What are the three great migrations in China's modern history?

In the long history of more than two thousand years, population migration of different scales has never stopped. There are many reasons for population movement, such as forced migration organized by the government, officials taking their families to settle down, spontaneous migration caused by natural and man-made disasters, etc. The last one is more common. Every major political change in the Central Plains in history will lead to a large-scale migration of population to the south. The three largest refugee waves occurred in the turbulent periods such as the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, the War in the Late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and the Jingkang Rebellion in the Northern Song Dynasty.

After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Sima Yan made all the children of the Sima family king, sharing taxes, and some of them even commanded the Central Army. Jin Huidi, the heir of Emperor Wu, is an idiot. The struggle for power and profit between the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager led to a scuffle among the eight emperors (Wang Runan Liang, Wei, Zhao, Changsha Wangwa, Hejian Wang, Yue and Chengdu) for the throne, which was 16 (AD 29 1-306). This gave ethnic minorities the opportunity to invade the Central Plains. In the fifth year of Yongjia (AD 365,438+065,438+0), the Xiongnu captured Luoyang, captured Emperor Huai, burned and killed soldiers, killed more than 30,000 nobles and gentry, crossed the Jin Dynasty to the south, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished, which is called "Yongjia Rebellion" in history. Under the double oppression of class and nationality, the people of the Central Plains crossed the Huaihe River to the south, resulting in the first large-scale population migration in the history of China. With the establishment of the Eastern Jin regime in the south, the population of the north migrated to the south on a larger scale. By the early years of Liu and Song Dynasties, the population had reached nearly 300,000, reaching more than 900,000, accounting for 1/6 of the total population in the south at that time. A large number of refugees poured into Bashu area, and a large number of Bashu indigenous people fled to Jing and Xiang areas. "There are more than 100,000 refugees in Jingzhou" has injected new vitality into the south, promoted the transformation of extensive agricultural production mode of "boiling water" in the south of the Yangtze River to intensive agricultural production mode, and improved grain output and land utilization rate.

The second climax of the migration of the Central Plains population to the south occurred after the Tang Anshi Rebellion. Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of feudal society in China, but in the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Lushan, who was also the envoy of the three towns, and his partner Shi Siming launched a rebellion, and the Yellow River basin was seriously damaged again. While preparing for emptiness in the Tang Dynasty, ethnic minorities galloped across the Central Plains and moved in in large numbers. During the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, ethnic minorities and local separatist forces fought for power and profit, and people lost their lives and their homes were destroyed. They had to leave their homes and seek a place to live in the relatively stable south far from the political center. This is another large-scale population migration period in the history of our country. According to the estimation of Professor Hu Huanyong, a geographer in China, the second large-scale population migration in China caused by the Anshi Rebellion fundamentally changed the distribution pattern of China's population, making the southern population surpass the northern population for the first time, and the center of China's population geographical division shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin for the first time.

1 127 The change of Jingkang in the Northern Song Dynasty and the southward crossing in the Song Dynasty led to the third climax of China's population migration. The policy of valuing literature over martial arts in the Northern Song Dynasty made the society lurk the crisis of "accumulating poverty and weakness", and a few regimes such as Liao, Xia and Jin were eyeing the Central Plains. In the second year of Qin Zongjingkang (1 127), under the strong attack of the Jin army, Uighur and Qin were captured one after another, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. This is the "Jingkang Change". Zhao Gou, the King of Kang, fled to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) to announce his accession to the throne and establish the Southern Song Dynasty. The people in the vast enemy-occupied areas in the north couldn't stand the rule of the Jin dynasty nobles and national oppression, and were forced to move their families. The relatively stable social environment and a large number of uncultivated farmland in the south have attracted people all over the country who are eager to live and work in peace and contentment. A large number of royalty, officials and scholars flocked to Jinghu, Zhejiang and other places in the south to return to the Southern Song Dynasty. Therefore, after the suggestion (1127-1130), people living in Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi and Beiliu are all over the place. By this time, with the southward migration of a large number of laborers in the north and advanced reclamation technology, most of the original "wild land" has become a "land of plenty", and the customs and habits of the north and the south have been integrated, and the situation that the economy of the south is stronger than that of the north has been completely established.

Generally speaking, these three population movements to the south were all caused by war; There are a large number of migrants and a wide range of strata, from royal aristocrats to monks and nuns farmers; They are scattered in Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi and even Hainan. The Yellow River Basin was originally the economic, political and cultural center of China, and therefore became the focus of political careerists. For most people in every wave of migration to the south, although they miss their homeland, once they enjoy the superior natural conditions and relatively relaxed political environment in the south, they feel at ease to start a business and multiply in the south, which promotes the development and economic development of the south, strengthens the integration and unity of ethnic groups, and derives a tasteful and dynamic Jiangnan culture; Even the latest research results show that the integration of North and South populations has also improved the genetics of China people, making China the most populous country in the world for a long time.