What ideological trends emerged in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

First, the development of regional economy. Developing characteristic regional economy is an important content and feature of China's economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties. China has a vast territory, different natural conditions and different development backgrounds. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the development tracks and characteristics of different regions were also very different, forming several distinctive economic zones.

1. Jiangnan economy that pays equal attention to efficient agriculture and silk and cotton textile industry. Jiangnan, centered on Taihu Plain, has been the most economically developed area in China since the Tang and Song Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of Jiangnan was mainly to make rational use of existing agricultural resources and further improve the intensive production. The agricultural management mode of high input and high output is one of the characteristics of Jiangnan economy; The development of agricultural and sideline products processing industry, especially silk and cotton textile industry, is another feature of Jiangnan economy; Market development started earlier, and towns with agricultural and sideline products processing and distribution centers are densely covered; The proportion of urban population and non-agricultural population is high, and the level of urbanization is far ahead in the country.

2. The Pearl River Delta, which is oriented by foreign trade, has risen rapidly. The development of the Pearl River Delta generally began in the Song Dynasty. Although it started late, it developed rapidly. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, it had become one of the advanced countries in China. With the change of agricultural production structure, the initial formation of market mechanism and the rapid growth of commercial population, an economic structure oriented by foreign trade and centered on entrepot trade is gradually taking shape.

3. North China Plain. Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces in North China Plain are located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is one of the earliest developed areas in the history of China. During the hundreds of years from 12 to 14 century, the economic development of this area was destroyed and its economic status was reversed. In Ming Dynasty, the government's immigration and reclamation policies made the economy of North China Plain rise again, and further developed in Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economic development of North China Plain was mainly manifested in the adjustment of planting structure, the rise of agricultural and sideline products processing industry and the formation of rural market network.

4. The upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the largest commodity grain export areas in China. Jiangxi was the earliest in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and began to immigrate to Huguang from the end of Yuan Dynasty. The development of the two lakes began with the influx of immigrants from Jiangxi. The first climax was in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the second climax was in the early Qing Dynasty, and it was further extended to Sichuan Basin. "Jiangxi fills Huguang and Huguang fills Sichuan", accompanied by a large-scale immigration and development process; By the early Qing Dynasty, the grain supply and demand pattern of "Jiangsu and Zhejiang grain and rice have always belonged to Huguang and Huguang to Sichuan" had been formed. As the most important commodity grain export area in China, the establishment of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River not only improves its status, but also has great significance to the economic development of Jiangnan and even the whole country.

In addition, the Qing Dynasty was the formation period of China's unified multi-ethnic country. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty, we vigorously developed and governed the frontier areas. Among them, the authors of Economic Benefit are Northeast Plain and Taiwan Province Province. After nearly 200 years of immigrant development, by the middle of Qing Dynasty, the agricultural economy of Northeast China and Taiwan Province Province had made great progress and became a new grain production base. Agricultural products processing industry and commerce have also developed initially, laying a solid foundation for larger-scale development in the future. [ 1]

Second, develop commodity circulation. From Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, the scope and scale of commodity circulation in China increased greatly, and the circulation pattern also changed greatly. The development of commodity circulation is another remarkable feature of China's economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mainly manifested in:

1. The circulation scope is expanded. In Ming dynasty, the sea was banned for a long time, and the Yangtze River shipping was underdeveloped. North-South trade is dominated by canals, while East-West trade is mainly confined to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In the Qing Dynasty, with the opening of the sea ban, the economic development of the North China Plain, the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the development of new areas such as Northeast China and Taiwan Province Province, the coastal and riverside trade developed on a large scale. According to the book "The Germination of Capitalism in China", it is estimated that in the early Qing Dynasty, the inland river shipping mileage of China reached more than 50,000 kilometers, and the coastal routes reached 1000 kilometers, which basically reached the modern scale. [2](P27 1) On the other hand, with the expansion of the national territory of the Qing Dynasty and the development of border trade, the trade between Xinjiang, Mongolia and the mainland has also developed on a large scale, and the land trade line of northern Xinjiang opened by Shanxi businessmen from Mongolian grassland to Russia has reached as far as Wan Li.