What is the reason why China lost Outer Mongolia, Ryukyu Islands, Outer Xing 'an Mountains and Sakhalin Island?

The Outer Xing 'an Mountains, also known as Stanov Mountain in Russian, are located in the north of Heilongjiang. 1On September 7th, 689, the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty was signed, stipulating that China and China are bounded by Waixing 'anling and Ergon, and the south of Waixing 'anling is China territory. At this point, Xing 'an Mountains became the Sino-Russian border. 1858, during the Second Opium War, Russia took the opportunity to enter Aihui (now Heihe) and forced it to sign the Sino-Russian Peace Treaty with the garrison leader. The treaty stipulates that the land north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains, except for sixty-four villages in Jiangdong on the other side of Aihui, belongs to Russia. Since then, the outer Xing 'an Mountains have become a mountainous area in the interior of Russia.

In the early Qing Dynasty, sakhalin island was under the jurisdiction of Zhang Jing (general manager) of Ningguta Angbang, and later controlled by the deputy chief of the three surnames, and managed by the chief and the township head. From the end of 18, Japan and Russia successively infiltrated and occupied Sakhalin Island, Japan occupied the south and Russia occupied the north. 1855 (the fifth year of Xianfeng reign in Qing dynasty), Russia and Japan signed a treaty with China as the suzerain, recognizing each other's occupation status. 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing dynasty), Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, and Sakhalin Island was occupied by Russia.

Ryukyu was originally a vassal state of China. It paid tribute to the Ming and Qing governments of China from 14 to 19. 1879 was forcibly occupied after the Meiji Restoration and changed to Okinawa Prefecture. At that time, the Qing government was at home and abroad, and westernization was in the ascendant. Although strongly protested, it was too busy to take care of it. During the Pacific War, the United States occupied the Ryukyu Islands during the landing campaign against the Japanese from March to June in 1945. From March of 1945 to June of 197 1 year, during this period, the American allied forces have been temporarily managing the Ryukyu Islands, not China. 1971June, the United States signed the so-called San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan without the consent of China, and handed over the Ryukyu Islands to Japan without authorization. Since then, Japan has been under actual control;

The independence of Outer Mongolia deeply hurt everyone's heart in China. -1911year (the third year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty), Zhebuzun Danba of Kulun declared independence with the support of Russia and broke away from the rule of Qing Dynasty. -19 13 Russia and Beiyang government signed the Sino-Russian Statement. According to the statement, Outer Mongolia recognizes the suzerainty of China and is a part of China territory. China and Russia recognize the autonomy of outer Mongolia. China recognizes the jurisdiction of outer Mongolia over Cobdo, and does not allow troops or immigrants to be stationed in outer Mongolia. -19 19, Beiyang government sent Xu Shuzheng troops to recover Outer Mongolia. -192 1 year, with the support of the Soviet Union, China's army was expelled from Outer Mongolia, and a constitutional monarchy was formed in Outer Mongolia. -1924 After the death of the living Buddha of Zhebuzundanba, the outer Mongolian government announced on1October 26th that it abolished the monarchy and established the Mongolian People's Republic.

-1945 On the eve of the defeat of the Japanese army, according to the results of the Yalta Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, the China National Government was forced to agree to the referendum on self-determination of Outer Mongolia. 1946 65438+1On October 5th, the Republic of China officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia, and Mongolia officially became independent and broke away from China. -1949 1 On the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China informally raised the issue of the sovereignty of Outer Mongolia with the Soviet Union, which refused. 19491June 16 the people of People's Republic of China (PRC) and Mongolia established diplomatic relations with China.

After Stalin's death, 1956, Zhou Enlai informally raised the issue of the sovereignty of Outer Mongolia with the later Soviet leader Khrushchev, which was rejected again. 1962, People's Republic of China (PRC) and the People's Republic of Mongolia formally demarcated the border. After the tension between China and the Soviet Union, the relationship between Outer Mongolia and People's Republic of China (PRC) also cooled down. It was not until the middle of 1980 that the relations between the two countries were eased and improved. 1990 the first exchange of visits between the two heads of state.