Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties

Ground-breaking system is a unique system for resettling refugees in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. Simply put, it seems to be to solve the problems of overseas Chinese counties. After Jin Yongjia's funeral, a large number of northern refugees went south. How to resettle these refugees became a headache in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Because if it is not handled properly, it will easily lead to riots and uprisings, and the Western Jin Dynasty has learned from the past. In this regard, the practice adopted by the Eastern Jin Dynasty was to set up overseas Chinese counties for management.

Why do you want to set up overseas Chinese counties? At that time, a large number of refugees went south, often concentrated in a certain area. Therefore, when they arrive in the south, they can quickly manage these refugees by establishing overseas Chinese States or counties in their places of origin, so as not to cause unrest. Especially the aristocratic families in the north, they often go to the south angrily, taking their own people, folk songs, tenants and people who take refuge along the way. For the Han nationality, "the hope of the earth has become their customary trademark" [1], and they can't accept the fact of deviating from their ancestral home immediately psychologically, that is, the so-called "people in trouble will say: everyone has his own mulberry, and customs have their own north and south." ..... A gentleman has rustic charm "[2]. Therefore, this method of retaining the original state and county names satisfies their psychology. Moreover, the establishment of Huaqiao County is probably due to the ruler's dream of quickly recovering the soil in the north.

Qiao Zhou County in the Eastern Jin Dynasty mainly has four central areas: Huainan District, Jiangnan District, Hanshui River Basin and Yizhou District [3]; Basically, it is an area where a few refugees are concentrated. However, the setting of these overseas Chinese counties is very confusing. "The geography is uneven, and its details are difficult to lift. In fact, it is because of the sudden change of name, repeated division of territory, or a county divided into four or five, and there is a strong grip in the fourth and fifth, which is not easy to learn. " [4] The reason for this is mainly because of the trusteeship nature of these counties, that is, there is no actual geographical scope (solid soil). The managers appointed by the emperor only manage refugees, who live in southern counties. In this way, these overseas Chinese counties are extremely unstable (rulers often change the governance scope of an overseas Chinese county), and the actual operation is very chaotic, which conflicts with the original counties. "The county chief is an officer, and his position is changeable, or he holds a post in Taiwan or takes an official position" [5]. Moreover, there are many overseas Chinese counties, which are dizzying. Judging from the suggestion [6] that "today's poor counties and counties are merged, those with less than 5,000 households are not counties, and those with less than 1,000 households are not counties", it is very likely that there were hundreds or even dozens of households called a county at that time, and the number of counties and counties can be imagined!

At the beginning of the establishment of Qiaoxian County, this system played a great role in stabilizing the refugees, because the refugees in Qiaoxian County could enjoy some preferential treatment. In the first year of Taizi, Fan Ning, the prefect, said, "Now it is advisable to stand at attention to politics, divide the people into households by land, clearly test subjects, and practice the law of Lu Wu. ..... A gentleman has rustic generosity, and a villain has worries about service. " Based on this, it is inferred that before the landslide, the refugees in the counties and counties of overseas Chinese probably did not have to bear the corvee, paid no rent tax or paid little rent tax. Such a tolerant policy is very attractive to the people in the north. In fact, the tax policy in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty was really light in theory. In June of five years, the Eastern Jin Dynasty became the Emperor of Xianhe and the Emperor of Longhe for two years, and the tax was reduced to two liters, which was lighter than Cao Wei and lighter than the Western Jin Dynasty. Coupled with the relative stability in the south, a large number of northerners went south.

Overseas Chinese counties are, after all, temporary solutions, not permanent solutions, and such a chaotic situation cannot be a long-term solution. Therefore, once the refugees settle down and give birth with peace of mind, how to deal with these overseas Chinese counties is before us. The rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty adopted the method of "breaking ground". The following is a comparison table between the number of refugee flows and the implementation of the soil break: (According to Wang's History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties)

The southward migration of northern refugees

Tuduan

The first year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty = 307 AD.

Si Marui moved to the east of Zhenjiang, and refugees crossed the river.

Taixing four years in the Eastern Jin Dynasty = 32 1 year.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the areas south of the Yellow River and north of Huaishui fell, and refugees crossed the river.

1, Xianhe Emperor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty = 326-334 AD.

2. Seven years in Xianning, Eastern Jin Dynasty = 34 1 year.

Yonghe five years in the Eastern Jin Dynasty = 349 AD.

Huan Wen sent troops to Guanzhong, and the refugees went south.

3. Two years of mourning in Xingning, Eastern Jin Dynasty = 364 AD-Geng Xu system.

Eight years in Taiyuan, filial piety to Emperor Wudi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty = 383 AD.

At the water's edge, the refugees crossed the river.

4. Eight years and nine years in East Jin 'an Yixi = 4 12-4 13.

Twelve years of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty = AD 4 16 years.

Emperor Wu of song's northern expedition, refugees crossed south

Twenty-seven years in Yuanjia, Song Wendi = 450 AD.

The Northern Wei Dynasty invaded south and refugees crossed the river.

5. The first year of Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty = 457 AD.

The second year of Taishi Emperor in Song and Ming Dynasties = AD 466.

Lost the land of Huaibei four States and Yuzhou Huaixi, and the refugees crossed the south.

6. The first year of the abolition of the Yuan emblem after the Song Dynasty = AD 473.

7. Three years after the establishment of Emperor Qi = 48 1 year.

8. The first year of filial piety in Tian Jian, Liang Wudi = 502 AD.

9. The first year of Chen Wendi Tianjia = 560 AD.

From the table, we can see a very interesting phenomenon: every refugee tide will almost collapse once in the past twenty or thirty years. Two or three generations have passed, and the refugees from the north have already "settled in the soil", and "hills, ridges, tombs and cypresses have all taken place". It is time to bring these refugees into the normal "household-to-person establishment". Some scholars overemphasize that land cutting is for exploitation, which is unnecessary. From the perspective of national management, it is also necessary to cut land and bring people into normal household registration.

The situation of breaking ground is different every time, and the purpose and effect of breaking ground can also be seen.

In fact, Tuduan's earliest attempt was in the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty. Wei Guan, Sima Liang and Li Zhong all wrote to restore rural elections. They think that Cao Wei's "nine products" system is a temporary strategy, "to make the world wait and see, only place is important, people abandon morality and neglect their careers, and it is more or less a sharp knife and hurt customs", so rural discussions should be resumed. However, due to the "migration of people", the refugees are still in their hometown, so it is necessary to implement the "land break": "Decide to stay below the government, take living as the right thing, and leave home without guests." In this way, we can "kill our neighbors, both in the city and in the county, that is, live a long life, abolish the system of nine products, and promote the good and enter the talents, and each is discussed by the township." It can be seen that the original significance of Tuduan is to bring immigrants into their places, with the aim of facilitating the restoration of the system of selecting officials in rural areas, so as to "protect people's education, combine customs and politics with grammar", hoping to break the monopoly of aristocratic families, stabilize people's hearts and elect truly talented people for the country. However, this proposal was not adopted in the end. The reason is that in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the upper class had no poverty and the lower class had no right. The kingship also depended on aristocratic families, and the country was in turmoil, so the soil for a heated "rural discussion" no longer existed. [7]

The ground-breaking system in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties began in the reign of Emperor Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "Chen Shu" only contains: "Kang, back to the Prime Minister, salty soil broke, so he is a Great Wall person." Mr. Wan took the second year of Xianhe as the senior high school entrance examination, canceled the blank paper, and all the "paintings" were included in the yellow paper-The Book of Jin. [8]

The second time I broke ground was in the seventh year of Xiankang: "In summer and April, Ding Mao ... was actually a family, and all the princes and princes were resting in the land." Hu Sansheng Jincheng Xiankang seven years' History as a Mirror records: "At that time, Prince Shu Ren came from the north and lived in the left side of the river. Today, they are mainly indigenous and white. White nationality, registered permanent residence; There are yellow books under Song and Qi. " Here, the general scholars agree that Huang Baiji records the household registration information in different colors, representing the southern aborigines and the northern immigrants respectively. However, after detailed textual research, Mr. Gao Min believes that Bai Ji does not publish the household registration of immigrants on white paper to show the difference with indigenous people, but refers to the empty household registration as the object of land interruption-no tax. Here, he believes that "white" is illusory, and "white" corresponds to "real households"; The purpose or essence of the land cut-off is "localization of overseas Chinese households, service adjustment of non-tax households, and empty households". [9] Gao Min's analysis of the nature of soil end and bletilla striata is good. However, his argument deliberately bypassed the superficial difference between yellow and white, and overemphasized the "false" meaning of "white", which may be inappropriate. Fan Ning said: "The holy king made the system, and there is no difference between yellow and white." It can be seen that not only yellow base and white base correspond, but also yellow base and white base correspond. If the yellow book is understood as the "yellow book" or the account version registered with the yellow book [10], then the "white paper" is probably the account version registered with white paper. Its essence is precisely to distinguish it from "Huang Ji" and express the population of overseas Chinese. Therefore, I agree with Hu Sansheng that the essence of the white people is self-evident.

The background of this soil fault deserves attention. The Eastern Jin Dynasty/KLOC-proclaimed himself emperor in 0/8, and this time the landslide was carried out one year before his death. In recent years, natural and man-made disasters have continued in the south. Floods, droughts, earthquakes and other natural disasters are unfavorable to production, and man-made disasters are even more destructive: in December of the first year of Xianhe, the Soviet army rebelled with Zuyue, invaded Jiankang, fought in Gushu and Wuhu, set fire to robbery, and "people mourned and shook the city" until four years of Xianhe, but "after the war, the palace was in ruins" and had to be rebuilt. At that time, the rent adjustment may not be heavy (see above), but the people's livelihood is depressed, and the corvee should not be light in order to build a palace. In September of five years, "build a new palace, build a garden city" and "complete the hard work of a child in a few days", and moved to the new palace in December of seven years. In addition, whether rebels or oppressors, people who fight for them are ordinary people, and military service will never be light. Actually, this problem is very serious. "Counting the military tax rice, there are more than half a million stones hanging in the air." In this case, the intention of the ruler is obvious when the ground is broken. If white people are merged into yellow people, these refugees can no longer enjoy the treatment of non-adjustment and non-service, so that the government's income will be guaranteed (a wider tax source) and it will be more convenient to "call for service". [ 1 1]

The third time he broke ground was in the second year of Aixingning: "In March, when people were widely read, the law prohibited it, which was called the Geng Xu system". This time, Tu Duan was the most famous, probably because Huan Wen presided over it, and Sima Xuan broke the ban again. This time, it is forbidden for aristocratic families to hide free refugees. Sima Xuan tried his best to hide five families, but Huan Wen, who "bought Ting Wei", found out. On this basis, Mr. Wang believes that the soil has been completely broken. [12] I don't think the situation is so optimistic. Because Sima Xuan is a "assistant minister in the book", that is to say, the government has no way to ban this kind of hiding behavior of aristocratic families. Even if there is a temporary effect, it is an indisputable fact that their dependent population is increasing. [13] On the other hand, under such law enforcement efforts, some people are attached to aristocratic families, indicating that the government's exploitation is actually heavier than that of aristocratic families (even if the policy is not heavy). In fact, the government's exploitation is really heavy. According to Fan Ning, the 16th National People's Congress was classified as a full-time student and the 13th was classified as a part-time student. It turned out to be nineteen and fifteen respectively; Thirteen is still a child. The hard work is so heavy that the people do not hesitate to "punish the disabled and lose their hair". "Children are no longer raised, and widows dare not marry." In this way, more and more people will naturally be attached to aristocratic families. Most refugees went south for two purposes: first, their property was destroyed in the war; Second, I can't stand the harsh exploitation in the north. Therefore, Yuan Di's early policies (such as tax exemption) are very attractive. After breaking ground in the south, there are two ways out: one is to be attached to a big family, and the other is to farm their own land and get married. They are all exploited, either by the extended family or by the government, depending on which life is better. At the beginning of the policy, many people should choose the latter, but with the aggravation of land acquisition and taxation, more and more people will choose the former. [ 14]

Although the land fallow was called "rich as an enemy" by Emperor Wu of Song, the government made a profit for a while, but the long-term effect was not ideal. 10 years later, it is still "a waste of money and an empty treasury." With the continuous migration of refugees to the south, the handling situation in overseas Chinese counties is not obvious, and it is still "demoting officials into bosses, and there is no limit to reinstatement", "dragging people, setting up schools, moving things, everyone changing places, documents and books, and fewer depositors".

The fourth soil rupture was in the Xi period in Iraq. "The Book of the Song Dynasty, Emperor Wu Ji Zhong": "The land is broken by boundaries, not an exception. Only Xu, Yan and Qing live in Jinling. It flows to the counties and counties, and it is more and more provinces. " Tu Po was presided over by Emperor Wu of Song, who said, "All taxes and duties should be adjusted, so it is advisable to see households." Judging from the fact that "all those who are not funded by militarists and profit from guarding and slaughtering, except for everything now", law enforcement is also relatively strong. However, why "Xu, Yan and Qing all live in Jinling without exception"? This has not happened in the previous three landslides. In the first year of Xiaozong, Emperor Xiaowu of the Southern Dynasties, the overseas Chinese in South Xuzhou began to rent, but in the first year of Tian Jian, Liang Wudi, it was still necessary to "break the overseas Chinese county in South Xuzhou". Why is this place so special? What changes have taken place in the past 30 years from Xingning to Yixi to make this place so special?

According to the Records of Zhoushujun in Song Dynasty, Jinling County is located in Wuxi, west of Wujun, that is, Changzhou and Zhenjiang today. During the Three Kingdoms period, he was the agricultural governor of Piling Temple in Wu. In the early years of Taixing emperor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "the county and Dantu county ruled the Jingkou", and later changed the place to Dantu. Both Jingkou and Dantu are near Zhenjiang. This belongs to Yangzhou, and Song Wendi Yuanjia belonged to Nanxu in the eighth year. However, South Xuzhou used to be an overseas Chinese county, and there was no "real land". Only when they arrived did they "cut Yangzhou Jinling, and the overseas Chinese in nine counties of Yanzhou returned to Yan", but before that, the scope and name of their overseas residence had changed greatly. Before the earthquake, Xuzhou was within the scope of Jiangnan and Jiangbei, including Jinling. So is Yanzhou. The overseas Chinese of Emperor Jincheng settled in Yanzhou in the south of China and sent them to Jingkou. South Qingzhou governs Guangling (now Yangzhou) and also involves Jinling County. That is to say, there is no collapse near Zhenjiang.

Jinling County has many counties where overseas Chinese live in concentrated communities, "including more than 20 counties such as South Donghai, South Lanling, South Dongguan and South Pengcheng" [15]. There are also many northern aristocratic families who live here by overseas Chinese. There are many big families in Jingkou. The Biography of Diao in the Book of Jin and the Biography of Wei Xiao say that Diao's family in Bohai Sea is "plain and rich, and his slave is well-off and thrifty, which is a moth in Jingkou", while the declining family "lives in Jingkou with his mother" and the Confucian scholar Xu Chengzhi "belongs to the Yongjia rebellion", so he and the villagers Zangkun and others led their children to visit more than a thousand scholars. In addition, this place is a traditional place where all ethnic groups in the south of the Yangtze River live together, so the regime is very strong and can be said to be the cornerstone of the dynasty regime. So the interests here should be guaranteed to the greatest extent. Because of the content of the soil, it is not difficult to understand the chartered car here.

More importantly, it is also a military stronghold. The vicinity of Jingkou is an important base for the struggle between Jing and Yang and the promotion of one side. In particular, the base camp of the northern government soldiers established and developed over the past 30 years is also here. "At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Guangling, the northern town of Xie Xuan, ... summoned up more courage and was imprisoned with He Qian in the East China Sea, ZhuGeKan, LeAn, Liugui of Dongping and Wuzhong of Xihe. , choose with Meng Xiao. Xuan joined the army with the prison and led the elite as a striker, winning every battle. The number is "Beifubing". "Beifu" is Jingkou. [16] It can be seen that "most of the soldiers in the northern government came from Xu, Yan and Qing countries" [17]. In addition, all the rulers of Beifu soldiers, such as Xie Xuan, Wang Gong, Liu Laozhi and Emperor Wu of Song, were in charge of Jingkou Town. Military-related materials, manpower, etc Also from here. For example, when Xie Xuan was appointed as general Jianwu, the secretariat of Yanzhou, the leader of Guangling, and the military and political supervisor of Jiangbei, he "went to calligraphy to announce the Three Kingdoms". [18] It is conceivable that this is the hinterland of the northern government soldiers, which should be the best place to control and the place that the rulers know best. In order to ensure its stability, the rulers are not willing to make a fuss to break the ground. What's more, Emperor Wu of Song was a shepherd in Yangzhou at that time. If he instructs all localities to break ground, it will be very difficult for Jinling area where his aristocratic families gather. Why did he make trouble for himself? It was not until Emperor Wen's rule was relatively stable that the court had the energy and financial resources to carry out this reform. During this period and the following year, the government merged many overseas Chinese counties, and the original chaotic situation was greatly improved. On this basis, many overseas Chinese counties also own real land. However, it is also worth thinking about the extent of the so-called "rent for foreigners in South Xuzhou". Later, there were several broken books, but none of them were as famous as the previous ones.

On the other hand, the policies of the rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties towards refugees are as follows: it is necessary to set up overseas Chinese counties and counties, and it is effective to manage refugees under unstable conditions; After a period of time, the system of following up the soil break is also in line with the development of the times. However, to some extent, this system is the practice of killing the goose to get the egg. Because on the one hand, refugees are forced to become naturalized, on the other hand, what happens after naturalization cannot guarantee them to stay in China. Although temporary benefits have been achieved, in the long run, it will only make the people overwhelmed and the population decrease. Therefore, in order to ensure a stable source of tax revenue, we must be frivolous and encourage production. And this must be guaranteed by stability. Unfortunately, however, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties happened to be one of the most chaotic periods in ancient China.