What is the nature of the battle of jaxa? What is the nature of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu?

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The Battle of Jacques was a war between China and Russia. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Russia expanded to Siberia and marched into the Heilongjiang River Basin, which was defeated by the Qing army several times. However, due to the vast territory and sparse population in Northeast China, once the Qing army retreated, the Russians made a comeback and built Nibuchu City (now Nibuchusk, Russian Federation) and Yakesa City (now Skovorodino, Russian Federation) in the Heilongjiang River Basin.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the Russians invaded the Heilongjiang River basin constantly, inciting local chief Soren to rebel, and Kangxi was furious. After several unsuccessful negotiations, 1685, Kangxi dispatched Heilongjiang general Sabusu, led by 15000 soldiers to besiege jaxa, burned the wooden city, and more than 40 Russian soldiers surrendered, unwilling to return home, and were incorporated into Kangxi's Russian guards.

After the Qing army returned to the defense, the Russian army returned to rebuild the Tucheng. /kloc-in the summer of 0/686, Sabusu led the Qing army to attack jaxa again, and it was impossible to encircle it for a long time. When Peter the Great sent a special envoy to make peace with China in Nebuchadnezzar Chu, the Qing army increased its troops by 20,000. Russia is competing with Sweden for Finland and has no time to look east. Finally, a peace agreement was reached, the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Treaty was signed, Russian troops withdrew from jaxa, the city of Jacques was destroyed, and the Sino-Russian border was demarcated.

The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is the first border treaty signed between the Qing Empire and the Russian Empire, and the first formal treaty signed between China and western countries.

From the late16th century and the era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Russia began to colonize Siberia and the Far East. 1636, the Russians arrived in the Sea of Okhotsk and conquered the whole Siberia. This area became a Russian colony.

When the Russian army approached China in the Qing Dynasty, a military conflict occurred. 1652 (the ninth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty), Russian troops moved eastward into Heilongjiang. "Zhang Jing, who was stationed in Ningguta (now Hailin County in Heilongjiang Province), was attacked by his troops and fought in Uzala village." This is the first world war between China and Russia. 1657, the Russian regular army established Jacques City and Nebuchadnezzar City at the confluence of the Nebuchadnezzar River and the Schleka River. Since then, there have been many diplomatic and military conflicts between China and Russia. 1685, after the Qing Emperor Kangxi put down the "San Francisco Rebellion", he sent a general Peng Chun to take up 5000 troops from Aihui on May 22nd and invade jaxa on May 25th. After that, the Qing army retreated and the Russian army made a comeback. 1686, the Qing army attacked jaxa again and besieged the city. The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu was formally signed on September 7th, 689.

1689 On August 27th, after the military conflict between the two countries in the jaxa region, the border treaty signed by the Russian plenipotentiary general Feyodoro, the plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty, the minister in charge of the Guards, and the national uncle Tong Guogang was as follows: Image: Treaty.jpg, Nebuchadnezzar.

From the grbic River, a tributary of Heilongjiang, to the outer Xing 'an Mountains until the sea, Lingnan belongs to China, and the northern part of Lingbei belongs to Russia. It borders the Ergon River in the west, China in the south and Russia in the north. Houses in the Heilileke estuary on the south bank of Ergon River should be moved to the north bank.

Jaxa belonged to China, the city of Jacques was demolished, and the Russians moved back to Russia. Hunters from both countries are not allowed to cross the border without authorization, otherwise they will be arrested and convicted. When a dozen people collectively cross the border, they must report to the emperors of the two countries and be sentenced to death according to their crimes;

This agreement stipulates that everything before will be forgotten forever. Since the day when the two countries reconciled forever, there have been fugitives who have not been accepted and should be repatriated by the armed forces.

The expatriates of both sides in each other's countries "sound the same."

If the two countries have tourist tickets (passports), border trade is allowed;

Reconciliation has been made, the two countries will be friendly forever, and all disputes since they came to the border will be abolished forever. If both parties strictly abide by the contract, there will never be a dispute.

The treaty has three versions in Manchu, Russian and Latin, and the three versions shall prevail. The inscription is carved in Manchu, Chinese, Russian, Mongolian and Latin. According to this treaty, Russia lost the Sea of Okhotsk, but established trade relations with the Daiyu Empire. This treaty divides Russia and China by the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Ergon River, but it does not determine the ownership of the area between Xing 'an Mountains and Udi River.

1693, Russia sent envoys to Beijing to ask for trade. Emperor Kangxi was very happy because his special envoy visited nine times. He authorized Russia to build a "Russian Pavilion" in Beijing. Every three years, a caravan of 200 people can stay in Beijing for 80 days, which other countries are not allowed to enjoy.

The Aihui Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860 replaced this treaty and established the modern border between Russia and China.

China generally believes that the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is a normal border treaty between two sovereign countries and an equal treaty, while the subsequent Treaties of Aihui and Beij are unequal treaties. Russia believes that the later "Love Faint Treaty" and "Beijing Treaty" are equal treaties.

Russia is a country with a late civilization and a late founding.

During the Yuan Dynasty in China, there was no Russian state. The Yuan Dynasty in China established a great empire across Europe and Asia, and in the west, the Wokuotai khanate, Qincha khanate, Chagatai khanate, Ilkhan khanate and the Four Great Khan khanates were established. At that time, there was only the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which belonged to the Chincha khanate of the Yuan Dynasty in China. The Grand Duchy of Moscow only governs several nearby cities.

By June 1547, in the 26th year of Emperor Sejong Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty in China, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was crowned according to the Byzantine ceremony, calling himself the "Tsar". Change the name of the country to Russia, and this is the country of Russia. In other words, the Russian state did not appear until the middle of the sixteenth century. Russia was very small at that time.

It turns out that the word "Tsar" is the Russian language of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and it is a kind of honorific title for the Byzantine emperor and the Chincha khanate. However, since Ivan IV called himself Tsar, the word Tsar has lost its original meaning and become synonymous with autocracy, dictatorship, violence and aggression.

Ivan IV began to invade and expand abroad since the establishment of the tsarist system. Plunder, seize territory, enslave and search conquered people.

Siberia has been the territory of China since ancient times. It is the residence of Su Shen, Xiongnu, Wusun, Donghu, Xianbei, Rouran, Turkic, Uighur, Jurchen and Mongolian tribes in the history of China.

From the middle of16th century, Russia invaded and expanded eastward, occupying a large area continuously. Only from 1582, Russia occupied the khanate of Cushing, and from 1638, the Russians established the city of Okhotsk. During these 56 years, the Russians occupied more than 4 million square miles of land eastward, occupying more than 0/0 million square kilometers of territory in China/KLOC. The area of this land is equivalent to the whole territory of Chinese mainland and the area of Russia in Europe.

Russia's aggressive ambition is endless. After China occupied these lands, they were not satisfied and continued to invade eastward.

By the middle of17th century, the Russians quickly extended their claws of aggression to the Heilongjiang River Basin, the inland river of China. Use the most savage Cossack soldiers to burn, kill and plunder in China, seize territory, arm immigrants and establish strongholds.

During China, Qing Dynasty and Kangxi period, I couldn't bear it anymore, and I was determined to completely defeat Luo Cha's invasion, so as to ensure the determination and peace of the northeast border between China and Russia.

Emperor Kangxi personally made decisions and directed the struggle against Luo Cha's aggression. After three years of full preparation and powerful offensive, Luo Cha, the vicious aggressor army that invaded jaxa, was finally defeated, and Luo Cha was forced to conclude a border treaty with China, putting an end to Luo Cha's aggression against China.

Finally, Russia asked for peace. Emperor Kangxi relented and promised to negotiate with Russia.

In the Sino-Russian negotiations, Russian representatives are extremely treacherous and cunning. What they can't get on the battlefield, they try to get from the negotiating table. The representative of China waged the most powerful struggle. Finally, Russia and China were forced to sign the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.

1689 On September 7th, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.

The full text of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu

The Great Sage and the Emperor made an imperial envoy as the boundary:

Ask for the figure of bodyguard, parliamentary minister and interior minister,

Home secretary, commander-in-chief, first-class duke and uncle Tong Guogang,

Talking to all the people,

Dutang Bandar Mountain (sand),

Sabusu, the general guarding Heilongjiang and other places,

Mara, the commander of the guard,

Wen Da, assistant minister Yuan,

together with

Russian special envoy of Chahan Okuni and others. (According to Russian, there are three special envoys, one is Fyodor Alekseyevich Golovin, the other is Simeon Kornitkoy, and the other is Ivan Justa Fievich Vlsov. If "Okuni" is the mistake of "KunniRussia", it seems to be the opposite of Kornitakoi).

In Nebuchadnezzar Chu, someone discussed:

First, Tchernaya (Chorna) flows into Heilongjiang from the north, that is, Ourouon, which is bounded by nearby Gorbitza (Kerbetchi) and flows into the sea along the mouth of Daxing 'anling. Among them, Lingyang flows into the river of Heilongjiang, belonging to China, and its Lingyin River belongs to Russia. However, all the rivers in the south of Uda, north of Xing 'an Mountains and middle are temporarily stored, and will be discussed after being inspected by various countries.

Second, it is bounded by Aregun (Ergone) flowing into Heilongjiang, with China on the south bank and Russia on the north bank. At the mouth of Merriken River on the south bank, there is a Russian Lushe, which migrated to the north bank.

Third, the Russian city wall of jaxa was completely demolished, and all the residents' belongings were evacuated to Chakhan.

Fourth, divide the border, and hunters of the two countries are not allowed to cross the border. If there is a small matter, if you cross the border to kill animals and steal, take it to the officer in charge and be punished separately. In addition, if ten or fifteen people join hands to kill or rob with sticks, they must hear about it and immediately enforce the law. If one or two people make mistakes, the two countries will make peace as usual and will not conquer at will.

Apart from all past events, the existing Russians in China and the existing Russians in China in Russian countries do not need to claim each other back, so they will be kept.

Since the two countries have been reconciled forever, we will travel together in the future. If there is a road ticket, listen to its transaction. Seven, since the date of the alliance, fugitives shall not be accepted and repatriated.

Eight, the ministers of the two countries met and agreed to make peace forever, and they must not violate the mistake.

(Quoted from Guo Tingyi: Modern History of China, pp. 38-39)

The treaty was originally written in Latin by Zhang Cheng and Xu Risheng. There are also Manchu and Russian translations. Zhang Cheng also translated a French version.

This is the first formal border treaty between China and Russia, as well as with foreign countries. This treaty is permanent. It is the only basis for dividing the northeast border between China and Russia. This treaty clearly stipulates that the two countries will "make peace forever" and "must not violate mistakes". It is very regrettable and unforgivable that later, Russia did not abide by the provisions of the treaty at all and never made peace with China.

1690 65438+1October 23rd, in order to show solemnity, China "sent officials to erect a monument on the boundary". The name of the boundary pillar is the boundary pillar agreed by Minister Qing and eros. According to the Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty formally signed by China and Russia, the monument was erected in Manchu, Chinese, Russian and Latin. There are seven inscriptions.

First, it flows from the north to Chu 'erna, Heilongjiang, that is, the Ulumu River, near the Gerbizi River. Along this barren land, there are stones (names) in Daxinganling and even in the sea; All the streams flowing into Heilongjiang from Shannan belong to China, and the streams in the north of Shannan belong to eros.

One is bounded by Ergon, which flows into Heilongjiang; The south bank of the river belongs to China, and the north bank belongs to Jiueros. All the houses of eros at the mouth of Mereka River on the south bank were moved to the north bank.

1. Demolish (except) the city built by eros, a place in jaxa, and evacuate the people and things of eros where jaxa lives to the place of Chakhan.

1. Any hunter, etc. Do not cross the border. If one or two thugs chase thieves across the border without authorization, they will be arrested and handed over to local officials, who will punish them according to the seriousness of the crime. Or 10, 15 people get together to hunt, kill, rob and rob with weapons, which will be heard, that is, to enforce the correct law. Don't let small things get in the way of big things, but make peace with China and avoid disputes.

1. In addition to letting bygones be bygones, all Eros in China and all China people in Eros still need not be repatriated.

First, now that we have reconciled forever, those who are allowed to travel in the future will be allowed to trade.

First, after reconciliation, fugitives are not allowed to be taken in and repatriated immediately.

(Strategies for Pacifying Luo Cha, Volume 4, quoted from Guo Tingyi: Modern History of China, 4 1 page)

The Chinese nation is an ancient civilization with a history of over 5,000 years. It is a country that advocates benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith, and pays attention to goodness and faith. This point has also been fully demonstrated in the process of getting along with Russia. For example, in jaxa's anti-aggression war, Emperor Kangxi repeatedly suggested that only Luocha should quit jaxa and not kill or capture their soldiers. Those who want to go back to Russia are allowed to go back, or they can go back with weapons. At that time, Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha soldiers trapped in Jacques City were plagued by the plague, and China was ready to help them heal. China took care of them. Even if the boundary pillar is erected, it means that the boundary between the two countries is clearly stipulated in the treaty, and the representatives of both sides personally sign it, so I believe that the provisions of the treaty will be observed and will not be destroyed. However, the actual performance of Russia later shows that China's understanding and attitude towards Russia is wrong. Only see the threat and harm caused by Russian aggression to China; And failed to see the ambition and essence of uncivilized and savage Luo Cha's crazy expansion abroad. This situation can be fully seen from the establishment of boundary markers and the further establishment of the northern border issue. Russia is extremely greedy, and China is constantly cheated. It is wrong for China to treat the belly of a villain with a gentleman's heart!

At that time, there was more than one boundary pillar on the Sino-Russian border, and several boundary pillars were not erected on the border. For example, the northernmost boundary pillar is not located at the top of the outer Xing 'an Mountains, but at the confluence of the Jilu River and Gyeonggi Province. The northernmost boundary pillar is not between Waixing 'anling and Yute River, but between Hute River and Tugur. This gave Luo Cha a refugee, leaving a loophole. Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha not according to the provisions of the treaty, but according to the boundary markers, that is, from there to divide the border between the two countries. In this way, the Russians occupied 23,000 square miles of land in China, which is more than 59,500 square kilometers.

Russia is an aggressive and very barbaric country; It's not a country of etiquette, it's totally unreasonable, it's a country that tries its best to invade China. Steal, rob, touch, take, cheat and do whatever it takes. Therefore, whenever dealing with Russia, we should be extra cautious and plan ahead. Never take it lightly, never be careless.

When China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, China was in the Kangxi period, and Russia was in the period of Tsar Ivan V of Russia and Peter I of Russia.

The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu has been clearly defined and affirmed. All the territories and sea areas from the southern foot of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains to the seaside are sacred territories and territorial waters of China. That is, the Sino-Russian border is the Outer Xing 'an Mountains (not the Daxing 'an Mountains on the map of China). North of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains is the Russian border. South of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains is the border of China. This national border is clearly demarcated. There is no problem of unclear boundaries.

Sakhalin Island is one of the three largest islands in China. These three islands are Hainan Island, Taiwan Province Province Island and Sakhalin Island. According to the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, Sakhalin is of course China's.

The so-called Amur and Binhai provinces, which are now occupied by Russia, have been the territory of China since ancient times.

Vladivostok and Boli, like Hongkong and Macau, are all lands of China.

Heilongjiang was originally the inland river of China, not the boundary river between China and Russia. This is very clear.

All the above are clear, there is no doubt, and there is no denying it. This is the sacred significance of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.

In determining the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, China lost 240,000 square kilometers of land, which was ceded to Russia for 240,000 square kilometers. Even so, the northeast border between China and Russia has finally been formally determined. In the 158 years after the signing of this treaty, although there were some frictions between China and Russia in the northeast, the border between the two sides was generally calm. Therefore, this treaty is correct and has its positive significance.

The Sino-Russian border demarcated by the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar was defended with blood and life by Russian officers and men under the personal leadership of Emperor Kangxi more than 300 years ago. The people of China should cherish, cherish and defend this border line.

The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is the only basis for dividing the northeast border between China and Russia. Any country crossing the border of this treaty into China by force is an illegal invasion and aggression against China. This is a very clear question.

Any occupation of any territory of China beyond the provisions of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is a violation of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu and is unacceptable to the people of China. It is also what traitors should not betray; Russia should be returned to China.

Since then, China has been forced by Russia to sign territorial treaties and agreements beyond the provisions of the Nebuchadnezzar Treaty, and the people of China do not recognize these treaties and agreements.

China wants to restore China's territorial integrity and sovereignty, that is, to restore the national boundaries clearly defined by the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu. The people of China have the right and responsibility to recover all the land lost after the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.

Russia's aggression against China is completely different from that of Britain and France in the past. In the past, Britain, France and other countries invaded China mainly to open trading ports so as to do business with China. Russian aggression against China was not the case. Russia's invasion of China is a constant embezzlement and occupation of China's territory. Or large-scale misappropriation, or continued occupation. All kinds of despicable means have been used. Look at the current map of China and compare it with the map of China in the Qing Dynasty. It is obvious that the territory of China has been greatly reduced. Russia's land has greatly expanded.