What are the essential differences between Ming and Qing dynasties in the establishment of local officials?

The official system of the Qing Dynasty followed the official system of the Ming Dynasty. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, there are more central institutions, and local governments have officials at the provincial, prefectural and county levels, which are basically the same as those in the Ming Dynasty. However, in the ruling system, the Qing Dynasty was more perfect, developed and supplemented than the Ming Dynasty, showing many characteristics, which were roughly different in ten aspects.

First, according to the governor, power is unified.

The governor was established in the Ming dynasty, and its original intention was to unify power. Most governors in the Ming Dynasty were not governors, and their military responsibilities were very heavy. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor became the highest official in charge of the provinces, that is, the provincial governor in charge of the government, which ensured the centralized exercise of important provincial power, avoided the disadvantages of the decentralization of power in the Ming Dynasty, and managed the original cloth and handled provincial affairs according to the second division, thus strengthening local rule.

Because the governor focused on civil affairs, the governor focused on military affairs and neglected financial power, while the Qing emperor was autocratic and centralized, which was well controlled. Although there was a governor who integrated all powers, the phenomenon similar to the separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty did not reappear.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the governor was in charge of westernization, and some governors were also in charge of diplomacy, such as the governor of Zhili and the governor of Liangjiang, whose power increased greatly and gradually became more and more important. However, this only happened in the late Qing dynasty, and it did not develop to the point of separatism after all.

Second, the administrative divisions have been greatly reduced to facilitate governance.

Mainly reflected in three levels, one is the provincial level, which divides Shaanxi into Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, divides Jiangnan into Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, and divides Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces; The second is to save the province and turn the mansion into a small one. This was mainly during the Yongzheng period. The implementation method is to separate some counties and counties, and take the separated counties and counties as Zhili prefecture, which is at the same level as the government.

From big to small, such as Zhengding Prefecture in Zhili, Taiyuan Prefecture in Shanxi, Jinan Prefecture in Shandong and Chengdu Prefecture in Sichuan. At first, these counties were under the jurisdiction of more than 25 counties, with 37 counties in Xi 'an. After being classified into small houses, the number is basically kept below 16, and a few have 18, and the scale has been reduced by nearly half.

Third, state and county officials go deep into the grassroots to implement management.

The assistant officials of Fuzhou County separately guard the subordinate grass-roots areas and centrally manage the villages and towns in this area by dicing. Set up a patrol department to patrol and arrest, and strengthen public security management in key areas of Guanjin. In the Qing Dynasty, the defense of the left second pass in Fuzhou County to grass-roots places was combined with the patrol inspection of public security management in key areas, which deepened the grass-roots rule. Sending the provincial second officer to the provincial health inspection is actually a form of official dispatch to strengthen management.

Fourth, exercise the functions of inspection, supervision, inventory, audit and military rule over the government, Zhili Hall and Zhili Prefecture, and strengthen the stability of administration and rule at the government level.

After the mid-Qing Dynasty, all the prefectures, Zhili Prefecture and Zhili Hall basically had relatively fixed governance. In addition, professional roads such as rivers, grain lanes and salt lanes are relatively stable. These are the development and perfection of Taoism in Ming Dynasty.

Fifth, a large number of halls are widely set up.

Hall is a special ruling institution established in Qing dynasty, which is mainly located in complex, special and difficult areas. In the provinces directly under the mainland, set up special offices in areas far away from prefectures and counties that are difficult to govern, and strengthen governance.

The establishment of guild halls in ethnic areas, immigrant-inhabited areas and ethnic mixed areas is a special form of management for the grassroots under the new complex social conditions, which is a unique local management system in the Qing Dynasty.

Sixth, implement Garbo and strengthen grass-roots management.

Wang Anshi implemented the Baojia system during the Song Dynasty's political reform, but it was no longer implemented. There was also a Baojia system in the Ming Dynasty. What we know now is that Wang Yangming practiced it in Gannan, and it may have been practiced in other areas in the late Ming Dynasty. But overall, it was not as long and widespread as the Qing Dynasty, and the implementation of Garbo in the Qing Dynasty was more systematic.

From the first year of Shunzhi's entry into the customs, the Qing dynasty ordered the implementation of the Baojia system throughout the country. Later, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong issued imperial edicts to implement the Baojia system throughout the country, and formulated and promulgated some specific regulations, so the Baojia system was widely implemented in the Qing Dynasty.

Seventh, strengthen the ideological rule of the grass-roots people, preach the Oracle and extensive training of the law, and fix this system.

This way is called enlightenment. People have been educated in all previous dynasties, but in different ways, and they were also practiced in the Ming Dynasty. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered local officials to preach the imperial edict. By the Qing dynasty, it was concrete and regular, and it was set as a regular system, mainly for preaching? Article 16 of the Oracle These sixteen articles are sixteen aspects of educating the people formulated by Emperor Kangxi, which were explained in Yongzheng and extended to the extensive training of the Oracle. After Qianlong, it was printed and engraved as printed matter and sent to counties and villages, so that county officials could regularly organize township conventions to preach.

Then it is to preach the law, post some behaviors that grassroots people are prone to commit crimes in the village, and let gentlemen and township conventions talk about these laws. In the imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty, candidates were also required to write "Extensive Instruction of the Oracle" by dictation, so as to urge students to master these educational contents.

Eighth, the Eight Banners are in the town, while green camp is in the province, which is wide and hidden.

Eight Banners Serenade, distributed in key areas and cities. Green camp is located in all provinces in China, and there are governors, company commanders and battalions under the jurisdiction of the governors in all towns, and the battalions are broken into pieces. Flood? Set it in small towns, key points in Guanjin and even villages in a decentralized form. It can be said that it is dotted with nuances, which is the deepening of local grassroots military control.

Ninth, the establishment of special affairs officials has developed.

These special affairs mainly include the following: river affairs, water affairs, educational affairs and customs clearance. In these respects, the former dynasty also set up full-time officials. The officials in the Qing Dynasty were fixed, and their ranks were relatively high. In addition, some officials have a wide range of settings.

In the Ming Dynasty, river affairs officers and water affairs officers were also established, but they were not fixed for a long time. Sometimes the river affairs officer and the water affairs officer were combined into one, which was not established until the end of the Ming Dynasty and the Wanli period. Since the Qing dynasty, it has been divided into full-time river governors and water transport governors. Academic officials, an academic administrative institution established in the Qing Dynasty, are higher in rank than the two divisions of the Ministry of Political Affairs and the Provincial Judge. In terms of customs clearance, due to the development of commodity economy in Qing dynasty, the number of customs clearance officials was much wider than that in Ming dynasty, and some foreign customs were established in the late Qing dynasty, with a considerable number.

Tenth, the curtain guest assisted the government and the petty officials expanded.

This is an important feature of the local administrative system in Qing dynasty, and an important reason is that the local governor's office in Qing dynasty has little assistance. For example, most governors, departments and prefectures have no assistant officials, and some are set up in different places. Therefore, most local governors in the Qing Dynasty hired Mu Bin to manage government affairs, which led to their existence in the Qing Dynasty. No curtain, no official? Statement.

In addition, the number of local scribes and clerks in Qing Dynasty also increased greatly. It can be said that the influence of the screen guest on the administrative function is mixed, and the large increase of petty officials has intensified the corruption of local officials.