Some history about the kingdom of Prussia

Prussia (German: Preuszen；; Old Prussian: Pr ū sa; Polish: Prusy；; Lithuanian: Purse; ; Latin: Borussia or Prutenia；; English: Prussia is a historical place name in Europe, which generally refers to the kingdom of Prussia from17th century to19th century. Prussia is sometimes synonymous with the spirit and culture of modern Germany, because it rose and unified Germany in just 200 years and established the Second Reich. Prussian territory The ancient Prussia region only includes the western Prussia region centered on Danzig, that is, the territory of today's south of Lithuania, west of the mouth of the Vistula River in northeast Poland, and the former East Prussia region in Kaliningrad, Russia. 1295 The Teutonic Knights who occupied Prussia bought Pomerania and Danzig. 1308, Newmark bought it from the elector of Brandenburg, and Prussia was bordered by the Holy Roman Empire. Danzig and West Prussia were ceded to Poland in the15th century. 16 18 The Principality of Prussia was merged into Brandenburg, and when the Kingdom of Prussia was founded in 170 1, its territory was centered on Berlin, the capital of Prussia, including Brandenburg, Pomerania, Newmark and Altemark, and hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in southern Germany. /kloc-In the 8th century, Prussia successively acquired the former Pomerania, Posen and Silesia from Sweden, Poland and Austria. After dividing Poland three times, Prussia gained New East Prussia, South Prussia, Danzig, Torun and the western and central parts of Poland including Warsaw. 1806 After Prussia was defeated by Napoleon, it was forced to cede Poland, where France established the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. After Napoleon's defeat, at the Vienna Conference in 18 15, Prussia lost Bayreuther, ansbach, Neuchatel (joining Switzerland), East Friesland, hildesheim and other territories, and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was annexed by Russia except a small piece of territory centered on Posen in the west. As compensation, Prussia gained two-fifths of the territory of Saxony, as well as the territories of Hanover, Bishop Mü nster, Westphalia, the Rhineland on the east and west sides of the Rhine, Salouis and Saarbrü cken in western Germany. /kloc-in the 9th century, after the war, Prussia successively annexed Hesse-Rhine, Schleswig, Holstein, Frankfurt and other kingdoms, principalities and free cities. By the time the German Empire was founded in 187 1, the kingdom of Prussia had 22 provinces, including most of the present German territory except Bavaria, Baden and Wü rttemberg, western and northern Poland, and Alsace and Lorraine, which were taken from France in the Franco-Prussian War. After the First World War, Posen Province, West Prussia and Danzig, which belonged to Prussia, were ceded to Poland, Meirmaier region was ceded to Lithuania, the northern part of Schleswig was returned to Denmark, the southern end of the Rhineland region was merged into Salle, and Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France. After World War II, East Prussia, Silesia and Pomerania in the east were merged into the Soviet Union and Poland according to the Oder-Nice River line set by the Allies. Prussia was merged into West Germany in the west and East Germany in the middle. Geographically, organized Prussia no longer exists. The Kingdom of Prussia was founded in 170 1 year. Friedrich III, the great elector of Brandenburg (son of Friedrich William), supported the Habsburg dynasty of Austria to declare war on the Bourbon dynasty of France in exchange for the title of king. On 65438+ 10 18, Friedrich III was crowned King Frederick I of Prussia in Koenigsberg, and the glorious history of Prussia for more than 200 years began. The rise and expansion of the Prussian helmet inherited the tradition of Teutonic knights' military autocracy. The Prussian army has always been famous for its strict discipline and high educational quality, especially Frederick II (that is, frederick the great) is famous for his arrogance and bravery. He ascended the throne in 1740, that is, seven months after he ascended the throne, and attacked Silesia, which triggered the Austrian war of succession to the throne. Through the war, Frederick II established the personal honor of "military genius" and turned Prussia into a military country. Frederick II also accepted Voltaire's enlightenment thought, improved the judicial and educational system, encouraged freedom of religious belief, and promoted the development of science and art. By the time Frederick II died in 1786, Prussia had become one of the powerful countries in Europe, and the efficiency and integrity of its administrative institutions were the first in Europe. After Frederick II's nephew Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅱ succeeded to the throne, he directly bought the Marquis of ansbach and Marquis of Bayreuther, and carved up Poland for the second and third time. After the French Revolution, Prussia joined the anti-French alliance, but was defeated by the French army and forced to agree to France's annexation of Prussia territory west of the Rhine River in 1795. His son Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ (acceded to the throne in 1797) participated in the anti-French wars in 1806 and 10, and was defeated by Napoleon in Jena and forced to flee to Koenigsberg. 1807, Prussia and France concluded a peace treaty in Tilsit, Nieman River, and Prussia ceded160,000 square kilometers of land, including most of Poland's territory (the second and third partition of Poland, the southern half of Poland's territory for the first time) and all the territory west of the Elbe River, and paid reparations1300,000 francs. After the fiasco of 1806, Prussian Prime Minister Carl Stein began to carry out reforms, including allowing citizens to participate in politics to awaken their nationalist feelings; Release serfs; Implement local autonomy; Reorganize central government agencies, etc. Friedrich Wilhelm University was founded in Berlin on 1809, and Gerhard von scharnhorst began to reform the Prussian army. Since then, Prussia's patriotism has been high. 18 12 winter, Napoleon's army was defeated from Russia, and Prussia joined the anti-French alliance again in the following year, and declared war on France in March 18 17, 10/0/October 24, Prussia, Austria and Russia. Pu Jun defeated the French again at Waterloo. According to the territorial adjustment of the Vienna Conference, Prussia's territory extended from the Meirmaier River to the Rhine River, becoming the only powerful country with German-speaking residents in the German Confederation and one of the European powers. 1834, Prussia established the German Customs Union in Germany, and all German states joined the Union except Austria and Hamburg. During the European Revolution in 1848, King Friedrich William IV announced the establishment of a "free government". Convened a constitutional convention and refused to accept the title of "German Emperor" given by the German Confederation Parliament. However, after the European Revolution in 1848, Frederick William IV returned to autocratic rule. 1857 Frederick William IV suffers from mental illness, and his brother William is the Regent. 186 1 Frederick William IV died, and the Regent ascended the throne, known as William I in history. 1862 clashed with the National Assembly because of the budget and tax issues needed for military reform. He planned to abdicate, but withdrew his life at the suggestion of former ambassador to France Bismarck. Bismarck expressed his support for military reform and said that if he was appointed as Prime Minister, he would force military reform and a new military service system at all costs. 1862 On September 22nd, William I appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister. German Empire: After Bismarck came to power, he began to plan the great cause of German reunification. Bismarck advocated the establishment of a "small Germany" that excluded Austria. Prussia defeated Denmark and Austria in 1864 and 1866, led the northern German federation and the southern German states in 1870, and now defeated France. 187 1 year 1 month 65438+8 years, that is, the 70th anniversary of the founding of the kingdom of Prussia/kloc-0, William I ascended the throne in the mirror gallery of Versailles, France, became the emperor of the German Empire, and announced the establishment of the German Empire headed by the kingdom of Prussia, the so-called Zweite Empire. Because Prussia has 2/3 of the population and 3/5 of the territory of the German Empire, and far exceeds other kingdoms and principalities in the empire in military, economic and industrial aspects, the German Empire has become an expanded version of the Kingdom of Prussia. Each state enjoys autonomy in internal affairs and finance, but gives diplomatic, military (except Bavaria) and customs power to the central government of the German Empire. Prussian history has since been incorporated into the history of the German Empire. 1888, William I's son Friedrich IV der Aufrichtige died after 99 days in office-his grandson William II succeeded to the throne and became the third generation emperor of the German Empire. Its rule ended in Germany's defeat in the First World War. 1918165438+1On October 7th, a revolution took place in Bavaria and the king abdicated. A revolution broke out in Berlin immediately, demanding that the Kaiser abdicate. At that time, William II personally commanded the battle in the German base camp in Siba, Belgium. After learning about the revolution, he tried to give up the title of German emperor and keep the title of Prussian king, but the army commander Hindenburg advised him to abdicate completely. In order to avoid further turmoil, German Chancellor Prince Max von Baden announced that the Kaiser abdicated before noon on1October 9, 165438, and handed over the post of Chancellor to German Social Democratic Party leader friedrich ebert on the same day. William II went into exile in Holland, and the German Empire and Prussia Kingdom perished. 165438+1October 1 1, Germany surrendered to the allied forces. In Prussia 19 19 to 1947, Albert convened the National Assembly in Weimar in 19 19 due to the civil war between the Spartan Corps and the provisional government of the Berlin Social Democratic Party, and adopted the German provisional covenant in 10 February. According to Weimar Constitution, Prussia became a state of Germany, namely "Prussian Free State" (Freistaat Preu? ), the implementation of local autonomy, its territory is the territory of the former Prussian kingdom. /kloc-in the 1920s, the government of the Prussian Free State was mostly led by the German Social Democratic Party and the Catholic Central Party. 1932, the Nazi Party gained an advantage in the elections of the German Parliament and Prussia. Hermann G?ring became the Speaker of the German Parliament and the Speaker of Prussia, and mastered the Prussian Ministry of the Interior and the police. 193365438+1October 30th, when the Nazi Party came to power, the German local autonomy system was abolished, the Prussian Constitution was abolished, the national parliament and legislature were dissolved, and only the administrative units were left. During the Second World War, the leaders of the Allies and the Soviet Union reached a consensus after many meetings that Prussia was the birthplace of German militarism, the base camp of German officers and brave nobles, and the source of German autocratic and aggressive thoughts, which must be eliminated. American President Roosevelt said at the Tehran Conference that "Prussia should be reduced and weakened as much as possible", while Churchill thought that "Prussia, the evil core of German militarism, must be separated from the rest of Germany". The Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference established the principle that East Prussia should be merged into Poland and the Soviet Union, and the post-war German Prussia system should be abolished. 1947 On February 25th, the Allied Control Committee officially ordered the abolition of the Prussian organizational system. (Order No.46) The territory of the former Prussian State was incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union, as well as the occupied areas of Britain, France, the United States and the Soviet Union. The property of the former Prussian national government was divided between the Allies and the Soviet Union. 1949 After the establishment of the German Democratic Republic, Brandenburg, Saxony-anhalt and the eastern half of mecklenburg-Western Pomerania were established in the former Prussian territory (1952, the German Democratic Republic abolished the state-level organizational system and set up special zones). In the Federal Republic of Germany, the states established in the former Prussian territory include North Rhine-westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein. In addition, Lower Saxony, rheinland-pfalz, Hesse, Baden-Wü rttemberg and Saarland all have former Prussian kingdoms and Prussian territories. In Prussia, which was merged into Poland and the Soviet Union, German residents have basically been moved out. The following is the king of Prussia. Prussia was upgraded to a kingdom during Frederick I's reign. Because he promised to help Leopold I, the holy Roman emperor, the emperor changed his title from Elector to King. Prior to this, Prussia had established the Polish Prussian Principality and later merged with Brandenburg. All Prussian monarchs belong to the Hornsauron dynasty. Frederick I1701-13 reigned Frederick William I 17 13-1740 reigned Frederick II (the Great)/kloc-0. In 797 in Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ 1797-1840 in Frederick William IV184-1year in William I 186 1 year-1year. William II 1888-19 18 William II, heir to the Prussian throne 19 18-1940 Wilhelm von Preu?en1940-195/.