleyball players. Their average height 1.789 meters, arm 1.9 meters, and the longest is 2.02 meters. Black people have a higher rate of arm elongation than other races. This figure makes them have an absolute advantage in ball games, track and field, boxing and other projects, but they are at a disadvantage in weightlifting, gymnastics and other projects. For example, when black athletes lift weights, they lift heavy objects to the top of their heads, and their limbs are slender and unfavorable. At this point, they are much inferior to the yellow race, because the yellow race is mostly cylindrical and easy to lift weights. Many experts believe that the explosive force will be very strong when the hips are upturned, so the ability to sprint and bounce is good. Because the hips are upturned, the muscle length of the hips and legs is increased, and more strength is generated when contracting. Stretched muscles can also increase the action time of strength on hips and legs. The foot structure of black people is also different from other races. Ordinary people have the longest big toe, while black people have the longest second toe, and their calcaneus are large, their arches are high, their soles are thick and fleshy, and their whole feet are like a pair of elastic boots. Because the muscles on the soles of black people's feet are well developed, the muscles on their feet are very strong. According to researchers' tests, the muscle strength in black feet is 150-200 kg, that in yellow feet is 100 kg, and that in white feet is 50 kg. If the same leg pedal force acts on the ground, the elasticity of blacks is 3-4 times higher than that of whites. So black people are invincible in track and field, especially in sprint. In addition, the black heel is longer. According to the test, the average length of heel key of Cuban black women's volleyball players is 25.9 cm and the longest is 29 cm.

Among the muscle fibers of other dominant blacks, there are more red muscles and less white muscles. Muscle fibers are divided into red muscle and white muscle according to different colors. Red muscle cells have more mitochondria and provide more energy, so people with red muscles or mainly red muscles belong to explosive players. White muscle cells can provide energy evenly and continuously, so people with white muscle or mainly white muscle have stronger endurance and belong to endurance athletes. The muscle of black athletes is mainly red muscle, which is suitable for sprint events. There are many white muscles in the muscles of Europeans and Americans, which are suitable for endurance and antagonistic sports. Some people say that Tai Sen is an explosive player by nature. Doctors in the former Soviet Union thought that the outbreak of Tai Sen was far worse than others, because Tai Sen's red muscle was far worse than others, but there were more red muscles and less white muscles, so Tai Sen was born with insufficient endurance. Black people have higher bone density than other races, but less fat than other races. Lighter bones and less fat make the proportion of blacks larger. The density of adult organs is only that the density of fat is less than that of water, while the density of bones is the largest, which is greater than that of water, so buoyancy is directly related to the amount of fat. In water, the muscle weight per cubic centimeter of white people is only 1.5g, while that of black people is11.3g. So in water, black people need to make more efforts than white people to solve the problem of body floating. The proportion is large and the buoyancy is small, which is why black athletes, both men and women, have little success in swimming, unlike other events. The radiation and heat dissipation function of blackbody is superior to that of other races. People's body temperature will inevitably rise during exercise. If a person can't regulate his body temperature well, the internal environment will not be normal, and the destruction of electrolyte balance will affect the normal function of the nervous system. The study of black people's metabolism shows that black people have more sweat glands than white people, so black people's skin cools faster than white people's, and the perspiration mechanism is more perfect. In a room with a room temperature of 37.8℃, after a series of specified actions, blacks sweat less than whites. However, after staying at high temperature (76.50℃) for 15 minutes, black people sweat more than ten times as much as white people. The results show that blackbody has strong radiation and heat dissipation function, which not only has the morphological advantages of heat dissipation system, but also has obvious differences with the content of trace elements in human body. Black people's generous lips, short and thick nasal cavity and well-developed sweat glands are all conducive to emitting body heat and regulating body temperature. And the percentage of copper in black blood is higher than that in Europe. This is because copper plays a catalytic role in the formation of melanin. The difference in tolerance to the sudden increase in temperature caused by drought has been revealed in infancy, such as the raging dry-hot wind blowing from the Sahara desert to Senegal and Sudan, which caused a large number of white babies to die, but it had no special impact on black babies.

The content of red blood cells in black blood per cubic millimeter is higher than that of other races. Black people have more than 6 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter, which is higher than other races 1 0,000-10.5 million. The more red blood cells, the higher the hemoglobin content. The main function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen to tissues to oxidize energy substances and release energy for physical activities. When the human body is exercising, hemoglobin can increase the oxygen supply and expel the metabolites lactic acid and carbon dioxide in the body. The rapid recovery of black athletes after muscle fatigue has a lot to do with hemoglobin.

Race is a product with profound evolutionary characteristics, and different races have different morphological characteristics. There are several transitional races from "black race" to "Europa race" and then to "Mongolian race" (Table 2). Race is the product of "nature" and "nation" is the result of "culture", and the distribution of race also has its important characteristics. A country is not evenly distributed with various races and nationalities, and there are different races in different geographical spaces. For example, Africa is ruled by blacks; Europe is dominated by Europa; Asia, especially East Asia and North Asia, is dominated by Mongols. Among the more than 5 billion people in the world, Mongolians account for about 4 1% of the total population, Europa accounts for about 43%, and nigro-Australians only account for 16%. In every adult or branch race, there are many ethnic groups, and some ethnic groups are formed by the fusion of two or more ethnic groups.

Different races have different "heights" because of different "regional differences". Anthropological research draws the conclusion: "The geographical difference of the arithmetic average height of the world population is 40 ~ 465,438+0 cm, and the shortest is the black people in Congo Basin (African pygmies), with an average height of 65,438+0,465,438+0 cm; The highest is the black people in the southeast of Lake Chad in Africa, with an average height of 182cm. The shortest ethnic groups in the world are the pygmies in Central Africa, the pygmies in Southeast Asia and the Bushmen in South Africa. The highest groups are some black groups north of the tropical forest boundary, Scots and Polynesians in the Marquesas Islands. "

With regard to the distribution of human height, the famous anthropologist Roginski and others drew from a large number of anthropometric data: "The average height of the whole human being is about 165cm for males and 154cm for females, and the average difference between male and female height is 8 ~ 1 1cm." He also said: "Short stature (less than 160cm) is the characteristic of the northernmost people in Europe, Asia and America (Littles, Mansi, Handi, Ancient Asians and Eskimos), and many groups in East and Southeast Asia (many ethnic groups in Japan, India, zhina and Indonesia), Central America and South America are also short stature. Tall people (above 170cm) are also found in northern Europe (Norwegians, Swedes), the Balkans, the Caucasus, northwestern India and North America. "

Obviously, in anthropology, different races have their own characteristics, and different races have different heights. The highest race is black, Europa and their variants, while Asians are of medium height. The height of a nation is formed by differences in geography and climate. Since the Neolithic Age, due to the continuous migration of population and mixed blood, the geographical characteristics of human height began to blur. Migration leads to the same morphological characteristics of ethnic groups, and the result of mixed blood is the emergence of various varieties. For example, the Ethiopian race is the highest in Africa. Although the skin color of this race is black, it contains red components, which makes it reddish brown. According to textual research, this is a special race on the African continent. Anthropologists pointed out: "Ethiopians live in Ethiopia and Somalia in the northeast of Africa and the Horn of Africa. They are a mixed type of Europeans and blacks, that is, whites and blacks."

Black people in the arena can't talk about the relationship between race and competitive sports without talking about black people. Black people are a special phenomenon in ethnology and sports. Black people's talent in sports is amazing. From track and field to ball games, from speed to endurance, from jumping to boxing, a number of bright stars have emerged, which makes other events far behind. In addition to long-distance running, the sports talent of black people is increasingly concentrated on African-Americans, especially African-Americans. Louis in track and field, Michael Jordan in basketball and Tai Sen in boxing all represent the highest level of contemporary human sports.

The study of black people's "metabolism" shows that black people have more sweat glands than white people, and black people "have faster skin cooling and better perspiration mechanism than white people." In a room with a room temperature of 37.8℃, after a series of specified actions, blacks sweat less than whites and the rectal temperature is lower. "After staying at high temperature (76.5℃) for 15 minutes, white people sweat 107cm3 and black people sweat 170cm3". According to some data, in the case of overheating, the thermal regulation function of blacks is more perfect than that of whites. In other words, the speed of black people returning to normal body temperature is faster than that of white people, and the sweat glands of African blacks are larger than those of Europeans. It has been proved that the percentage of copper in black blood is higher than that in Europe. This is because copper plays a catalytic role in the formation of melanin. The difference in tolerance to the sudden increase in temperature caused by drought has been revealed in infancy. For example, "the dry and hot wind blowing from the Sahara desert to Senegal and Sudan has brought many deaths to white babies, but it has no special impact on black babies." [1] People's body temperature will inevitably rise during exercise. If a person can't regulate his body temperature well, his internal environment will not be normal, and the destruction of electrolyte balance will affect the normal function of the nervous system. In contrast, Mongolians and Europeans are much worse than black people in nigro in enduring high temperatures. The measurement shows: "The width of black people's mouth fissure is very large (compared with the size of face and head), and the lip mucosa is malleable, which can accelerate the evaporation of water and cool the inhaled air, which is beneficial to living in tropical areas. The narrow and high head shape unique to tropical people is more suitable for the environment with strong sunshine than the low and wide head shape. " [1] On the contrary, Europeans and Mongols did not have this advantage. In football, long-distance running and boxing, the reason why black athletes have so many talents is not entirely because of economic and sociological phenomena, but more because of ethnographic characteristics.

Before African-American immigration and colonization, there were no African-Americans on the American continent. Black people are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and Arabia. Indians live in the American plate and belong to the Mongolian race or its variants. Black Americans are African slaves sold by Europeans (table 10). Most black immigrants from Africa are tall black people. European colonists moved blacks to the United States, not for immigration, but to transport labor. After black people came to the United States, they laid a foundation for future mixed-race races, physical types and sports, which is also the reason why black people in the United States are tall, and they all abide by this law from North America to South America. Black people in North America shine brilliantly in basketball, track and field and boxing, while black people in South America are unparalleled in football and jumping. The highly developed economic conditions in the United States have catalyzed the high development of blacks. Speed is inseparable from strength, but it is also inseparable from whether the human body is tall or not. At the same speed, tall athletes must run faster. In addition to weightlifting, the same is true of strength sports.

Black people's performance in speed events. The result of 100m competition represents the speed limit of human beings. 1988 Canadian black athlete Johnson set a world record of 9.83 seconds 1989 American black athlete burrell, who was only 20 years old, set a good record of 9.94 seconds in 100 meters 1989 American black athlete gold set twice11. 1On July 30th, 989, Sotomayor, a Cuban black athlete, jumped over the bar of 2.44m, setting a world record for high jump. The athletic talent of black people is closely related to their physiological characteristics. Muscle biopsy shows that black athletes have a high percentage of muscle fibers, so they don't consume too much oxygen in sprints. The flexor muscle strength of black foot is about 150 ~ 200 kg, while that of white foot is only about 50kg. If the same leg pedal force acts on the ground, the elasticity of blacks is 3 ~ 4 times higher than that of whites. Therefore, black sprinters are invincible and invincible.

The performance of black people in endurance events has evolved from origin to evolution. Black people have lived in the African plateau for a long time, which has created the greatest oxygen absorption capacity of this species, and black people are equally excellent in endurance events. Kenyan black athletes have long dominated middle and long distance running events. Allen, a 22-year-old Kenyan athlete, won the men's 800-meter race in the 24th Olympic Games. In the same year, in the world indoor track and field competition, it broke the world record of indoor 800-meter running 1 minute of 44.85 seconds, which was held by British athlete S. Coe for many years. At the Zurich International Track and Field Grand Prix, he created the best result of 1 minute 43.438+06s. Kenyan athletes J.Kariuki and P.Koech won the gold medal and silver medal in the 3000m steeplechase in the 24th Olympic Games. In the track and field grand prix held in Stockholm, Kaluki broke the world record of 8 minutes and 5.40 seconds 1 1 year held by Kenyan athlete Henry Rono. Black athletes from other countries also have extraordinary performances. S.Aouita, a black Moroccan athlete, is called "Morocco Express". He set five world records for middle and long distance running. He not only ran the best result of 3 minutes and 30.63 seconds 1500m, but also set a world record of 7 minutes and 29.45 seconds and 3000m. Endurance exercise is related to people's cardiopulmonary function and the regulation of body temperature by neuroendocrine. Black people have long lived in the high-temperature tropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the southern part of the earth, which has the biological advantages of heat resistance and temperature regulation.

The bad record of black swimming can be described as "track and field" in the water, which is not only a competition of speed, but also a competition of endurance. However, in this case, blacks have no advantage. Few black athletes appear in high-level international competitions, and even if there are, they are mostly mixed-race black people with low level. Why is this happening? This is related to the muscle structure characteristics of black people. In water, the muscle weight of white people is only 1.5g/cm3, while that of black people is 1 1.3g/cm3, and yellow people are in between. So the floating problem of black people is not easy to solve. Black people also have no "talent" for weightlifting. There is a simple reason. Black people belong to a race with slender limbs. Lifting heavy objects to the top of your head, slender limbs are equivalent to increasing resistance, which is very painful. This is much less than the Mongolians in Eastern Europe and the Mongolian-Europa mixed race-"five short stature", which is cylindrical in shape, strong in body and easy to lift weights. So is wrestling. Black people are prone to fall down because of their slender figure, high center of gravity and unstable standing.

Sociological analysis of black phenomenon The performance of black people in sports is really like a mystery, which deeply puzzles people. Because the factors that lead to this black phenomenon with small population but excellent sports performance are really complicated. Facing this problem, try to discuss it here. Sports competitions basically follow the natural laws of "survival of the fittest" and "natural selection". The most direct evidence is that the rules of sports are completely open and open, and the fairness of the rules conforms to the laws of nature to the greatest extent. Only when the laws of human beings are close to the laws of nature can their rationality be fully reflected. Generally speaking, the design of sports competition rules considers "absolute competition" rather than "relative competition". It seems that the problems caused by relative competition are more serious than those caused by "absolute competition". Therefore, everyone in the world never complains about the "absolute" phenomenon of this rule. Moreover, various projects always have advantages and disadvantages for different races. For example, basketball, volleyball and most track and field events, the higher the figure, the better; In gymnastics and weightlifting, the shorter the height, the better. Because of this, the advantages and disadvantages offset each other, making the competition law of "absolute competition" generally accepted by all people in the world. Only by acknowledging this premise can we find the "internal" connection between black phenomenon and yellow problem and understand its close nature. The talent structure of sports is the result of "choice". For example, playing basketball, not anyone who wants to play can be famous, but first of all, who is the most suitable to play basketball can be chosen through this game. As a result of layer-by-layer selection, basketball players are all big men. Accordingly, gymnastics and weightlifting are both small people. American social values are very close to the "survival of the fittest" in animal society and the concept of absolute achievement in sports (such as "1", "success" and "victory"). ) strengthens the "survival of the fittest" of human beings. In this way, all talents who are suitable for a certain sport will get the best "choice" through its racial regulations. It is mainly in this way that black people get the "best election of their kind", which makes them shine in track and field, boxing, basketball, football and other projects that require height, strength and flexibility, while white people who are not bad in height and weight cannot be shaken. This can also explain why "colored people" like Owens won honors for the United States, for humanity and for colored people before Hitler. Other colored people probably want to win honor from Hitler's eyes. But because they are not talented enough, even white people can't beat them, and their dreams naturally can't come true. Of course, it is precisely because blacks are born with such advantages that they are doomed to have corresponding disadvantages. Black people have no advantage in wrestling, weightlifting and gymnastics because of their tall figure, high center of gravity and long limbs. Such disadvantages naturally cannot "favor" such projects, and "preference" can only favor the opposite Mongolian or Eastern European races.

In the composition of the "Chinese nation", we can hardly see the "European race" and the "black race" at all. In the "Chinese nation", we lack the lineages of two other adults. The Europa race is only faintly visible in a few provinces such as Xinjiang and Heilongjiang, and the black race is absolutely absent. Although there are "Shandong big men" in China, the average height of these "big men" is only 170cm, which is incomparable with the Europa and nigger races whose average height is 180cm. As the measurement shows: "The racial and ethnic differences in human body size are also obvious. For example, white people are bigger than other races. Among Asian countries, the human body size of countries such as Vietnam and Thailand is slightly smaller than that of China and Japan. " "Americans (mostly white people) are significantly taller than China (yellow people)." [5] Even so, anthropometric data show that the trunk of Mongolian race is significantly higher than that of black race and Europa race. "The yellow race is smaller than the white race in terms of body bone size, weight and limb strength, but the ratio of trunk to limb length of the yellow race is greater than that of the white race. [5] These characteristics greatly limit the speed, jumping and winning of track and field, big ball and other events. China and other Mongolians, but it provides convenience for various "short, flat and fast" projects such as dexterity, balance or soft fall. In this way, it is really difficult for China athletes to catch up with the world-class level in track and field events such as football, basketball, volleyball and running jump shot. We can only make more efforts on "scientific selection of materials" and "effective training" and make up for the "congenital" deficiency by artificial means. The relationship between race and sports also follows the principle of ergonomics. We can only get twice the result with half the effort if we make more efforts in selecting materials and giving full play to our talents.