What was the ancient "Mandarin" in China?

The original name of the Han nationality is Huaxia nationality. The name Huaxia has a profound meaning. Simply put, China is the beauty of clothes; Summer is the peak of etiquette. The elegant word is Xia Yan.

The ancients of our country attached great importance to the unity of dialects in various places, so "Ya Yan" appeared. The article Ci Hai Ya Yan said: "Ya Yan, which is called' * * * Homology' in ancient times, is symmetrical with' Dialect'." Kong Ying Da said in Wen: "Elegant words are reasonable." Yayan is the earliest ancient lingua franca in China, which is equivalent to the present Mandarin.

According to historical records, the earliest "elegant speech" in China was based on the local language of the Zhou Dynasty, and the language around Fenghao, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty (now northwest of Xi 'an) was the national elegant speech at that time. Confucius gave lectures in Shandong, and his 3,000 disciples came from all directions. Confucius lectures with elegant words. "The Analects of Confucius" Volume 7 says: "As Confucius said, poetry, books and rituals are all elegant."

Erya is the earliest book to explain the meaning of words in China, and it is also a dictionary in ancient China. Erya is also one of the Confucian classics, which is included in the Thirteen Classics. Among them, "er" means almost right; "Ya" means "Ya Yan", which is the official standard language of a certain era. "Erya" is to make the language close to the official language. Erya is a work for later generations to study ancient words.

Its author has always had different views. Some think it was made by Confucius' disciples, others think it was made by the Duke of Zhou, and it was obtained by later generations. Most of the descendants think that it was done by people in the Qin and Han Dynasties. After being passed down from generation to generation, each has its own income, which was processed in the Western Han Dynasty.

In ancient times, the piano sound of Kansai was called Yayan and was used as a national language. In addition to the inevitable need of the dynasty to unify the whole country, its intonation also has the meaning of elegance, elegance, elegance and elegance. Beautiful and beautiful, it should become a national voice, and everyone should learn it. Teaching piano to be elegant is an arty fashion. The Book of Songs says, "Without Feng Shang Wang, it is indecent, and elegant people follow Zhou." The Analects of Confucius, Pian Zhi Jie Ya Yan says: "When a master recites poems, reads books and holds ceremonies, he must read his words." To this end, the dynasty regularly called the extension personnel of various vassal States to teach the model of language and pronunciation, and unified the standards of commonly used words and sounds in order to "achieve their aspirations and understand their desires."

The history of Yayan in the Central Plains has reached 1500 years. After the Zhou Dynasty, with the migration of the capital, the basic dialect of Yayan was revised, and the orthodox Han Dynasty spared no effort to popularize Yayan. Elegant speech reached its peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties, reaching a word, and a large number of works of Tang poetry and Song poetry emerged, and neighboring countries rushed to learn elegant speech from the Central Plains.

The phonological classics of the Han Dynasty are as follows:

Sui dynasty

Qieyun is a rhyme book written by Lu Fayan in Sui Dynasty. Qieyun is the inheritance and summary of previous rhymes, the basis of the evolution of traditional rhymes in later generations, and an epoch-making work in the history of rhymes. The original work has not been handed down. What we can see now is only the original book (biography) fragments and some updated versions of the Tang Dynasty manuscript "Qieyun" unearthed in Dunhuang (see the Sound of Qieyun).

the Tang Dynasty

Tang Yun This is a supplementary edition of Qieyun. It was written in the Tang Dynasty, about 20 years after the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (732). Because it was named "Tang Yun", it was dedicated to the imperial court, and it was a private work, but it had the nature of an official book, and it was even more famous than Wang Renyi's "Filling the Gaps in Publication" published earlier.

Song dynasty

Guang Yun, Ji Yun, Lue, etc.

The full name "Rebuilding Guang Yun in the Great Song Dynasty" is a rhyme book revised by Chen Pengnian and others according to the previous rhyme book in the first year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1008). It is the first official rhyme book in ancient China. Guang Yun inherits the phonological features of Qieyun and Tangyun, and is a comprehensive rhyming book since the Han and Wei Dynasties, which occupies an important position in the study of ancient sounds.

"Guang Yun ***5 volumes, with a total of 206 rhymes, of which 57 rhymes are flat and even (28 rhymes on the top and 29 rhymes on the bottom), 55 rhymes on the top, 60 rhymes on the bottom and 34 rhymes on the top. Every rhyme in every tone has a certain collocation relationship with the corresponding rhyme in other tones. Entering rhyme only matches Yang rhyme with nasal rhyme, not Yin rhyme. In this way, in principle, every rhyme has a four-tone collocation. Each vowel has three tones to match. The sound system is relatively clear.

The number of rhymes in Jiyun is the same as that in Guang Yun. It's just rhyme words, and the order of some rhymes is slightly different from that of the following rhyme notes. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xu et al. had requested to combine the narrow rhyme and the adjacent rhyme in Qieyun into one. In the early Song Dynasty, Jia Changchao also called for "three narrow rhymes, which can be used by scholars" (Jade Sea)

Etiquette rhyme

"A Brief Introduction to Li Buyun" and "Ji Yun" were both written by others in the fourth year of Jing You (1037). Ji Yun was written two years later, and A Brief Introduction to Li Buyun was completed four years later. This book is a revised edition of Song Zhenzong Jingdeyun. It is called "rhyme" because it is simpler than "Guang Yun" and "Jiyun" because it focuses on commonly used words and sounds.

the Yuan Dynasty

Hanna pronunciation

As the Mongols arrived in the Central Plains, the language of the Han people became a mixed language of Chinese and Mongolian. It's called Hannah Phonetics.

As a tribal regime with a small population, the Mengyuan regime had to divide the people under its rule in order to rule China more firmly, so it formulated a strict hierarchical treatment system to alienate the Han people. Specifically, foreigners from Central Asia and West Asia, that is, "Semu people", are regarded as the second class of the quasi-ruling class, and the Han people of the same nationality are divided into two different ruled classes, that is, the Han people of the old Jin Dynasty are regarded as the third class and the Han people of the old Southern Song Dynasty as the fourth class at the bottom. The two are not only different in level, but also different in name. The former is called "Han" and the latter is called "Nanren".

Under the rule of Mongolian rulers, some Han people, especially most of the literati class, that is, the landlord class, became slaves of Mongolian rulers and willingly served them. Because the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were only interested in how to extract China, and were not enthusiastic about public utilities. After decades of rule, water conservancy facilities, roads and canals, which are the pillars of China's economy, have become fragmented, and natural disasters such as floods, pests and diseases have occurred frequently, and China's economy has fallen into a state of collapse. People were displaced, and famine, famine and plague claimed many lives.

Mongolians are extremely discriminating against Han people, so many Han people not only shaved their hair and tied their braids, but also took the initiative to change their clothes into Mongolian left-hand robes, which is quite serious to the spirit of Han people. The demise of China under Mongolian rule. Due to the long-term discrimination and oppression of Mongolian rulers and the policy of forcibly translating Mongolian writing style, the spoken language of Han people has also changed, and its spoken vocabulary and grammatical structure are obviously mixed with Chinese and Mongolian: spoken vocabulary often uses vulgar words to translate foreign words instead of inherent words in Chinese, such as "belly" for bribery, "gentleman" for official source. Spoken grammar, because it is mixed with Mongolian grammar, has become a mess, like Hu instead of Hu, like Chinese and non-Chinese. For example, Mongolian grammar is directly applied, and "you" is often used at the end of the sentence to indicate the present tense of the verb, or as a copula, such as "Is there a Korean guest Li She who sells woolen cloth in our shop?" ; "There is no apricot, and there is half an apricot in the water." It is precisely because of this reason that although Zhu Yuanzhang banned braiding, Hu surname, Hu fu and Hu Yu in the early Ming Dynasty, the influence of Mongols could not be completely eliminated. After that, I had to issue instructions repeatedly, and finally basically eliminated the bad influence left by the Mongols.

Laoqida

1998, South Korea discovered the Yuan Dynasty ancient edition of Laoqida, in which "Hutong" was written in Chinese before the Ming Dynasty. These books are authentic spoken languages in the north of Yuan Dynasty, which proves that Yuan people speak Chinese and the language of Yuan people is Chinese, which is of great value to the study of Chinese and society in Yuan Dynasty.

The northern nomads who entered the Central Plains, except Mongolian Yuan (some of them), generally switched to Chinese. This Altaic "northern language" was called "Chinese language" in history. "Mandarin" in Ming and Qing Dynasties refers to the Jianghuai dialect represented by Nanjing dialect, and is not used to refer to the "Chinese dialect" in the north. "Old Beggar" also records that "I went to Yizhou and came to Korea's fields, all of which were Korean words".

Zhongyuan phonology

Central Plains Rhyme is a reflection of Yuan dialect, which truly records the influence of Mongolian Chinese, and the most obvious thing is that there is no entering tone. Central Plains Rhyme was written by Zhou Deqing in the first year of Taiding in Yuan Dynasty (1324). It is used to guide the composition of rhyme and calm the melody, and it was compiled with rhyme characters in many famous operas in Yuan Dynasty.

tomorrow

Wu Hong Zheng Yun

In order to restore the pronunciation of the Han nationality and eliminate the influence of the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties on the pronunciation of the Han nationality, the Ming Dynasty promulgated the Hongwu Zheng Yun. The combination of ancient rhymes in Wu Hong and Zheng Yun is different from that of Liu Yuan and others, who only combine the whole rhymes together, but reclassify each word. This method is the same as compiling Central Plains Phonology. However, there are many differences between Rhyme of the Central Plains and Rhyme of the Central Plains. Wu Hong and Zheng Yun are not only based on the elegant voice of the Central Plains, but also have to change the archaic rhyme.

Zhongyuan Yinyun reflects the spoken pronunciation of dialects, while Hongwu Zheng Yun reflects the pronunciation of Putonghua. There are similarities and differences between them. "Wu Hong Zheng Yun" resumed its tone, instead of Zhou Deqing's three tones. The replica of Ming dynasty had a great influence. The "Chinese language" of the Yuan Dynasty completely disappeared in the middle of the Ming Dynasty.

Ching Dynasty

More than 400 years ago, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci recorded the Beijing dialect at that time. There were a lot of entering tones in Beijing dialect at that time, and there were no warping sounds such as zh, ch and sh, which indicated that Beijing dialect at that time was not the current Beijing dialect or Mandarin.

In the early days when Manchu entered the Central Plains, maintaining rule was the basic national policy. Manchu is required to speak and write Manchu, and a school is set up in Beijing to promote Manchu. However, Manchu is the language of the northern nationalities, and its maturity is limited by the primitive life of grasslands and jungles and the short history and culture. Manchu was a primitive language when it entered the customs. As the ruler of China, Manchu had to face the political reality of using language.

Manchu China people.

Many things in Beijing, from ordinary animals and plants, buildings and daily necessities to magnificent buildings and beautiful scenery, can't be expressed in Manchu. Manchu is also difficult to meet the needs of daily life, so between Manchu and Chinese, it is impossible for Manchu and Chinese to express clearly what they encounter in daily life. As for the use of high-level languages such as architectural engineering language, artistic language, medicine and other scientific and technological terms of the Han people, it is even more difficult to express. At that time, Manchu was facing a crisis of being unable to communicate in Beijing.

At this time, the Eight Banners nobles were faced with the big problem of how to rule the Han people, and they encountered another headache more than the resistance of the Han people-the language crisis. You can conquer with a butcher's knife, but you can't rule with a butcher's knife. In order to consolidate the rule and meet the political needs and even the needs of life, Manchu people urgently need a language that can express their thoughts well. It is obviously unrealistic to improve and enrich Manchu in a short time.

At this point, learning Chinese became the only choice for Manchu people, so the Eight Banners nobles began their imitation process of learning to walk in Handan. From the expression of daily life to the political needs of ruling China, Manchu people urgently need a language that can express their life around them well. Therefore, it is the only choice to apply the language (including vocabulary and pronunciation) of the Han people in Beijing. This kind of open-minded learning of Manchu is definitely not what they advocate and admire China culture. It is really a helpless move to achieve its political goals. It is a "work need" and a complete necessity.

Mandarin is the "national language" of Manchu, which directly permeates all China from the inner city of Beijing and bypasses the outer city of Beijing. Therefore, the outer-city dialect in Beijing is not the real "national language"-Putonghua. Although the "outer-city Beijing dialect" is constantly evolving under the influence of the "inner-city Beijing dialect", just like the inner-city aristocrats and the ordinary people in Beijing are two incompatible communities, the so-called "Beijing dialect" in the "outer-city Beijing dialect" has always been two kinds: "outer-city dialect" and "inner-city dialect", and the "Beijing dialect" referred to everywhere actually refers to "inner-city dialect" (that is, The "Beijing dialect" spoken by Han people in other cities is actually a small language that has no influence on other dialects in China.

The extensive instructions of the Oracle

During the Yongzheng period, "Imperial edict" was promulgated and "Yin Zheng Academy" was established. Imperial edict and extensive training is used as a textbook for teaching putonghua. All scholars who take the road of studying, taking exams and being an official must know Mandarin. The article "Mandarin" in "Gui Si Cun Draft" wrote: "In the sixth year of Yongzheng, most people in Fujian and Guangdong were ordered to be unfamiliar with Mandarin, and the local officials instructed them to negotiate with the courtiers for eight years." After the provincial examinations in the two provinces, candidates are required to master Putonghua, and sometimes they have to interview students in Putonghua to study politics. At one time, it was even stipulated that children who could not speak Mandarin could not be admitted to the scholar. However, the actual effect is very little. According to Shang, a flower explorer in the late Qing Dynasty, "It was very serious at first, not as urgent as the local officials knew, but it decayed for a long time. In Jiaqing and Daoguang, there is only one Shaowu county in Fujian, but it has also been changed into an official system, and Guangdong is even less known. " Even after the Revolution of 1911, Guangdong Higher Normal School (the first two excellent normal schools in Guangdong) made a joke: "Teachers from other provinces are not familiar with dialects, so it is not convenient for professors to dismiss. Naturally, all the scientific and educational research in our school is familiar with Mr. Xiang. " So the languages of Fujian and Guangdong have been preserved.

Kangxi dictionary

The rulers of the Manchu Dynasty exercised strict control over culture and thought. In the Kanggan era, I Han people still had the idea of hating Manchu. He is a world celebrity, and he named three books (Pei Fu and Kangxi Dictionary) for this purpose, in order to facilitate the revolutionary revenge of Chinese people. Most scholars are forced to engage in the collation and textual research of ancient books that have nothing to do with reality, so Chinese studies have made great achievements. Most of these scholars are conservative, so when editing Chinese dictionaries and Chinese phonology, they try to keep the elements of ancient Chinese. Kangxi Dictionary retains the sound entering system and the sound grouping.

Characteristics of Chinese (Ya Yan)

Elegant and appropriate, appropriate, appropriate. Elegant listening, similar to local accent, sounds elegant. Wang Anyi once went to Shaanxi to listen to the local accent and said, "It sounds good, but it's from the north, but it's extremely soft. There is a soothing drawl between the lines, and the lines are so gentle. "

The ancients were very particular about pronunciation. Chinese is characterized by eight tones and sharp group sounds. Poetry is flat and even, and the method of rhyme is the first to record pronunciation.

Eight tones

Eight tones are the main features of Chinese, and the tones of Chinese are quite special among all languages in the world. Although, Korean and Japanese also have Chinese vocabulary. But none of these Altaic languages have tones.

Eight-tone choice in Zhouyi gossip. Eight tones are divided into yin and yang, and yin and yang are divided into four tones: "going up". It means "above the sun", "above the sun", "away from the sun", "in from the sun", "out from the sun" and "in from the sun".

The eight tones of hearing are roughly as follows: "The sound level is not low", that is, the sound is loud and comfortable; "loud and strong" means rising and heavy turbidity; "Going to the sound and mourning far away" means that the sound is light and sharp, and the tail is long; "Short-term collection" means that the sound is extremely light and quickly put away.

Sharp voice and group voice

Sharp sounds and group sounds depend on whether the pronunciation is on the tip of the tongue or on the surface of the tongue. Chinese characters and Chinese, especially the phonetic components of Chinese, are the precious heritage of traditional culture in China. Pinyin group is the treasure of Chinese pronunciation and the highest stage of its development through the ages.

Since the emergence of Chinese characters, they have been divided into "sharp group sounds", "sharp group sounds" and "group sounds". Before 1932, China's dictionaries were completely distinct, strictly distinguished and not mixed at all. So is the direct pronunciation dictionary, and so is the syncopation dictionary. Since the use of anti-tangent phonetic notation in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the sharp sound belongs to the refined sound system (initial consonant number four) and the group sound belongs to the audible sound system (initial consonant trace xi). 1800 years later, it was the same in all previous dynasties.

We can clearly distinguish the difference between sharp sounds and group sounds from the reversal of poetic order by sharp sounds:

"Wine books don't read nine, arrows don't read swords. Wine arrows return to sharp sounds, and nine swords return to the regiment. Initial consonant is the key to distinguish sharp group sounds; The tip of the tongue is z c s, spelled as a tip, the tongue is j q x, and the syllables are all groups. "

Arctangent phonetic notation

The method of synthesizing two Chinese characters into a Chinese phonetic notation. It is a traditional phonetic notation method in China. Sometimes it is also called "anti" or "cutting".

Two words used as backcutting, the former word is called backcutting upper word, abbreviated as cutting upper word or upper word, and the latter word is called backcutting lower word, abbreviated as cutting lower word or lower word. Phonetic symbols are called secant characters, or secant characters for short. The basic principle of backcutting is that the initial consonant of the upper word is the same as the initial consonant of the cut word, the vowel (including the middle tone) and the tone of the lower word are the same, and the upper and lower combination is the pronunciation of the cut word. For example, Guang Yun's "Winter, Gege Cut" uses capitalized initials, case finals and tones to annotate winter.

Flat tone

The so-called flat tone is the classification of tones of Chinese characters, which divides the sum of four tones of Chinese characters into flat tone and flat tone. Flat tones and flat tones (that is, one or two tones) are combined into one category, which is called flat tones; The falling tone and the rising tone are divided into one category (that is, three or four tones) and combined into one category, which is called Nuo sound.

The law of leveling is divided into relative and alternating. Specific examples are:

A thousand minutes of wine brewed in the sea (plain)

Wan Ren onion planted on the mountain (flat and flat)

Flat and faint, such as: the mountains and rivers are infinitely good.

Let's live in peace with the motherland in the spring of 10 thousand years (the country depends on the ancient sound)

All countries learn from the elegant words of the Central Plains.

All countries are proud of elegant science and simple elegance.

South Korea, King Sejong and "the Meaning of Training the People"

The Korean peninsula has a long history, but for a long time, it was a country with only its own language and no national characters. Around the 3rd century AD, Chinese characters were introduced into Korea, and later the Korean language was recorded by the sound and meaning of Chinese characters, that is, "official reading". However, due to the influence of feudal social hierarchy. Most people who can learn and use Chinese characters are aristocrats, and it is difficult for ordinary people to get in touch with them. Moreover, some "official reading texts" created by combining Chinese characters are not suitable for the phonetic system and grammatical structure of Korean, so it is sometimes difficult to mark Korean accurately. Therefore, at that time, people very much hoped to have a text that was not only suitable for Korean phonetic system and grammatical structure, but also easy to learn. From the perspective of the ruling class, in order to facilitate the people to implement their own ruling policies, it is also necessary to invent a phonetic notation that is easy for the people to master. In this way, under the active advocacy of Wang Shizong, the fourth generation country of the Korean Dynasty, a group of outstanding scholars, such as Zheng Linzhi, Shen, Cui Heng and Cheng Sanwen, created 1444 Korean characters consisting of 28 letters on the basis of studying the phonology of Korean and some foreign characters for many years. During this period, Korean scholars came to China many times to study tonality in Ming Dynasty. 1446, North Korea officially released the created Korean characters called "training people to pronounce correctly", which means teaching people to pronounce correctly. After the invention of new characters, King Sejong advocated the use of "training people to correct their pronunciation" in official documents and personal letters, and ordered the creation of "Dragonfly is the Song of the Sky" with "training people to correct their pronunciation". He also took "training people's correct pronunciation" as a compulsory subject for officials in imperial examinations, and engraved "training people's correct pronunciation" on coins. The creation of Xun Min Andrew provides a good condition for the development of Korean characters and Korean literature.

The emperors of the Korean era deeply understood the importance of the language environment. In order to enable Korean sinology teachers to learn pure and authentic Chinese, they repeatedly applied to the Ming Dynasty to send overseas students. After being denied by the Ming government, they had to "curve study abroad" in other ways. On the one hand, China students and apprentices are mixed together as members of the mission to familiarize them with the language environment and master fresh languages; On the other hand, a large number of overseas students were sent to Liaodong in a folk way. According to Volume 62 of Records of Sejong, "Take twenty sons and still teach them to translate Chinese. Every time the special envoy goes to Beijing, he will be sent to perform official duties. " (This newspaper1Feb15th) According to Sejong's records, "Cheng Yuan Wen was a scholar, and according to the official regulations, Liaodong was sent in to teach China." (Volume 871February 2 1 day) It is worth mentioning that in order to ensure the scientific nature of Chinese studies education, the Korean Li Dynasty established a quality officer system. The so-called "quality officer" is to ask experts to solve problems and make inspections and modifications. Most of them are senior sinologists in the Li Dynasty in North Korea, and their quality correction contents are extremely rich, including rhymes, official texts, teaching materials and so on. "Do you know that Li Bian, an official of Wencheng Academy, and Cao Zheng, an official of Jin Lang, question that Zhijie Primary School is like Liaodong?"

Japan

Japanese people have been studying China culture for a long time, including ancient Wuyin, Chinese Phonetics, Tang and Song Phonetics and so on.

Five tones: Five tones are the earliest pronunciation of Chinese characters in Japan. Mainly the envoys sent by Japan to the Sui Dynasty before the Nara era, that is, Japanese students or monks (monks) sent by the Japanese court to study in China in the Southern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty, and the pronunciation of Buddhist classics or ancient books they brought back to Japan. Therefore, the Japanese classic Oono-Yasumaru (ぉぉのやすまろ) includes myths, legends and ballads. And recorded the reasons for Japan's reunification with the emperor as the center. 7 12, the oldest existing history book in Japan) and Ye Wan Collection (the oldest poetry collection in Japan, 20 volumes, 4,500 poems, 759 years) are all read in five tones. These pronunciations are mainly Buddhist classics or Chinese medicine terms.

Hanyin: After five tones, a so-called Chinese pronunciation is popular in Japan. These pronunciations were mainly formed by envoys or students sent to the Tang Dynasty in the last years of Nara and the early years of Ping 'an, imitating the pronunciations of Chang 'an area from the 9th century to10th century. These envoys thought that the pronunciation they brought back was the real pronunciation, so in order to distinguish it from the previous pronunciation, they called the pronunciation of this era "Chinese pronunciation". Japanese Minister (Prince Scheeren, toneri- shinnou,とねりしんのう, the oldest official history written by the imperial court in 720, written in Chinese with many modifiers) is written in Chinese. At present, most Japanese characters are pronounced with "Chinese pronunciation".

Tang-Song sound: Tang-Song sound refers to the sound of food and utensils brought back by monks and businessmen from Kamakura, China to Muromachi during the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. It turns out that all the sounds at that time were the pronunciations of the Song and Yuan Dynasties in China at that time, which should be called "Song vowels". However, because of the prosperity and civilization of the Tang Dynasty before that, even in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Japanese still called it "Tang and Song Tones". For example, eating wonton is called udon noodles, drinking tea is called kitcha,きっちゃ, and gold is called jinsu, きんす.

Compatriots often talk about the similarities between Japanese and Wu and Min languages. Sometimes, some people think that Shanghai dialect and Minnan dialect are really like Japanese. In fact, we should speak Japanese like Wu and Min.

Dialect island phenomenon

The alien rule and immigration movement in history are the direct reasons for the formation of dialect islands.

Due to foreign rule, Chinese has been greatly destroyed. Dialect islands, large and small, have formed all over the country. Among them, Wu dialect island represented by Ming Dynasty pronunciation and Minnan dialect island represented by Middle Ages pronunciation are the most famous, while Cantonese comes from the tone sandhi of Yayan, and Hakka dialect is interrelated between literary pronunciation and Cantonese pronunciation. Fujian and Guangdong have long resisted the influence of foreign phonetics, which makes the reading of Minnan literature (represented by Quanzhou phonetics) and Cantonese better correspond to rhyme reading.

Universal fallacy

Ignoring Wu dialect, Hakka people are impacted by Putonghua.

The exaggeration of Taiwanese is equivalent to Minnan and Heluo.

I can't distinguish between naive reading and literary reading, and confuse white reading with literary reading.

Ignore the problem that Cantonese can't be pronounced completely.

Ignore phonetic changes and population migration

Exaggerate the time required for language replacement.

Yayan recovery

The recovery of elegant speech is not as difficult as imagined, and it can be recovered through local dialect pronunciation and rhyming books.

The restoration of Yayan has brought Chinese back to the era of unified phonetic system, restored the original functions of classical Chinese dictionaries, and restored a large number of silent words and typos, thus returning Chinese to simplicity and elegance. These 57,000 Chinese characters will regain their brilliance, and the flexibility of Chinese will certainly bring new heights to new literature.

label

Among many language mountains, Chinese is undoubtedly the most magnificent and broad one. The charm of Chinese comes from the structural characteristics of hieroglyphics. Chinese characters are typical hieroglyphics, which form a certain morphological structure with the alternation of strokes. They have symbolic functions and can reflect the existence and changes of things and people's thoughts and feelings. This is not available in pinyin. Symbol is a contradictory state between image and non-image. Symbol is different from painting and does not obey the perspective principle, but it also expresses some characteristics of things, and people's senses can realize the things themselves by recognizing the characteristics. This symbolic function was once engraved on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, cast on bronze wares, written on bamboo slips and rice paper, and now it is displayed on the computer screen. For thousands of years, the form, sound and meaning of Chinese characters have been undergoing subtle changes. However, that is the voice of ancestors, not dead specimens, but living life. Lived for 5000 years, which constitutes our profound culture.

Another said: China's ancient Putonghua lasted for 4,000 years, with Luoyang dialect as the standard pronunciation!