The history of Guangfu family

To understand Guangfu culture, we must first understand Guangfu people. Knowing the Guangfu clan, it is not difficult to understand the reasons for the formation and coverage of Cantonese dialects.

There are two battle stories in ancient Lingnan, which can help us understand the changes of ancient society in Guangfu clan distribution area. One is that the commander-in-chief of Qin Jun, Tu Youyou, died in the guerrilla warfare of the people of South Vietnam, and the other is that Zhao Tuo cleverly set up a one-man plan to complete the great cause of South Vietnam's reunification. About 6.5438+0.29 million years ago, the early ancients (Maba people) appeared in Lingnan.

In 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang sent Tu Youyou as commander in chief and led 500,000 troops to March south of Wuling. Among them, one army was stationed in Yugan (now Yugan, Jiangxi), one army was guarding Ye Nan (now Nankang, Jiangxi), one army was guarding Luochengling (now Yuechengling, northern Guangxi), one army occupied Jiuyi Fortress (now Ningyuan, Hunan), and the other army was the "Panyu Capital" (now a county near Pangling). Li See and Zhang Long's exposition of Panyu's city construction time and related issues in Guangzhou Wenbo Collection L993 ~ 1995. Under the attack of powerful Qin Jun, Baiyue was a small country with scattered forces, so it had to withdraw from the tribal settlements and hide in the deep valley of the jungle to fight guerrilla warfare. After Tusui captured Panyu, he was eager to implement all kinds of systems to violently attack Qin, thinking that he could subdue the Vietnamese. However, the Vietnamese refused to succumb to the violence in Qin Jun and made concerted efforts to expel foreign enemies. They use their advantages of being familiar with the terrain and being good at water warfare and mountain climbing to ambush and hide in the mountains during the day. In the evening, the Xi Europeans who came out of the sneak attack also launched a big attack, killing Qin Jun everywhere and his commander Tusui. This story shows the root culture of Lingnan aborigines who are strong and good at fighting and do not give in to violence.

Chen Gongyin, one of the "Three Masters of Lingnan" in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said in a poem, "Five Ridges float in the sky." (Going to zhenhai tower on the 9th) can be used to describe the geographical environment where the Guyue people lived.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lingnan was still dominated by Baiyue people, and the bronze age in Guangdong began in the late Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. Only five bronzes from this period were unearthed in Guangdong, but more than 1000 bronzes from the Warring States period were unearthed, many of which were locally cast. This shows that the productivity of Baiyue nationality in Lingnan has developed to some extent during the Warring States Period.

During the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, Guangdong ancestors had economic and cultural exchanges with the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Central Plains. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lingnan and Wu Yuechu had close relations and frequent contacts.

In the pre-Qin period, Panyu, Zhaoqing, Luoding, Qingyuan, Sihui, Guangning and Jieyang in Lingnan had "small countries" of the Yue nationality, such as Panyu, Tielou and Yangyu. These "small countries" are the result of the development of tribal alliances. Although Lingnan has not yet established a unified state power, they are already the original distribution center for trade goods.

Businessmen from Chu State in Lingbei often come here to trade, and there is a phenomenon of language exchange, so mature Cantonese also has some Chu sounds. At that time, Panyu's precious commodities such as pearls, jade, rhinoceros horn and ivory were famous in the Central Plains. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he not only wanted to expand his territory, but also coveted Panyu's precious commodities, so he sent troops to Lingnan.

After Tu Youyou's death, Qin Jun was still a "hundred-legged worm", and Baiyue people were inevitably powerful Qin Jun. The two sides were deadlocked, forming the trend that "Qin Jun could not understand the armor for three years". At first, the traffic from Lingbei to Lingnan was not smooth, which affected the material supply in Qin Jun. Later, Qin Lu (with Shilu as the official title) led the engineers to dig a waterway in Haiyang Mountain, connecting Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River. The folks called it Qin Chishui Canal, also called Zero Canal (renamed Lingqu in Tang Dynasty). In this way, grain and grass can be transported from Lingbei to Lingnan by water, which solves the supply problem of Qin Jun and enables Qin Jun to fight a protracted war.

Later, Qin Shihuang sent Ren Tao as commander-in-chief, led Zhao Tuo and other generals, and sent warships south along the Qin Canal to attack Baiyue. The water army's participation in the war enhanced Qin Jun's fighting capacity. In addition, Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo were good at gradually appeasing the Vietnamese, and finally gradually put down their resistance. In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang unified Lingnan and established Nanhai, Xiangxiang and Guilin counties. Among them, Nanhai County borders the South China Sea in the southeast, Hezhou in Guangxi in the west and Nanling in the north, including parts of eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong. Most of Guangdong Province now belongs to Nanhai County. Ren Xiao, the captain of the South China Sea, built a city in Panyu, known as Ren Xiaocheng in the world. This is the beginning of Guangzhou's urban construction.

When Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo went south with a great army, many dissenting Confucian had ordered a group of vagrants. Businessmen emigrated with the army; After the reunification of Lingnan, Qin Shoujun claimed to be 500,000; Set up Nanhai county; In the first year of Qin Ershi (the first 209 years), Zhao Tuo wrote to the emperor and invited 30,000 widowed women to Nanhai County to mend clothes and take care of their lives. Qin Ershi allocated 6,543,800+5,000 women. This series of measures has greatly increased the number of "Zhongxian people" (Han people) in Nanhai County. They brought the Central Plains culture and advanced production tools and technologies, which further promoted the political, economic and cultural development of Nanhai County. Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo carry out the policy of national harmony, so that the Chinese and Vietnamese nationalities can live in harmony. Due to the need of national communication, the indigenous language gradually absorbed ancient Chinese, and the embryonic form of Cantonese appeared.

When Ren Tao was appointed commander of the South China Sea, Zhao Tuo was appointed commander of Longchuan. After they managed Nanhai County for several years, the Central Plains rebelled against the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. Seeing that the state of Qin lost its popular support and perished sooner or later, and seeing that Lingnan had favorable terrain to support troops and respect themselves, it sprouted the heart of separatism. However, his illness forbade him to seek hegemony again, so he had to pin his hopes on his confidant general Zhao Tuo. When Ren Tao was dying, he entrusted Zhao Tuo to act as the agent of Nanhai Wei and told him the plan to carve up Lingnan, hoping that he would not miss the opportunity. Zhao Tuo readily accepted the order.

Zhao Tuo (Zhao He wrote ancient books) was originally from Dongyuan County, Julu County (now Hebei Province is calm). He has not only the ability to manage the army, but also the ability to manage the government. After Ren Tao's death, he first ordered the garrison troops of Wuling, such as Hengpu, Yangshan and Huangxi, to block the passage north of Lingbei to prevent the northern soldiers from going south. Then, the Qin officials who did not listen to orders were purged and cronies were appointed to important positions, which laid the foundation for calling the king and founding the country. In 206 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and established the Han Dynasty. Suddenly, Qin finally withdrew from the historical stage. The following year, Zhao Tuo sent his troops to attack Guilin and Xiangxiang, and the legend of Zhao Tuo's ingenious male soldiers showed that he had a fierce confrontation when he attacked. At that time, the "Prince of Houshu", the king of Luoyue, called himself "King of Anyang" and was assisted by a "God Man". Legend has it that this man of God named Qualcomm made a crossbow, which can kill 300 people with one shot! This magical weapon defeated Zhao Junlian, so Zhao Tuo secretly sent a prince to sneak into Anyang Palace. Because the prince was born beautiful and eloquent, he made Zhu Mei, the daughter of Anyang King, very happy. In order to please the prince, Zhu Mei stole the crossbow and gave it to the prince for destruction, so Zhao Nong had to defeat the king of Anyang. This legend cannot be said to be absolutely true, but it also shows that it is not easy for Zhao Tuo to pacify Lingnan.

Zhao Tuo attacked and wooed Luoyue leaders by force, and finally brought most Luoyue tribes home. He also divided Xiang County into Jiaodi County and Jiuzhen County, and appointed the friendly leader of Luoyue as the chief executive, firmly controlling the original three counties in Lingnan. Since then, the situation in Lingnan has been stable. Around 204 BC, Zhao Tuo claimed to be the King of South Vietnam, established the country of South Vietnam, and expanded Renxiao City in Panyu, the capital, which was called Zhao Tuo City or Yuecheng in history. 1997, the site of Nanyue Royal Garden was excavated under the former Municipal Cultural Bureau of Zhongshan 4th Road in Guangzhou, which shocked the world. Experts speculate that the center of Nanyue Palace is within the scope of Guangzhou Children's Park today. When Nanyue State was founded, its ruling scope was as follows: the northern boundary started from the south of Sanjiang and Longsheng counties in Guangxi, passed through Yan 'an, Gongcheng and Hexian counties in Xing 'an, passed through Lianshan, Yangshan, Lechang and Nanxiong counties in Guangdong, and then turned south through Li Anping, Heping and Jiaoling; The eastern border extends from Yongding, Pinghe and Zhangpu in Fujian to the South China Sea. The western borders are Huanjiang, Hechi, Donglan, Bama, Baise and Debao in Guangxi, bordering Yelang and Jumachi. From the south to the east of Changshan Mountains in central Vietnam and north of Daling Line. Panyu, the capital, is located at the intersection of the east, west and north rivers. Shipping has developed to a certain extent, becoming a metropolis with rhinoceros, elephant, poison, pearls, fruit cloth and other commodities, attracting many businessmen, and increasing language exchanges, further changing the prototype of Cantonese.

Due to the large number of Vietnamese, Zhongxian people living in South Vietnam have to do as the Romans do. Zhao Tuo's attitude towards vulgarity is "obeying good and forbidding evil". Emperor Gaozu sent Lu Jian 'an as a lobbyist in order to have a good relationship with Zhao Tuo. When Zhao Tuo saw him, he was dressed in vulgar clothes and his hair was stuck in his back. Sit on the floor. Zhao Tuo not only took the lead in assimilating the customs of Yue, but also strongly advocated the intermarriage between Han and Yue. The Zhao family became friends with the famous Lu family of the Yue nationality in Qin Jin, which reconciled the relationship between China and Vietnam. He also popularized the spoken and written languages of the Central Plains, which made Chinese culture occupy an important position in middle schools, made Vietnamese and Xiayu more integrated, and further developed the prototype Cantonese.

Later, some Vietnamese who had strong resistance to Zhongxian people moved to the Xijiang River basin or Maoming, Xuwen, Hepu and even Guangxi in the southwest, expanding the Cantonese-speaking area. Zhao Tuo pursues the policy of good neighborliness, having been hostile to the Han Dynasty for only a few years, and having friendly exchanges at other times. Zhao Tuo surrendered to the Han Dynasty in 196 BC, which legalized Sino-Vietnamese trade. The Central Plains region has obtained the specialty of South Vietnam, and South Vietnam has also obtained the necessities of agricultural production provided by the Central Plains, such as iron tools and livestock such as horses, cattle and sheep. Later, Lv Hou came to power, discriminated against South Vietnam and cut off the supply of production necessities in South Vietnam. In a rage, Zhao Tuo took pride in Lv Hou's five years (before 183) and sent troops to attack Changsha. Lv Hou sent troops to attack South Vietnam, but failed to capture Lingnan. After Lv Hou's death, Emperor Wen of Han sent Liu Jiana to bid farewell to Zhao Tuo. When Liu Jia was still in the dynasty, Zhao Tuo presented a batch of treasures to Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty. Zhao Tuo's Letter to the Emperor brought back by Tuoba GUI is the earliest Lingnan literature in ancient books. Since then, the political and economic ties between Lingnan and the Central Plains have been strengthened again, and the Lingnan economy has developed smoothly.

Zhao Tuo lived for more than one hundred years, and South Vietnam was ruled by five masters. He arrived in Ding Yuan in the Han Dynasty for six years (before11year) and was finally destroyed by the Han Dynasty. After the destruction of Nanyue in the Han Dynasty, there were nine counties in Lingnan, namely Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiuzhen, Jiaozhi, Rinan, Zhu Ya and Yuer. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (original: 106), Jiaotoe Department was established to govern the above nine counties. The office of Jiaotoe Department was located in Guangxin (Guangxin, the capital of Jiaotoe State in ancient Han Dynasty, located in the area of Wuzhou, Hezhou and Hefeng in Guangdong today, that is, the intersection of Xijiang and Hejiang. )。 Historians believe that the name Guangxin means "it is appropriate to spread goodwill and trust when Guangdong is newly opened". Guangxin is located in the hinterland of Lingnan, at the intersection of Lijiang River, Hejiang River and Xijiang River. It is a land-water crossroads, so it was valued by the Han Dynasty. Since then, Guangxin, as the political and cultural center of Lingnan, has developed for more than 300 years, which has a great influence on the development of Cantonese. In the Jin Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains moved south to Lingnan, bringing Han people from the Central Plains to Lingnan. In the Tang Dynasty, a poet shouted:

Most northerners avoid Hu in the south,

Southerners can still speak Jin dialect. In the Tang Dynasty, the commercial exchanges in Panyu were more prosperous, and officials were demoted to Lingnan, which made Cantonese absorb a lot of Chinese original sounds. At the same time, Cantonese has become more standardized in the development process, and its writing has become more standardized, forming a relatively independent language system.

Today's Cantonese still retains more medieval Chinese pronunciations, and look at a five-character poem by Du Fu:

Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.

Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.

The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.

Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.

Read this poem aloud. Cantonese rhymes better than Mandarin. Because the rhymes of Shen, Xin, Jin and Chai are the same in Cantonese, but the modern pronunciation of Mandarin is different. In addition, the word "a letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold" is known to have the meaning of "worth it" when you first read it in Guangzhou, but most northerners don't understand it. This is because Cantonese retains some archaic characters. Cantonese still retains the ancient four tones, so it is easier to master the rhyme of modern poetry in Guangzhou.

At the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Song Dynasty, Cantonese was also mature in word formation, grammar and pronunciation, which was very close to the ancient saying of Tang Dynasty on the whole. Its pronunciation and vocabulary generally laid the foundation of modern Cantonese. From the demise of the Tang Dynasty to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, sixteen states fell for 400 years. During this period, a large number of Han people in the Central Plains continued to go south to the Pearl River Delta through Zhuji Lane, which was the last time to narrow the differences between Cantonese and Chinese in the Central Plains. The Tang and Song Dynasties can be regarded as the period when Cantonese was stereotyped, so modern Cantonese can still correspond to the pronunciation of Guang Yun in the Song Dynasty, but it is difficult to correspond to the pronunciation of ancient Chinese in the Yuan Dynasty or later. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Cantonese was far away from the northern Chinese pronunciation, and Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta became the main areas of Cantonese circulation. In the Yuan Dynasty, although a large number of officials and people who went south with the small court at the end of the Song Dynasty stayed in Guangzhou, they brought many northern languages, but the results were minimal. In the Ming Dynasty, Cantonese was basically the same as modern Cantonese. In the Qing Dynasty, due to the increased contact with foreigners, Cantonese also absorbed some foreign words. With the increasing number of Guangfu people going abroad and moving to Hong Kong and Macao, the influence of Cantonese has expanded.

How to explain the "Guangfu" of Guangfu lineage? This is because in the Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou was called "Guangfu", while in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, guangzhou fu was ruled by Guangzhou, and guangzhou fu people were referred to as Guangfu people for short. What is the population composition of Guangfu clan? Scholars believe that the population composition of the three major ethnic groups in Lingnan-Guangfu, Fulao and Hakka-was formed around the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Although they all belong to Lingnan Han residents, they also have different cultural characteristics. The immigrants in Zhuji Lane have a narrow sense and a broad sense. In a narrow sense, it refers to the migration of Zhuji Lane itself and its nearby residents; In a broad sense, it refers to immigrants passing through Zhuji Lane, including immigrants passing through Zhuji Lane and immigrants in a narrow sense. Residents of Zhuji Lane can be divided into two types: moving in and moving out. Moving in refers to moving into Zhuji Lane and nearby areas from other places, and moving out refers to leaving Zhuji Lane and moving into other areas.

1. The migration process of Zhuji immigrants from weekend to Song Dynasty points out that the main source of Zhuji Lane residents is Lingbei immigrants.

Second, the historical facts of Zhuji Township's southward migration in Song Dynasty. It is pointed out that the main reasons for moving south are government persecution, natural disasters, social unrest and song and yuan war. Migrants to the south are mainly residents of Zhuji Lane and Nanxiong Basin. Zhuji Lane is the real hometown of the migrants, not the "transit station" or "just passing by" as some works say. Thirdly, the real migration to Zhuji Lane should have started after the emergence of Zhuji Lane in the Tang Dynasty, and the large-scale southward migration of Zhuji residents only started in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Zhuji Lane had a superior environment and developed economy, which attracted residents from north and south to return. It was only because of turmoil and war that forced relocation occurred. Because it is located in the main road of traffic, it is a battleground for military strategists. Whenever there is a war, it will inevitably lead to immigration, and a slightly long-term war can lead to large-scale immigration. So there were several large-scale immigrants in the Song Dynasty. By the turn of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, almost all the residents were moving south. The main road has brought economic prosperity and frequent wars, which is the luck and misfortune of Zhuji Lane people. The prosperity of Zhuji Lane is due to traffic; The decline of Zhuji Lane is also due to traffic.

At the end of Tang and Song Dynasties, there were frequent wars in the Central Plains, and many clans came to Meiling Mountain through Nan 'an (Dayu) in Jiangxi Province to avoid wars and natural disasters. Lingnan area was a place where smoking and officials were relegated in ancient times. In the war, these ancestors helped the old and took care of the young, and went through difficulties and obstacles to Nanxiong Zhuji Lane. They are not familiar with the various situations in Lingnan, so they dare not go south rashly, so they have to settle down here and start a new career. After living for several years or decades, they gradually adapted to the climate and living habits in Lingnan area and gradually moved south to the Pearl River Delta. Therefore, many celebrities there call Zhuji Lane "Sang Zi Township 700 years ago".

"Guangdong Tongzhi" contains: "It is said that all the prosperous ethnic groups in Guangzhou originated here (Zhuji Lane)". According to the last manuscript of Dr. Huang Cibo from Zhongshan, "Ethnic Groups in Zhuji Township Move to the South", there is a genealogy to check. There are 76 surnames in Nanxiong Zhuji Township, and 166 ethnic groups moved to the Pearl River Delta. According to Selected Genealogy and Chronology of Nanxiong Zhuji Township People's Southward Migration (edited by Nanxiong County Political Consultative Conference Literature and History Research Committee and Nanxiong Zhuji Township People's Southward Migration Preparatory Committee), there are 27 surnames, 3 1, totaling 103 surnames and 197 clans.