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Thousand years of merits and demerits

Great martial arts

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to establish a vast territory in China.

Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the Qin Dynasty. However, the territory of the Qin Empire is only half that of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fought against Xiongnu for 44 years, and his martial arts was unprecedented among emperors in China.

In the first year of Jianyuan (BC 140), Emperor Wu was in office. At that time, the Huns were arrogant and the western regions were mysterious.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty must not tolerate "pro-diplomacy" for his father, and submit to humiliation in exchange for short-term peace. He has sufficient financial and human resources, persistent ambition and ambition to conquer and explore.

In the second year of Emperor Wu's accession to the throne (before Jianyuan 139), Zhang Qian was sent to Dayue's family, hoping to form a strategic alliance with Xiongnu, compress its living space and realize the strategic encirclement of Xiongnu. The emperor who was only 18 years old had such a vision. Who can compare with him in all dynasties? Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions opened up the eternal Silk Road and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. The influence of the Han Dynasty regime in the Central Plains extended to today's western Xinjiang.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne for eight years (the second year of Yuanguang 133). Emperor Wu plotted to go to Xiongnu for the first time and lost the battle of Mayi. However, the short-lived defeat did not affect the 24-year-old son of heaven's lofty sentiments at all. On the contrary, it prompted Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to make up his mind and resolutely abandon the pro-China policy that the Han Dynasty had implemented for nearly 70 years and attack the Huns with all his strength! Change the peace system into a war system, abandon the ancestral system and start a realistic system. The courage and courage in it are amazing!

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once said in an imperial edict of seeking sages: If Gai has extraordinary merits, he must treat extraordinary people. This ambitious and earnest imperial edict was included in Selected Works of Xiao Tong, which has been told by heroes and heroes for thousands of years and sung by people with lofty ideals. At that time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took this as the way to "recruit talents from all over the world". It is more appropriate to review the merits and demerits of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty today. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made extraordinary contributions because he was an extraordinary person!

According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of General Wei, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty intended to personally teach Huo Qubing the Art of War (Sun Wu's Art of War, the son of heaven wanted to teach it). Although Huo Qubing has never studied it, it can be seen that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is well versed in the art of war, which is the basis for him to become an outstanding strategic strategist.

When it comes to the military campaigns of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, people often call them Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and Li Guang. No one noticed that behind the brilliant generals and commanders, they were far above the temple, comparable to the supreme commander of Alexander, Caesar and Napoleon in the west-Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

At that time, Emperor Wudi was determined to change the patriarchal clan system and wage war against Hungary. Ji An and other former ministers, Gong, Zhufuyan and other contemporary cutting-edge, all sing the opposite. Few ministers responded and lost the first battle, but the young commander-in-chief remained unmoved. After that, the three major battles of Henan, Monan, Mobei and Xiongnu were decided and deployed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As for the specific time, place, deployment and direction of the attack, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty considered everything.

At the same time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pointed his sword to the east, south, southeast and northeast, making the influence of the Han Dynasty reach Central Asia in the west, Yunguichuan in the southwest, Heijiliao in the northeast and Hainan and Fujian in the south, which outlined the basic framework of the territory of modern China.

But after 44 years of protracted war, money and people were wasted. Sima Qian's military diplomacy strategy towards Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is also very contradictory. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu is the first history of ethnic minorities in China. Sima Qian made a biography of Xiongnu, regarded Xiongnu as one of the descendants of China, and expressed his position on the nature of the war: it was a tragedy within the Chinese nation, and the war cost both sides a high price.

Although the Han empire at that time could not form a unified multi-ethnic background, the best way for the two peoples should also be to live in peace. Unfortunately, in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the policy of kissing had reached a dead end, and it was understandable that Sima Qian had to use soldiers to deal with Hungary. As the battle line grew longer and longer, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty occasionally made mistakes, and Sima Qian was also saddened.

In order to pamper Li Furen, Emperor Wu appointed Li Guangli as the second general, led tens of thousands of people to crusade against Dawan, but envied his bloody BMW. After two years of fighting, the army lost eight tenths. So rash, it can be said that you are indifferent to human life!

I want Hou Chong to serve me and worship Li Guangli as the general of the Second Division. There are 6,000 riders in the country and tens of thousands of evil teenagers in the county. In the past, they cut ten thousand. Period to the second division city, take a good horse, so no.2 division general.

Time is a good medicine for healing wounds. In peacetime, man can conquer nature, and we have long been unable to observe the pain caused by war; Therefore, today's evaluation is more rational than perceptual. More than 2,000 years ago, Sima Qian, together with the people all over the world, witnessed the ruins of his home and endured watching his peers become new ghosts. The conscience of a generation of historians makes it impossible for Sima Qian to be indifferent to the dangers of war, and it is bound to criticize Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for years of war, leading to the decline of people's livelihood.

Eternal civilization

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to unify China's ideology and culture with Confucianism.

It is easy to unify the country, but difficult to unite people. Qin Huang and Wu Han have a deep understanding of Samadhi. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism" and Han Wudi "respected Confucianism alone".

Before Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a doctor of the Five Classics to lay the foundation for respecting Confucianism. At the beginning of Emperor Wudi's accession to the throne, he couldn't wait. The whole country recommended sages and dared to speak and remonstrate. Dong Zhongshu, a lonely scholar, stands out from the crowd with the three strategies of heaven and man. Since then, Confucianism, originally a folk school, has been designated as the official thought, which is closely related to politics and imperial power.

On this basis, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established imperial academy and after having obtained the provincial examination, established the system of recommending talents, and formed a unique civil service system in China. From Qin dynasty to the early Han dynasty, the military system was adopted to select talents; In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was gradually changed into a recording system, which fundamentally solved the shortage of great talents.

Wen Jing worships Huang Lao, is generous, and condescends to rule; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty rebelled against the laws of his ancestors, respected Confucianism and suppressed officials, followed the example of aristocratic families, severely punished corrupt officials, and was overbearing. Among them, respecting Confucianism and promoting religion was the first in imperial academy, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations. If not, why did Confucianism become "teaching"? If not, why did Chinese civilization survive? If this is not the case, how can learning well and being an official be reflected?

However, many people in later generations hated the three strategies of heaven and man, and their criticism was not unreasonable.

Confucian attitude towards China politics: people-oriented, people-oriented, monarch-oriented and country-oriented. The knife cuts bread and fingers. "Respecting Confucianism alone" lets people know what a courtier should do, such as courtesy, education and loyalty to the country. Confucian views on the quality of talents are: poor people are immune to it, while good people help the world. Confucianism regards morality as the standard to measure a person's quality and politics as the way to realize the value of life. In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the corresponding Confucian internal ruling thought was centralization. Qin Shihuang created a centralized political system; However, the Qin dynasty was short-lived and failed to design a set of ruling policies. In the Western Han Dynasty, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the separatist forces of governors were completely eliminated and the central political power was consolidated.

In this regard, Sima Qian praised the festival! In Huainan Hengshan Biography, Tai Shigong said:

Hengshan, Huainan, flesh and blood, with a territory of thousands of miles, is listed as a vassal. Don't obey a fan's official position to support the son of heaven, just rely on circuitous strategies to resist, and still father and son will die again, each with his own death, laughing at the world.

Qin Xingjun, neither a king nor a vassal, is a real feudal social politics. Liu Bangjian Han, the first king with a different surname, was later named Wang with the same surname. Judging from the development of the political system, it is undoubtedly a social retrogression. As a result, Lv Hou sealed Zhulv, which eventually led to great disaster. Therefore, until the King Jing Dynasty, there was a Seven-State Rebellion with Wu Chu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded Qin Shihuang and went to various counties to implement state laws and regulations. After the Han Dynasty for 400 years, although there were consorts and henchmen, there was no trouble as a buffer region.

Not only that, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty explored many ways to strengthen centralization, and cracking down on powerful people with cruel officials was one of his great efforts.

It is imperative to crack down on lawless strongmen and corrupt officials. However, the extreme politics of cruel officials will inevitably bring various sequelae.

Sima Qian is blunt about this: he likes fighting and threatening others, but he doesn't love others so much. The son of heaven heard about it and thought it was ok, so he was moved to lieutenant.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty greatly praised such a murderer, promoted him to the rank of lieutenant, and gave him more power of life and death. Can Sima Qian, who suffered from castration and cruel officials, not criticize?

Mixed

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to criticize himself with "remorse".

In the fourth year (the first 89 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty declared to the world that he had caused suffering to the people, and he would never resort to war, waste people's money or even express his inner remorse. This is the "guilt on the wheel platform". This imperial edict is the first imperial edict in the history of China.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was undoubtedly the first person who dared to abandon himself and put himself at the center of world public opinion! At this point, the emperors of later generations made a big mistake, and they also "blamed themselves" and publicly admitted their mistakes, showing the attitude of a wise monarch.

Ji An, an outspoken critic, once criticized Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: The emperor killed too many people, even those he trusted on weekdays, and he would not forgive them. At this rate, all the talents in the world will be killed sooner or later. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was unmoved and smiled indifferently: There are no talents in the world, but the master has no eye for talents. If you can identify talents, why worry about the lack of talents in the world? It is often not enough to recruit a scholar-bureaucrat. However, the nature is severe. Although ministers always love believers, they may break the law or bully them. They need to punish them. Ji An remonstrated, saying, "Your majesty has been killed because he has been diligent in seeking talents and failed to make good use of them. The number of people is limited, and I am afraid that all the talents in the world will be used up. Who makes your majesty rule * * *? The dark word is very angry. He smiled and said, Why is there no talent? Ears that the patient can't know. If you can know, why is there no one? The so-called talents are still useful tools, but he refuses to use them all. Without talent, why not kill people? )

It is such a Han Wudi who treats talents like dirt. On the one hand, he cherishes talents extremely.

Under the feudal autocratic system, there are two bad habits in the use of talents: one is cronyism, and only those who are familiar with their cronies are used; Second, when it comes to seniority, we must follow the "thirty-nine steps" and climb up one level at a time, and we must not "mess up" the rules. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty will not be ruined by words: as long as he is talented, his father Yan holds different political views, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is still thirsty for talents; 2. Dare to be promoted by exception: Because of his ability, Wei Qing was born a slave, and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was promoted by exception.

Not only that, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty even abandoned orthodoxy, tolerated all kinds of people, and discovered Dong Fangshuo with one eye, turning the solemn court into a lounge full of warmth and happiness, and the monarch and his subjects were like playmates; At the same time, he didn't lose his principle because of rude remarks, but praised Dong Fangshuo's slanderers and obeyed his orders.

When he first read the myth, he was very admired. Know the author Sima Xiangru. If you get the treasure, let him enjoy the same writing treatment as himself. Being able to recognize, tolerate and employ people, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is unique throughout the ages. Both Qin Shihuang and Emperor Gaozu regarded literati as corrupt scholars, while Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty may know people, but after all, they are not generous enough.

One mistake in his life was to castrate Sima Qian, the greatest historian in China history. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was misunderstood and disputed.

Sima Qian praised him in Historical Records, and Ban Gu's Han Wu Di Ji also praised his literary treatment:

Ban Gu praised: Xiao Wu was first established, deposed a hundred schools, and respected the Six Classics only, so he consulted the sea and made contributions to it. Revitalizing the country's prison, repairing the countryside's worship, correcting the new moon, fixing the year, adjusting the temperament, making fun of poetry, building a temple, worshiping the gods, and ordering articles after Zhou Yan can be described as new ideas. Heirs can follow hongye and have three generations of wind. For example, Liang Wudi is rich in talents, and does not change the gift of mountains and rivers to save the people. Although the poems and books can't be supplemented.

Ban Gu never mentioned the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, indicating that he had reservations about the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

In Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian, there are both praise and criticism:

Guangchen said: filial piety is extravagant, complicated punishment is heavy, palace is extravagant, and foreign affairs are four foreigners. I'm confused. I cruise too much. Few people are different from Qin Shihuang, because they make people tired and become thieves. However, if the Qin Dynasty perishes and the Han Dynasty prospers, filial piety can respect Wang Zhidao first, keep what he knows, and be honest and straightforward. The wicked bully the weak and fear the hard, the wise are tireless and the punishment is severe. It's late. Care about others. Is it because of the loss of Qin and the disaster of Qin?

Why do people have such different views on Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?

First of all, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a very multifaceted person. He is a politician with a political mind; But he is also an ordinary person, full of joys and sorrows. He is a wise gentleman and knows his historical responsibility; But he is also a tyrant, fighting willfully; He not only made great contributions to the world, but also brought great disasters to the world. He dotes on the woman he likes, but he not only moved his heart, but also killed the woman he likes for the country. He is extremely clever and extremely confused; I sacrificed tens of thousands of lives for the legendary BMW. When we approach him, we will find that in these opposing roles, he is not simply either one or the other. In a dilemma, when it is very urgent, he will hesitate and even be extremely painful; There are also ordinary people's joys and sorrows, mean calculations, insomnia and anxiety. In the eyes of ordinary people, he is decisive, confident and talented. However, when we make a final decision on him, we often go to extremes and say that it will be a good time; It's hard to write a book if you say something bad. In this way, differences are inevitable.

We can't judge anyone by a single standard. Human nature is complicated, let alone a feudal emperor! Perhaps his kindness is from the heart, or it may be a means to win people's hearts; Maybe his bad behavior is caused by imperial power and he has to do it, or maybe he was born so heartless. Therefore, since we can't get rid of his imperial shackles, our evaluation can only wander between his two identities of emperor and mortal. How did the innocent "son" become a lovely and terrible emperor? How can you say it all in one sentence?

As the saying goes:

The wind is mighty, the seas are dry and the rocks are rotten, and the golden horse and iron horse are gone;

The Great Wall stands tall, the Silk Road is long, the wealth is magnificent, and the beautiful scenery is desolate and gone.

Clashes of words and swords, vertical and horizontal alliances, the monarch and the minister lean on each other, and the country of the Millennium is gone;

Jia Wei went to the four seas, which was a great disaster. That was a thousand years ago, and it was full of enthusiasm.

Only the lone star Leng Yue, the morning bell and the evening drum, the green light and the yellow axis, and the village theater are reviewed every year and sighed every year.

Twenty-five Historical Actions of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

1, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to use the year number. 1 13 BC, the year number was created, first for six years (140- 104) and then for four years (104-87).

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to formulate and promulgate the taichu calendar Law in a unified way throughout the country, and it was used from the first month of each year.

3. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Historical Records, the first biographical historical book in China, came out, which had a great influence on later historiography.

4. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a map of the earth appeared in the historical records of China after the unification of Qin Dynasty. In April of the fourth year of Yuanshou, Shen Bing said, "My servant Gong Sunhe sent a picture to the imperial court and asked for the name of the country." According to the Records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Ding Yuan sent the general Gongsun He out of Jiuyuan in the autumn of six years, and wrote down the minister Wang Zan: "Fu Ju, the name of the well, went to Jiuyuan for two thousand miles among the Huns. See the map of Han Dynasty." According to Yanshigu, there was a minister Wang Zan in the early Jin Dynasty. This shows that Wang Zan, the minister in the early Jin Dynasty, has also seen the map of the Han Dynasty. This also shows that the regional concept of the country has clearly appeared in the Han Dynasty. This has had an important impact on the study of physical geography in later generations.

5. Give some advice to the founder of Xiande, and Emperor Wu personally asked and selected talents to be an official. This is the so-called inspection and recruitment system.

6. Emperor Wudi's exclusive respect for Confucianism began with Confucianism as the ruling ideology of the country.

7. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo, he made 50 disciples for Dr. Jason Wu and healed himself; Local counties and countries can send some people and accept them as disciples according to certain conditions. After passing the exam, you can pass a skill and become an official. This is where the selection of officials from Taiwanese students across the country began.

8. While respecting Confucianism alone, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also "learned from others", forming a pattern of taking Confucianism as the ruling ideology and accepting the strengths of hundreds of schools. This also has a great influence on future generations.

9. In the second year of Yuanfeng (former 109), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty visited the site to inspect the breach of the Yellow River. This is the first time since the unification of the Qin Dynasty that the emperor personally took charge of the Yellow River.

10 When the hacksaw (indigenous seeder) was popularized by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this method was used in China for more than two thousand years.

1 1. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the Silk Road and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. This is the first time in the history of China.

12 years, in the sixth year of Han Yuanfeng (before 105), the ancestral daughter was married to Wusun and Qin as a princess. This is the first time in China's history that it is close to western countries.

13. Place fields on the wheel platform and furrow plough, and place messengers and a team leader side by side. This is the first time in China's history that he cultivated land in Xinjiang, China.

14, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used the well canal method to make the leading canal, which was later introduced to Xinjiang, China and Persia.

15. Grapes and alfalfa were introduced from the Western Regions, and the thoroughbred horse-Tianma was introduced from Dawan. Music and magic from the Western Regions were introduced to China, and China's cast iron technology, silk, drainage and lacquerware were introduced to Dawan and other places.

16, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty applied benevolence and righteousness and ruled the country by virtue; At the same time, we attach importance to the rule of law and govern the country with heavy punishment. This is also the first time in history.

/kloc-in the fifth year of Yuanfeng in 0/7 (106 years ago), in order to strengthen the supervision of governors and local senior officials, thirteen state departments were established, so that the 600-stone-level secretariat patrol guarded the county at the 2,000-stone level.

18, in order to strengthen the imperial power, reform the prime minister system and establish China-Korea (inner Korea), which had a great influence on the evolution of the prime minister system.

19 years, two years ago in Ding Yuan (1 15 years ago), it was forbidden for counties and states to cast money, but only the three official states in Shanglin were allowed to cast money, not the money circulated by the three officials, and the money previously cast by counties and states was abolished. Have a great influence on future generations.

20. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty settled fields in the northwest frontier counties through a large number of immigrants, which played an important role in the victory of the anti-Xiongnu war and the governance of the western regions. It also has a great influence on future generations. Cao Cao once said in "Preface to Reclaiming Farmland" that "filial piety is a good example for the first generation to cultivate the western regions", which illustrates this point.

2 1. The appointment of officials in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was diversified. Officials with more than 2,000 stones can make their descendants officials through the appointment system; Rich people can become officials through "election"; The descendants of sages can be taken care of, for example, Jia Yi's two sons are taken care of by the county magistrate. However, what is particularly striking is that Liang Wudi employs people on their own merits and does not stick to one pattern. For example, Wei Ruyun's son-in-law was chosen from the handmaiden. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were selected from slaves and slave children respectively. The Prime Minister Gong Sunhong, Yu Shiguang, and the Prince Zhu and others were all selected from poor civilians. Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Ting Wei Zhao Yu were selected from petty officials. It is particularly noteworthy that some generals appointed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were Yue and Huns. Jin Mi's younger brother, a prisoner of Xiongnu and a slave who raised horses in the palace, was elected as a senior official and entrusted orphans to Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie. These conditions show that the selection of talents by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is not limited by class background and ethnic differences. However, this does not mean that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not have standards for employing people, but there were still standards. The standard is "broaden the road of artistic talents and learn from others", and "those who have different talents in counties and counties can make the country unique". In other words, as long as they are willing to fight for the cause of the Han Dynasty, people with artistic talent and talent, people who can be generals and people who can go to distant countries can be appointed. In a word, the standard of employing people is meritocracy. It is precisely because of this that Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty has many talents. Ban Gu was surprised and said, "People who have won the Han Dynasty are prosperous here!" The appearance of this phenomenon deserves serious study.

22. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China to send troops to the hinterland of Xiongnu for a decisive battle.

23. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China who proposed that the northern nomadic Xiongnu should submit to the Central Plains Dynasty, and therefore built a surrender city in today's Inner Mongolia. Although Emperor Wu did not achieve this goal before his death, in the first year of Xuanyuan, Xiongnu became a vassal of the Han Dynasty.

24. After Li Guangli conquered Dayuan, many countries in the southern western regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Xuandi (the first 60 years), the Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty day by day, but the Xiongnu did not dare to fight for the western regions, so they called all their courtiers away, a captain. Xuan Di appointed Ji Zheng as the commander-in-chief of the Western Regions, in charge of the southern and northern countries, and the western countries surrendered to the Han Dynasty. At this point, the west directly entered the Caspian Sea and became the territory of the Han Dynasty, which was the first time in the history of China.

25. After the pacification of South Vietnam, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Boer County and Zhu Ya County in Hainan Island for the first time, ruling Hainan Island and the South China Sea Islands today.

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shihuang made many unprecedented achievements in unifying China, and listed several influential ones as follows:

1. Unified writing, making it the foundation of a nation and continuing to this day;

2. Abandoning state-owned counties became the standard management mode after the unification of China, which lasted for thousands of years;

3. Unifying currency and weights and measures greatly facilitates domestic commercial exchanges.

4. The cars are on the same track, and the distance between roads is the same. The construction of Qin Zhi Road has greatly facilitated domestic traffic;

5. Burning books to bury Confucianism, objectively unifying thoughts and avoiding the division of the country due to historical issues; However, the destruction of ancient books in various countries has made a considerable number of ancient cultural faults and ancient history in China dating, which is really regrettable;

6. The construction of Lingqu strengthens the control over the Pearl River Basin, making this area the territory of China forever;

7. Build the Great Wall to make it a natural dividing line between agricultural and nomadic peoples, and the Great Wall will become a national border for a long time;

8. Attack the Huns in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making this area the territory of China forever.