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Luxembourg, the full name of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is the only remaining Grand Duchy in continental Europe. It is located in the northwest of Europe, bordering Germany in the east, France in the south and Belgium in the west and north. Due to the changeable terrain, Luxembourg has always been an important military fortress in western Europe, and the north is called Gibraltar, because it is located in the main road of German-French traffic in history and its terrain is dangerous. Luxembourg is an industrial country with the highest per capita income and living standard in the European Union. The per capita gross national product ranks in the forefront of the world and the economy is highly developed. Steel, finance, radio and television are its three major economic pillar industries. Because of its narrow territory and numerous castles, it is also called "pocket kingdom" and "country of thousands of castles".

English name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

English name: TheGrandDuchyofLuxembourg, LeGrand-DuchédeLuxembour

Abbreviation: Luxembourg

Mainland: Europe

Capital: Luxembourg

National Day: June 23rd.

National anthem: our motherland

Country code: LUX

Official languages: French, German

Currency: Luxembourg franc

Political system: constitutional monarchy

State leader: Head of State: Grand Duke Henri.

Population: 493,500.

Main ethnic group: Luxembourg.

Main religion: Catholicism

Land area: 2586.3 square kilometers (world 176)

Gross domestic product: US$ 54.973 billion (2008)

Directory [hidden]

brief introduction

physical geography

administrative division

politics

economy

News and publication

diplomacy

brief history

outstanding

famous scenic spot

Language education system

brief introduction

physical geography

administrative division

politics

economy

News and publication

diplomacy

brief history

The language of celebrities and famous scenic spots

educational system

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction

National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 5:3. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, which are red, white and light blue from top to bottom. Red symbolizes the warm and brave national character, and also symbolizes the blood sacrificed by martyrs in the struggle for national independence and national liberation; White symbolizes the simplicity of the people and the pursuit of peace; Blue represents the blue sky, which means that the people have gained light and happiness. These three colors together symbolize equality, democracy and freedom.

Luxembourg is its national emblem.

National emblem: cloak-shaped. There is a coat of arms in the gold, red and white cloak with a golden crown at the top. The shield consists of white and blue parallel stripes with an upright red lion wearing a crown. Red, white and blue are the colors of the national flag. There is a duke's golden crown above the coat of arms, a golden lion on each side, surrounded by ribbons, and an Aokang medal hanging at the lower end. The national emblem symbolizes that Luxembourg is a grand duchy.

Per capita GDP: US$ 65,438+065,438+03,043 (IMF, 2009).

Human development index: 0.960- extremely high (estimated in 2009)

National motto: Mir w? Lle bleiwe wat mir sinn (Luxembourg as always)

National bird: Dai Ju (Dai Juying)

National Flower: Rose-(Rosa)

Time difference with Beijing: -7

International telephone code: 352

[Edit this paragraph] Physical geography

It covers an area of 2586 square kilometers. Located in the northwest of Europe, it borders Germany in the east, France in the south and Belgium in the west and north. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, and the Si Er forest area in the northern Ardennes Plateau accounts for 1/3 of the whole territory. The highest point, Bourg Praz Peak, is about 550 meters above sea level. In the south is the Guterres Plain. It belongs to the transitional climate between the ocean and the mainland.

[Edit this paragraph] Administrative divisions

China is divided into three provinces: Luxembourg, Diekirch and Grevenmacher, with 12 special zones and 1 18 towns. The governor and mayor of this city (town) are appointed by the Grand Duke.

[Edit this paragraph] Politics

The Grand Duke is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and has legislative and executive powers. In fact, parliament exercises legislative power; The government exercises executive power and is accountable to the parliament. Parliament is a unicameral system and the highest legislative body, consisting of 60 members with a term of five years. In July 2005, Luxembourg adopted the EU constitutional treaty by referendum.

[Edit this paragraph] Economy

Luxembourg is the most developed capitalist country in the world, and its per capita GDP ranks first in the world. Natural resources are scarce, the market is narrow, and the economy is highly dependent on foreign countries. Iron and steel industry, financial industry and radio and television industry are the three pillars of Shandong economy. Shandong is poor in resources. The forest area is nearly 90,000 hectares, accounting for about 1/3 of the national territory. Lu is dominated by steel, and the chemical industry, machinery manufacturing, rubber and food industries have also developed greatly. Industrial output value accounts for about 30% of GDP, and employees account for 40% of the employed population in the country. Lu Su is known as the "Kingdom of Steel", with a per capita steel output of about 5.8 tons (200 1), ranking first in the world. Agriculture is dominated by animal husbandry, and food cannot be self-sufficient. The output value of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for about 1% of GDP. Cultivated land is 6.5438+0.25 million hectares. The agricultural population accounts for 4% of the national population. The main agricultural products are wheat, rye, barley and corn.

[Edit this paragraph] Press and publication

6 daily newspapers: 5 German newspapers and 1 French newspaper, with a daily circulation of about 1.3 million. Among them, The Speech in Luxembourg (German) is published more than 75,000 copies a day; Daily (German) publishes more than 25,000 copies a day; "News" (German) publishes more than 20,000 copies a day; Lorraine and the newspaper (French) issue more than 20,000 copies every day. Luxembourg TV broadcasts in French, German, Dutch and German, and there are Italian programs on Sunday. Radio Luxembourg broadcasts in German, English, Dutch and other languages.

[Edit this paragraph] Diplomacy

The principles to be followed in international relations are: equality, non-use or threat of force, opposition to arms race, compliance with international law, respect for human rights and respect for the interests of small countries. Lu's foreign policy focuses on Europe, forming an economic alliance with Belgium and the Netherlands, and being a member of the European Union and NATO.

Relations with China:1972165438+10/0/6, the two countries established diplomatic relations. From June 5, 2004 to 10, Prime Minister Juncker paid a working visit to China. In September 2006, Grand Duke Henri paid a state visit to China.

[Edit this paragraph] A brief history

Rural Luxembourg Ancient Luxembourg belonged to Gaul and its residents belonged to Belgian tribes. BC 1 century was conquered by Roman Caesar.

Franks invaded in the 5th century and became part of the Frankish kingdom. After the division of the Frankish kingdom, Luxembourg became the territory of Siegfried, Earl of Ardennes in 963. 1060, his descendant Conrad became the Count of Luxembourg in the Holy Roman Empire, and the territory of Luxembourg was basically formed.

1308, Henry iv, the Earl of Luxembourg, was elected as the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, called henry vii, and established the Luxemburg Dynasty (1308 ~ 1437). Luxembourg was promoted to principality in 1364.

/kloc-Luxemburg was controlled by duke of burgundy in the 5th century, and/kloc-it was transferred to the rule of Charles I of Habsburg dynasty in the early 6th century. 1556 transferred to the rule of the king of Spain.

/kloc-at the end of 0/6, the iron smelting industry in Luxembourg began to develop.

/kloc-Luxembourg was involved in the Thirty Years' War in the 0/7th century.

1659, the peace treaty of the Pyrenees was signed, and parts of southern Luxembourg were allocated to France.

From 1684 to 1697, France occupied the whole territory of Luxembourg.

17 14 After the war of succession to the Spanish throne ended, Luxembourg was transferred to Austria together with Spain and the Netherlands.

1795 ~ 18 14 France occupied Luxembourg.

18 15 The Vienna Conference decided that Luxembourg was promoted to the Grand Duchy, King Nederland was the Grand Duke, and at the same time, it joined the German Confederation, where Prussian troops were stationed, and parts of eastern Luxembourg were allocated to Prussia.

1830 After the Netherlands was divided into two kingdoms, namely the Netherlands and Belgium, the London Treaty of 1839 stipulated that the west of Luxembourg belonged to Belgium and the east became an independent country with the Dutch king as the archduke.

From 65438 to 0848, the European revolution spread to Luxembourg, and a constitutional monarchy constitution was formulated.

Luxembourg seceded from the German Federation.

1867 Treaty of London established Luxembourg as an independent neutral country.

1868 to formulate a constitutional monarchy.

1890 completely got rid of the rule of the Dutch king led exclusively by the Nassau-Warburg family, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg became independent.

19 At the end of the 20th century, Luxembourg's economy developed rapidly, especially the iron smelting and steel-making industries became major industries and developed industrial countries. In World War I, the Germans occupied Luxembourg, and the archduke and the government were controlled by Germany. 192 1 year, Luxembourg and Belgium concluded a customs economic union. In World War II, German fascist troops occupied Luxembourg on 1940 ~ 1944, and merged Luxembourg into the German administrative region. The archduke and the British government in exile. The people of Luxembourg are against fascism. Luxembourg joined the United Nations after the war 1945.

1948 established a customs economic union with Belgium and the Netherlands.

1949 Join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and give up its neutrality.

1958 joined Europe.

1972 Luxembourg revised its constitution for the fourth time. Luxembourg now has a unicameral parliament, to which the Cabinet is responsible. The main political parties are the Christian Socialist Party, the Socialist Workers' Party and the Democratic Party. The Grand Duke granted the prince the throne in June 1964+065438+ 10/2.

Since 1974, in order to adapt to the increasingly fierce international market competition and change the situation of single domestic economic structure, the Luxembourg government has implemented the policy of industrial diversification, achieved certain achievements and further developed its economy. In 1980s, the per capita steel output reached 16 tons, ranking first in the world and becoming one of the international financial centers.

Luxemburg established diplomatic relations with China on June 1972+0 16 10/6.

[Edit this paragraph] Celebrities

Rosa luxemburg, an outstanding female activist and Marxist theorist in the international * * * production movement, is one of the leaders of the German Social Democratic Party and the Second International Left, and one of the founders of the German * * * production party.

1871March 5th, Luxembourg was born into a Jewish businessman's family in Samoshi, Lublin province, eastern Poland. Her family's income is unstable, and sometimes she even lives by pawning. When she was two years old, she moved to Warsaw with her family.

Poland since the end of the eighteenth century. After being divided up by Russia, Prussia and Austria for many times, nine-tenths of the land was ruled by the czar, and Luxembourg hated the czar's national oppression. 1887, she graduated from middle school, joined the Polish proletarian party, a youth revolutionary organization, and began to read the works of Marx and Engels. The "proletarian party" was quickly brutally persecuted by the czar government, and the young Luxembourg was blacklisted by the czar gendarmerie. From 65438 to 0889, Luxembourg went into exile in Zurich, Switzerland, and entered the University of Zurich the following year. During her seven-year college life, she paid great attention to various problems in Poland, Germany and Russia, and made in-depth research on issues related to the workers' movement. He often participates in international socialist gatherings and serves as an interpreter and liaison for representatives of various countries. 1893 in March, Luxembourg and her comrades-in-arms Mach levski and Guiorguis founded the "Polish Social Democratic Party", and the Workers' Cause magazine edited by Luxembourg became the party's organ. June 65438+July 0896 Luxembourg attended the Second International London Conference as the representative of Polish Social Democratic Party.

1897 In May, he graduated from the University of Luxembourg with honors and obtained a doctorate in law. After graduating from college, she moved to Germany to carry out revolutionary work among workers in Bonn and Upper Silesia. She actively participated in the activities of the German Social Democratic Party, and also participated in the newspaper work of Dresden and Leipzig political parties. Later, she settled in Berlin. Since then, Luxembourg's revolutionary activities have begun a new stage. At that time, Marxists in the German Social Democratic Party were debating with opportunists represented by Bernstein, and Luxembourg actively participated in the struggle against Bernstein. 1898, at the Stuttgart Congress of the German Party, the leftists represented by Luxemburg and Tsetkin waged a fierce struggle with the opportunists represented by Bernstein. Luxembourg criticized Bernstein's fallacy that "the ultimate goal is nothingness and movement is everything". She pointed out: "If the movement is not related to the ultimate goal, then the movement as the goal itself is nothing. For us, the ultimate goal is. 1899, Luxembourg wrote an excellent book "Social Improvement or Social Revolution" in response to Bernstein's "Socialist Premise and the Task of Social Democratic Party", criticizing Bernstein's fallacy of "peaceful growth into socialism" and expounding the viewpoint that the proletariat seized power through violent revolution. Luxembourg also exposed the "purpose" of Bernstein's revisionism, pointing out: "Fundamentally speaking, revisionism is not to realize the socialist system, but only to improve the capitalist system, not to eliminate the wage labor system, but to strive for more or less exploitation. In short, it aims to eliminate the shortcomings of capitalism, not capitalism itself. "Luxembourg constantly criticized Bernstein's revisionism at the subsequent German party congress. At the 1899 Hanover Congress of the German Social Democratic Party, she and Tsetkin proposed to expel Bernstein from the party. At that time, opportunism in the German party was rampant, and this requirement was not realized. At the Dresden Congress of the German Party in 1903 and the Second International Amsterdam Congress in 1904, Luxembourg joined forces with the revolutionary left and persisted in the struggle, and finally passed a resolution condemning Bernstein's revisionism. Luxembourg has also made many outstanding speeches against revisionism. She is an outstanding revolutionary activist in the German Social Democratic Party and the Second International Revolutionary Left.

1from February to may, 904, Lenin wrote a book "one step further, two steps back", which comprehensively and systematically expounded the party's organizational principles. After reading Lenin's book, Luxembourg wrote the article "Organization of Russian Social Democratic Party", which was published in "Mars of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party" and "New Era of German Social Democratic Party" 1904, and put forward different views on Lenin's party building thought. In her view, Lenin advocated "extreme centralism" with Brownian tendency. It is obviously wrong for Luxembourg to talk about opposing "bureaucracy" and "ultra-collectivism" under the specific circumstances of breaking away from the Russian Party, because she does not understand that Lenin advocated building the Party according to strict centralism in order to overcome the group habit of lax and lax discipline of Russian party organizations at that time. Because Russia is a reactionary tsarist autocratic system, the revolutionary struggle needs a centralized and unified party. Luxembourg's criticism is somewhat irrelevant, so Lenin said that Luxembourg "introduced my book to readers, but nothing else." The organizational principle of Russia * * * (Bolshevik) is democratic centralism, and 1906 was written into party constitution of Russia * * * (Bolshevik). Lenin attached great importance to developing inner-party democracy. The party constitution, adopted in 1922 and revised by Lenin, stipulates: "All controversial issues in inner-party life can be fully and freely discussed within the party before the resolution is passed." Major political decisions in Russia * * * * (Brazzaville) were made through democratic discussions.

In the international struggle at the beginning of the twentieth century, Luxembourg stood with Lenin on the issue of opposing revisionism, militarism and imperialist wars and became the second internationally famous leftist. Luxembourg 1905 warmly welcomed and supported the Russian revolution, actively introduced the experience of the Russian revolution to the German people, and called on German workers to support their struggle. 1907 In May, Luxembourg represented the German Social Democratic Party at the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party held in London. At this meeting, she first met Lenin, whom she had admired for a long time. She firmly supported the Bolshevik position headed by Lenin. Luxembourg and Lenin established a profound revolutionary friendship. 1907 In August, Luxembourg attended the Second International Stuttgart Congress as the representative of Polish Social Democratic Party. At the meeting, she stood with Lenin against international revisionism. One of the central topics of this meeting is war and revolution. German Party leader bebel drafted a resolution. Although this resolution correctly points out that war is the product of capitalism, only when capitalism is eliminated will war be eliminated. However, he mistakenly used the concepts of "defense" or "attack" to distinguish the nature of war, and only proposed to oppose militarism and war through parliamentary struggle, which gave revisionism an opportunity. Lenin, together with Luxemburg, revised and supplemented Baerbel's proposal in principle, clearly pointed out the imperialist nature of the war at that time, and must use all revolutionary means to oppose the predatory imperialist war. Once the war breaks out, it is necessary to use the political and economic crisis caused by the war to carry out a socialist revolution and overthrow capitalism. The General Assembly adopted the amendments of Lenin and Luxembourg. Later, the Copenhagen and Basel Conferences of the Second International reaffirmed the spirit of Lenin and Luxembourg's amendments.

Luxembourg said: "No matter what happens, please be quiet and happy!" ! This is life. We should accept this life in this way: be brave, bold and smile forever. "

[Edit this paragraph] Famous scenic spots

Grand Mansion: It is the residence of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and the seat of the Luxembourg Parliament. 1554 after the big bang castle was destroyed, it was rebuilt according to the style of the Spanish palace.

Luxembourg's Little Swiss Grand Canyon: 45 meters deep, the whole city is built on both sides of the canyon, and many bridges connect the new and old cities, which is very idyllic.

Adams Suspension Bridge: It is one of the landmarks in Luxembourg. The bridge spans the canyon and is very spectacular. It takes 10 minutes to cross the road from the railway station and walk along AUENUE LIBERTE.

Luxembourg Castle: As early as the third century AD, the castle was built on the rock near Bok in the present city. In 963 AD, Count Xi Gefloy rebuilt a fortress castle in the same place. This is considered to be the embryonic form of Luxembourg's urban construction.

Constitution Square: Monument to Heroes in Constitution Square 1923 completed. At that time, it was to commemorate the soldiers who died in World War I and was rebuilt after being destroyed in World War II.

Adolphe Bridge: One of the landmark buildings in Luxembourg, built at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. The bridge is 46 meters high and 84 meters long. It is a viaduct made of stone, located in the northwest of Luxembourg Railway Station.

Notre Dame Cathedral: Built in1613-1621years ago, this Renaissance building was not used as a church, but as a church school. After the expansion project of 1935, three pointed hats were added to become Notre Dame de Paris. This church, also known as the Church of the Son and the Virgin Mary, is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The structure of the northern part of the church is the product of the combination of Renaissance art style and Baroque style. The interior of the church is resplendent and magnificent. The altar inside is decorated with precious alabaster statues, and the wall pillars are carved with images of alaric.

Grand Palace: Living in the Grand Palace, the supreme ruler of Luxembourg at that time. This building has been restored many times in history. 1554 The former municipal government building destroyed in a fire was also integrated, and was later rebuilt by its Spanish rulers. Now it is located in Toum Square, north of Notre Dame Cathedral. The architectural style was influenced by the Italian Renaissance, and the interior decoration was very exquisite, especially the main hall, the king's room and the banquet hall.

[Edit this paragraph] Language

The official languages of Luxembourg are French, German and Luxemburg.

French is mainly used in administration, justice and diplomacy.

German is mostly used in newspaper news;

Luxemburg is widely spoken among the people and also used in local administration and justice. Luxemburg is a dialect of German, which originated from immigrants from Germany and Sarian Franks in the 4th century. Few foreigners can speak this language.

Most Luxemburg people can speak four or five languages. Most people, especially the younger generation, can understand and speak fluent English. Many young people can also speak Italian and Portuguese, which is the result of a large number of immigrants from southern Europe in the "Dagong" era.

educational system

In Luxembourg, compulsory national education is 1 1 year: it consists of two years of kindergarten, six years of basic education and three years of higher education. Luxembourg therefore has a three-level education system (kindergarten, primary school and high school). The attendance rate of students reaches 99%. There are many problems in Luxembourg's education system, such as spending a lot of time on language courses in German, French and English, and a high proportion of foreign students, especially from Romance-speaking countries where German courses are unsuccessful.

Starting from 1999, there are 1 year preschool classes before the two-year kindergarten; This makes it possible for children to get better and more complete socialization in language, society and school. After six years of basic education, students can choose two secondary education routes:

High school of science and technology (67% students), with a schooling of at least 3 years, and at least 6 to 7 years before graduation (CATP) or entering university. Or ordinary high school (33% students). Seven years after graduation, you can go to college with a certificate. This education system includes 1 1.3% of the social budget, accounting for the second place in the national expenditure. However, the PISA test results in Luxembourg are as bad as those in Germany.