Huixian immigrants

3[ for reference] Han dialect

Twenty-eight cities and counties in Fenhe River basin in southwest Shanxi Province, twenty-two cities and counties in north of Huaihe River in Anhui Province and Fengyang County in south of Huaihe River.

-Bengbu City-Huoqiu County-Jinzhai County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province-Suqian City-Ganyu County, Donghai County, Lianyungang City, and An, Shaanxi Province.

Baihe county, kangshi. (1) The Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di, and together they defeated Dongyi, Yandi in the west of North China Plain and Weihe Plain.

The descendants of Huang gradually merged into Huaxia nationality, and Xia and Ji were two branches of Huaxia nationality. The Xia Dynasty ruled the western part of the Central Plains (Henan Province,

South Shanxi), whose language is the primitive Huaxia language with the integration of Yan and Huang; Thistle ruled Beijing, and language was the primitive Huaxia of the Yellow Emperor.

Language. (2) The Shang language was originally a Dongyi language with profound Chinese culture, which was popular in the eastern part of the Central Plains (now southwest Shandong-southern Hebei-northern Henan-

Northern Anhui-Xuzhou), after the Shang Dynasty ruled the Central Plains for hundreds of years, gradually merged with the Xia dialect of the Central Plains and became the embryonic form of the Central Plains Mandarin today.

Form-Chinese. (3) The Huaxia language with Luoyang as the standard pronunciation later became the language of the Book of Songs in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Words are elegant, and Confucius used elegance in his lectures, not Lu dialect. Confucius became a pioneer in promoting national languages.

. During the Qin Dynasty, cultural policies such as "the same language but not the same name" were implemented, which politically ensured the spread of national languages in the same language. Elegant ci in Han dynasty

It evolved into "lingua franca, lingua franca", and Dialect compiled by Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty used "lingua franca" to explain local dialects.

This is the first dialect book in China. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the "common language" based on Luoyang pronunciation spread from the Central Plains to the North.

And the Jiangzuo area. "Biography of Wang Qian in Xianyang, Shu Wei" is about the accent used by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Luoyang dialect

) "record. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital was established in Jinling (now Nanjing). At that time, Jinling dialect was a continuation of Luoyang dialect. ④

Emperor Yang Guang of Yang Di moved tens of thousands of wealthy businessmen dajia from all over the country to Luoyang, with Luoyang as the capital, and promoted it.

Pronunciation and spelling. In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang dialect was still regarded as the basis of the same language of the Han nationality. Rukong's Biography of Confucian Classics

And the literary creation activities of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. , which promotes the wide use of homophones in Chinese written language.

Spread. In the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty, the composition of fu poetry also put forward phonetic requirements, that is, it should meet the requirements handed down from generation to generation in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Rhyme cutting standard with Luoyang sound as the standard sound. Luoyang dialect, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng), is closely related to Bianjing dialect.

The sound circulating in the near and the two places is called "the elegant sound of the Central Plains". Hangzhou was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the elegant sounds of the Central Plains were also launched in Hangzhou.

Due to this influence, today's Hangzhou dialect has many similarities with the Central Plains Mandarin. But Luoyang dialect was still a standard sound at that time.

Status, "Luoyang in the Central Plains is the best in the world, with the most correct pronunciation" (Notes on Lu You's Old Learning Temple, Volume 6). Northern Song Dynasty

The voice of the Central Plains is basically stereotyped, and it is almost exactly the same as today's Henan dialect. The reasons for the integration of northern mandarin and Henan dialect today

Small differences are formed by standardizing its vocabulary and grammar system with Henan dialect as the standard for a long time in the northern Mandarin area in history.

. ⑤ After Jin people moved to Beijing, the influence of Henan dialect extended to most areas ruled by Jin people. The Central Plains appeared in the Yuan Dynasty.

The situation of "four seas with the same pronunciation" in Henan dialect. Zhou yuan Deqing's "Central Plains Rhyme" is "based on

Like the central plains, the face is the same as the four seas. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Han people still used the Voice of the Central Plains as their pronunciation. Since the early Ming dynasty

Before the mid-Qing Dynasty, scholars who taught standard sounds were all based on the elegant sounds of the Central Plains. At this time, Yuan.

With the concentration of politics and economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of China ancient literary works (Yuan Zaju, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin) were produced.

The Journey to the West, The Scholars, A Dream of Red Mansions and so on. ) and spread, so that Beijing pronunciation gradually rose to the standard.

The status of quasi-tone. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the textbooks for Koreans to learn Chinese, Laoqida and Park Tong Shi, were all based on North Korea at that time.

Beijing dialect is written for standard pronunciation. The Qing government issued a decree, requiring officials at all levels and "juren, health worker, tribute supervisor and boy student".

They all learn Mandarin with Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation. "The standard phoneme of Beijing accent replacing Central Plains voiceless was in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

In the future. Chen Chongqing, a scholar of Manchu Dynasty, said: "The capital of Zhou Dynasty is Yan, and the voice of the world is the first in Beijing." As a result, the Han nationality * * *

With the development and evolution of Confucian classics, the standard pronunciation has changed from elegant pronunciation in the Central Plains to Beijing pronunciation, which is the homonym of modern Han nationality.

The birth of (Mandarin) laid the foundation.

Dongfu dialect in Guanzhong dialect includes Xi 'an, Tongchuan, Xianyang, Weinan and Shangluo, belonging to Shangxian-Luonan-Feng Dan.

Yang Shan in northern Shaanxi, Yichuan-Huanglong-Luochuan-Yijun-Huangling-Fuxian, Ningxian in Gansu; Xifu dialect in Guanzhong dialect includes Bao.

The Guanzhong dialect area of Jichang is the hometown of Emperor Yan, and the Zhou dialect with Emperor Yan as its mother tongue is English, French and Yanhuang.

The integration of Xia dialects is similar, and because of their close geographical location and frequent communication, Guanzhong dialect and Henan dialect belong to the Central Plains Mandarin.

Author: Yun Mengpu replied to this remark at 20: 28 on March 7, 2006.

-

4[ for reference] Han dialect

Qinlong dialect includes Yan 'an, Ganquan, Fuxian and Dingbian in northern Shaanxi, and Lueyang, Mianxian, Nanzheng, Hanzhong and Chenggu in southern Shaanxi.

Yangxian, Xixiang, Hanyin, Ankang, Pingli, Xunyang, Zhen 'an and Qingyang, Heshui, Zhengning, Huachi and Huan in Longdong.

Counties south of Weihe River, Zhenyuan, Pingliang, Jingchuan, Huating, Chongxin, Lingtai, Longxi, Zhang Xian, Wushan, Gangu and Lixian.

, Xihe, Minxian, Tanchang, Zhouqu, Wudu, Chengxian, Huixian, Kangxian, Liangdang, Wenxian (except Bikou Town), Lintan

, Zhuoni, Dunhuang, Jingtai at the eastern end of Hexi Corridor, Xining, Huangzhong, Huangyuan, Menyuan, Huzhu and Guide in Qinghai Province.

Pingan Hualong, Guyuan City, Pengyang, Longde, Ningxia.

Longzhong dialect includes Datong, Ledu, Minhe, Xunhua and Tongren in Qinghai Province, Haiyuan, Xiji and Jingyuan in Ningxia Province and Gansu Province.

Yongjing, Linxia, Zhenghe, Guanghe, Le Kang, Lintao, Weiyuan, Dingxi, Huining, Tongwei, Jingning, Zhuanglang, Qin 'an,

Sol Zhang, Qingshui and Tianshui. Influenced by border strength for a long time in history, it has different characteristics from Guanzhong dialect.

Southern Xinjiang dialects include Korla, Aksu, Suzhou, Kashgar, Hotan, Turpan and Yili in Qizil.

Southwest Mandarin includes eleven dialects: 19 counties and cities in Sichuan, Chongqing, western Hubei, northwestern Hunan and southern Shaanxi.

Liuba-Foping-Ningshan-Zhenping-Gao Lan-Ziyang-Shiquan-Zhenba-Ningqiang in Bikou Town, Wenxian County, Gansu Province; The name of a river

City-Yibin-Leshan-Xichang, Tongzi-Renhuai-Yanhe-Yinjiang, Yunnan Daguan-Suijiang-

Neijiang Shuifu-Zigong-Renshou-Fushun, Ya 'an-Shimian, Xiaguan-Jianchuan in northwest Yunnan-

Binchuan-Eryuan-Yunlong-Lijiang City; Dali-Baoshan-Luxi in western Yunnan; Kunming-Zhaotong is located in the east and middle of Yunnan Province.

-Qujing-Yuxi-Chuxiong-Gejiu-Kaiyuan, Guiyang-Anshun, ningnan county, Sichuan; Northern Guizhou Province

Twenty-seven counties and cities centered on Zunyi-Liupanshui-Bijie, Weixin-Yiliang-Zhenxiong in Yunnan and Xiushan County in Chongqing,

Zhijiang-Huaihua-Fenghuang-Xinhuang-Jishou, Hunan Province; Zhenyuan-Cengong-Liping-Jinping-Taijiang in southeastern Guizhou,

Jingzhou, Hunan-the passage; Kaili-Duyun-Guiding County in southern Guizhou Province; Xiangfan-Shiyan-Danjiangkou in northern Hubei Province

-Laohekou-Suizhou; Wuhan, Linxiang County, Hunan Province; Yongzhou and Chenzhou in southern Hunan; Liuzhou, Guangxi-Guilin-

Fifty-six counties and cities centered on Baise-Hechi; Changjiang County, Hainan Province-Dongfang City-Danzhou City-Sanya City

The military words spoken. The dividing line between Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin lies in Guangshui County-Anlu County-Yingcheng County-Huangpi-Huanggang City-

Ezhou-Qichun County, south of the first line.

During the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties, Dongting Lake also belonged to the Chu language formed by the fusion of primitive Chinese, Tibetan-Burmese and Miao-Yao languages.

60,000 Qin and Liu Yong people (Gansu, Shaanxi and some Shaanxi) moved to Hubei, and the initial prototype of Southwest Mandarin appeared.

. After the Anshi Rebellion, ten times as many northern immigrants moved into the north of Dongting Lake, impacting, assimilating and eventually replacing the local Chu State.

Language, laid the foundation of southwest mandarin.

Jianghuai Mandarin is distributed between Huaihe River and North-South Cultural Line, and Chengguan in Nanping, Fujian and Yangyu Village in Changle County belong to Jianghuai Mandarin Island.

. The dividing line between Jianghuai Mandarin and Zhongyuan Mandarin dialect is: Lin Hong Estuary in Lianyungang-Punan Town in Donghai County-Huang Chuan in Donghai-East.

Haibaitabu-Donghai Pingming-Donghai Fangshan-Donghai Anfeng-Xinyi Heibu-Shuyang Yin Ping (Toarey Yang)-Shuyang Yanji Town

Fang Wei Village-Shuyang Yuelai-Suqian Guanmiao-Suqian Dingzui-Siyang Cangji-Siyang Tuyuan-Sihong Caomiao-Sihong Jinsuo-

Chonggang in Sihong-Shangtang in Sihong-Shannan in Sihong Peak-South of Huaihe River-Fengyang County-Southwest of Bengbu City-Huaihe River-East of Huoqiu County-Gold

Zhai county south.

Author: Yun Mengpu 2006-3-7 20:28 Reply to this speech

-

5 Reply: [for reference] Han dialect

2) The main linguistic features of northern dialects are:

A. Phonetic aspects

The consonants of (1) consonants and affricates can be divided into voiced aspirated and unvoiced aspirated, but voiced and unvoiced are not opposed.

There are many voiced initials, but few voiced initials. Ancient voiced initials are almost pronounced as unvoiced initials in all branches of modern Mandarin dialects.

Words; In ancient times, all voiced sounds were pronounced with aspirated initials. In ancient times, all voiced sounds were pronounced without aspirated initials.

② The most prominent feature of vowels is that there are few consonants ending.

③ The most prominent feature of tone is that the number of tone categories is relatively small. Except for the entering tone of Jianghuai Mandarin and Qin Jin dialect, the rest

There is no tone in Mandarin. There are 4-5 tones in the whole Mandarin dialect area, especially 4 tones. archaic

Among these four tones, the differentiation and development of the three tones in Mandarin are similar, that is, Gu Ping's concept of initials is clear.

It is a flat tone, such as Bao, Zhou, Ji, Fu, Gan, Zun, Dang, Jiang and Guang. Gu Ping's voiced initials are now pronounced in a rising tone, like climbing a mountain.

, apprentice, hoe, odd, strip, forest, heavy, group, same, red, etc. ; In ancient times, consonants with voiced initials and voiced initials are now pronounced as consonants, such as

Make up, early, brave, pink, party, well, list, choose, warm, dye, old, etc. ; In ancient times, all voiced initials and ancient disyllabic words were pronounced now.

Voiced sounds, such as the initials of ancient voiceless sounds, the words of father, Tao, anger, swing and ancient voiceless sounds, such as Guo, fear, step, belt, * * *, Yao and so on.

The pronunciation of ancient Rusheng characters in Mandarin dialect is complicated. Besides Jianghuai Mandarin and Qin Jin dialect, Rusheng has its own tone category.

In Putonghua where Rusheng disappears, the ancient Rusheng characters belong to different places.

Generally speaking, after the tone-entering words in northern Mandarin and eastern Central Plains Mandarin disappear, they are divided into flat, rising and falling tones, which are the so-called tone-entering words.

"Three tones of entering tone": the full voiced initial belongs to the upper tone, the sub-voiced initial belongs to the lower tone, and the voiced initial belongs to the yin.

Ping, Yang Ping, Shangsheng and Desheng are all in tune; A few places are slightly different from Beijing: the initials are clear or completely flat when entering the tone (

Such as Jinan), or both belong to Shangsheng (such as Dalian). There are two feelings about the tone distribution of Lanyin Mandarin and Zhongyuan Mandarin.

Conditions: Or the initial consonant of full voiced tone belongs to Yangping, and the rest belongs to Yin Ping, such as Xi 'an; Or the ancient voiced initials belong to Yangping,

The rest return to music, such as Lanzhou. The distribution of ancient Rusheng words in Southwest Mandarin is the most uniform: as long as they are ancient Rusheng words, regardless of whether the initials are or not.

What? Everything goes up.

B. Lexical aspects

The vocabulary of Mandarin dialect is similar to that of Mandarin. Most of the words widely used in Putonghua dialect have entered.

As the basic vocabulary, Mandarin dialect words that have not been absorbed by * * * are mostly popular in a certain Mandarin dialect.

A passage or dialect. The lexical differences between Putonghua and other major dialects are smaller than those between Putonghua and other major dialects.

But some places also have distinctive dialect words. For example, "erhu" means "hesitation" and "zahu" means "arrogance" in Beijing dialect.

","rush "means" dare to do and speak "; In Tianjin dialect, "Guang" means "big", "Fu" means "crow" and "Gang" means "great".

"; " "Blind" in Xi 'an dialect means "waste" and "spoil"; In Liaocheng dialect, Shandong province, "extermination" means "beating"; The Significance of "Lianlianer" in Luoyang Dialect of Henan Province

It stands for "hurry up" Xinxiang dialect uses "chaos" to mean "living" and "red" to mean "selling strength"; Chengdu, Kunming and other places "chat" into a "pendulum"

Longmen array ",Wuhan, Chongqing and other places" unlucky "as" back ","poor "as" sin "... and so on, all have their own characteristics.

Grid. The word "Sun" has different names in Mandarin dialect areas: both Beijing and Baoding are called "Laoyeer" (Beijing is also called "Sun"

), Shenyang and Xi 'an are called "Sunrise", Taiyuan and Hohhot are called "Yangpo", Hefei is called "Hot Head", and Chengdu, Wuhan and Kunming are called.

The sun; In Hebei Province alone, "Sun" is called "Grandpa, Grandfather, Sun, Sun, Grandfather, Sun".

Yinger, Yangpo, Yangpo, the day before yesterday, and the Buddha. , showing lexical differences, even within the Mandarin dialect.

, still can't be ignored. Compared with other dialects, the vocabulary of Mandarin dialect also shows the following characteristics:

① Disyllabic words are particularly dominant. In Chinese and Putonghua, disyllabic words account for the largest proportion in the whole vocabulary.

It is particularly prominent in words. For example, many words with "zi" are added to Mandarin dialects to become disyllabic words, which are used in other dialects.

Is a monosyllabic word without words, such as "rice" or "rice" (Wu dialect and Min dialect) in southern dialect, or

It is called "He" (Hakka, Xiang, Gan and Yue); "Su" is called "Gu" in southern dialect (Wu

Hunan, Jiangxi, Hakka, Guangdong and other dialects), or "Su" (Min dialect); The word "photo" is widely used in Mandarin dialect.

They are all called "Zhao" or "Zhao". In addition to Hakka and Gan dialects, southern dialects still use disyllabic "Zhao", Wu Fang.

Yan, Cantonese and Min dialects are all monosyllabic words, either called "Zhao" (Suzhou dialect in Wu dialect) or "Xiang" (Cantonese dialect).

Author: Yun Mengpu replied to this remark at 20: 29 on March 7, 2006.

-

Reply: [for reference] Han dialect

, min dialect).

(2) The archaic words are less preserved. Although every Chinese dialect has inherited many ancient Chinese words, relatively speaking,

There are few archaic words retained in dialects around Mandarin and Mandarin dialect areas. For example, the word "eye" is widely used in Mandarin dialect areas.

Most people say "eye", but it is still called "eye" in Fujian and "eye" in Cantonese, which keeps the ancient Chinese pair of this word.

Names of human organs; Another example is the word "Li". In addition to the Mandarin dialect area and Hunan dialect area, Wu dialect is called "Li", Fujian,

Cantonese, Hakka, Jiangxi and other dialects are called "enterprises", which all follow the old saying of China; Besides, there are some very ordinary lives.

In terms of words, the southern dialect retains the old saying, while the Mandarin dialect adopts the same saying as the modern Mandarin.

. For example, the common "Kan" in Mandarin dialects; However, Guangdong dialect and Fujian dialect (in some areas) use the ancient word "Jian"

"。

③ There are fewer loanwords. Compared with southern dialects, there are fewer loanwords in Mandarin dialects. Southern Fujian, Guangdong and other places

It has always been the gateway to the ocean and has many connections with foreign countries. It is easier to borrow foreign words in dialects, such as Fujian dialect, which has borrowed many Indonesians.

There are many English words borrowed from West Asia-Malay and Cantonese dialects. Sometimes the same thing, Mandarin dialects and southern parties.

Words are expressed in different words, which shows the difference between "imported" words and "native" words. For example, the word "cement"

Some people in Guangdong dialect area are called "Ten People's Land" and Wu dialect is called "Shuimending", which are transliteration of English cement. Min dialect is called ""

"Jia Fanhui" and "Hong" also show exotic colors, while most mandarin dialects regard "water" as * * *.

Mud "(called" Yang Hui "in some places) is an authentic Chinese word. Another example is the "film" used for photography, and Mandarin dialects abound.

They are all called "movies", and Cantonese, Minnan and Hakka are all transliteration words of English movies.

④ There are few modal particles and their usage is more general. Compared with southern dialects, Mandarin dialects have fewer modal particles and more usages.

To sum up, the division of labor is not so fine. For example, the common modal particle "You, Ma, Ah" and so on, all dialects of Mandarin are * * *.

Yes, but the modal particles in southern Wu dialect and Guangdong dialect are much richer.

C. Grammatical aspects

① In word formation, there are usually modifiers first. For example, apart from the occasional expression of "chicken man" and "chicken woman" in Southwest Mandarin, each

Most of the local Mandarin words are "rooster", "hen", "guest" and "slippers", unlike some southern dialects which use decorative words.

Su Jia is in the back. Such as "Chicken Gong", "Koman" and "Crab Clamp" (Min dialect).

② It is rare to express grammatical meaning with internal inflections. Except for a few places, there are few dialects in Mandarin.

The so-called "configuration method" in law, that is, "narrow shape", Guangzhou dialect and Fujian dialect express certain grammar through tone sandhi.

Meaning phenomenon is rare in Mandarin dialects.

③ The use of the structural auxiliary word "de, de, de". There are structural auxiliary words "de, de, de" in many places in Putonghua dialect, and these auxiliary words have different usages.

It's different. These structural auxiliary words are the most commonly used in northern Mandarin, and have entered the grammatical system of homophones. Use putonghua

In the major southern dialects outside China, it is rare that there are similar structural auxiliary words, and they are not like "de, di,

"De" has a clear division of labor and mixed usage.

(4) Overlapping type has a wide range of applications. The overlapping content of Mandarin dialects is quite rich, and the application scope is also quite extensive. take for example

In terms of kinship terms, dialects such as Fujian, Guangdong, Hakka and Wu in the south generally do not use reduplication, and monosyllabic morphemes often start with "a".

Address forms, such as "ABBA", "Adi" and "Sister-in-law". In Mandarin dialects, however, overlapping syllables are generally used.

People, such as "brother", "uncle", "father", "sister-in-law" and "uncle" Another example is some common nouns, which are used in the south.

It can't overlap in dialects, but it appears in the form of overlap in Mandarin dialects, such as the word "star". In Southwest Mandarin,

In Northwest Mandarin, reduplication means additional meaning. For example, in Chengdu dialect, "Pan Pan" means "Pan Er" and "eye-eye" means "eye". "beans

"Dou" means "Dou" and "Mao" means "Mao" in Xi 'an dialect. Some local quantifiers and demonstratives in Northwest Mandarin can also overlap.

For example, the overlap of measurement words in Xi 'an dialect indicates the measurement method: "This meter is not for marketing" (not for marketing); Indicates that the overlap indicates what it refers to.

Specific location: "You stand here and wait" (you stand here and wait). These overlapping usages are used in the main dialects in the south.

None of them.

⑤ Quantifiers are used in general terms. The most commonly used quantifier "ge" in Putonghua dialect is widely used and can be used in many things.

, virtual and real, can be matched with "A". Address forms generally use "ge" and "bit" in Mandarin dialects, but in

However, in other major dialects, different quantifiers are used, and the choice of quantifiers often reflects a certain emotional color and