What is the history of Israel?

Author: anonymous

The history of Jews in the Biblical era began in the first 500 years of the second millennium BC. The ancestors were Abraham, his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. A famine throughout the country forced Jacob and his sons, the ancestors of twelve tribes in Israel, to move to Egypt, where their descendants became slaves. Centuries later, Moses led the people out of Egypt, out of slavery, towards freedom and finally back to Israel. They wandered in desert of sinai for 40 years, where they formed a country, accepted the laws of Moses, including the Ten Commandments, and the monotheism founded by their ancestors began to take shape.

Under Joshua's command, Israeli tribes conquered Israel and settled down, but they often only unite under the leadership of the leader known as the "judge" when they are threatened from outside. BC 1028, Sol established a monarchy; His successor David unified the tribes and established their capital in Jerusalem in 1000 BC. Solomon, the son of David, developed the kingdom into a prosperous commercial power and built the temple of monotheism in Israel in Jerusalem. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that during Solomon's reign, important city trade centers were established in some fortified towns, such as Xiasuo, Megiddo and Geji. After Solomon's death, the country split into two kingdoms: one is the kingdom of Israel, with its capital in Samaria; One is the Jewish kingdom with Jerusalem as its capital. The two kingdoms coexisted for two centuries, ruled by Jewish kings, and warned by prophets to safeguard social justice and abide by the law.

In 722 BC, the kingdom of Israel was occupied by Assyrians, and the people were forced into exile (known as the "lost ten tribes" in history). In 586 BC, the Jewish kingdom was conquered by the Babylonians. The invaders destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and sent most of the Jews to Babylon.

During the period of Jewish autonomy (538-60 BC), the Babylonian Empire was conquered by Persians in 539 BC. After that, many Jews returned to Judah (the homeland of Israel) to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem, and the Jewish way of life in their homeland was restored. In the next four centuries, Jews enjoyed a great degree of autonomy under the rule of Persians and ancient Greeks. The Seleuc dynasty in Syria took a series of measures to ban the religious belief of Jews, which led to the uprising led by the Macabies family in 168 BC, and then established an independent Jewish kingdom, which was ruled by the Jewish king of Haas Monic dynasty for about 80 years.

Foreign rule (60 BC-AD 1948) Since 60 BC, the country has been weakened by civil strife and increasingly controlled by Rome. In order to get rid of Roman rule, the Jews launched another uprising, the biggest one of which broke out in 66 AD. After four years of fighting, the Romans conquered Judea in 70 AD, burned down the Second Temple and exiled many Jews in China. The last resistance of Jews to Rome was that more than 1000 people were trapped in the castle on the top of Masaadeh. The rebellion ended in 73 AD with the collective suicide of the defenders. It became a symbol of the Jews' struggle for freedom in their own land.

Under the rule of Rome (70-3 13) and Byzantium (3 13-636), Jewish society continued to maintain and develop its own legal, educational and cultural systems in its own land. In the 2nd century A.D., Jewish law involved all aspects of life, and was compiled into the oral law "Missina Sutra", and then expanded into the Talmud Sutra in the 3rd-5th century A.D. ... Some of these laws were later revised according to the situation, and Jews who abide by the canon still abide by these laws.

Another attempt by Jews to regain national sovereignty was the Barkohba Uprising in A.D. 132, which led to the establishment of an independent Jewish enclave in Judea with Jerusalem as its capital. However, three years later, the Romans defeated Balkoba. In order to sever the ties between Jews and their homeland, they renamed Jerusalem Elijah capito Linna and renamed the country Balestina.

Since the 7th century, the country has been successively divided into Arabs (6 13- 109 1), Seljuks (1091-0/099), Crusaders (/kloc-0). The Ottoman Empire was ruled by Turks (1517-1917) and British (19 18- 1948). Rulers in different periods arbitrarily changed boundaries and names. The palace built by the conquerors is a historical testimony of their rule over this land.

Although there are fewer and fewer Jews because of thousands of years of alien rule, Jews have been maintaining their existence in this homeland, and the Jewish population has been increasing with the return of Jews scattered in various countries. By the middle of19th century, the sparse Jewish population had surged.

For centuries, Zionism, hoping to return to Zion one day (Zion, traditionally synonymous with Jerusalem and Israel's homeland), has been the pillar of life for Jews scattered around the world. By the end of 19, Jews in eastern Europe were constantly oppressed and persecuted, while Jews in western Europe were increasingly disillusioned with formal liberation, which neither ended racial discrimination nor integrated Jews into their own society. Zionism came into being as a national liberation movement. From 65438 to 0897, theodor herzl held the first Zionist Congress in Basel. At the meeting, the Zionist movement became a formal political organization, calling on Jews to return to their homeland Israel and revive Jewish national life in their ancestral homeland.

Inspired by Zionism, thousands of Jews began to return home. At that time, this homeland was still a part of the Ottoman Empire, sparsely populated and ignored by the world. Early pioneers drained swamps, reclaimed wasteland, planted trees on bare mountains, established industries and built cities and villages here. They established community institutions and service facilities, and restored Hebrew, which had long been used only for worship and literature, to daily life.

1922, based on the consideration of "Jews have historical ties with Palestine (the homeland of Israel)" and "rebuilding Jewish homeland in that country", the International Alliance of Two Nationalities entrusted Britain to rule this land, and specially instructed Britain to "create various political, administrative and economic environments for this country to ensure the establishment of Jewish homeland."

In the same year, Britain established the United Arab Emirates (today's Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) outside Arabia on three-quarters of the territory of this trust territory, leaving only the area west of the Jordan River for the development of Jewish homes. Arab extremist leaders even oppose the establishment of Jewish homes in such a small area. They instigated attacks on the Jewish community and even attacked Arabs who advocated Arab-Jewish relations. British restrictions on Jewish immigration and settlement did not stop Arab militants, and violent incidents occurred frequently until the outbreak of World War II.

During World War II, the Nazis killed about 6 million European Jews, including 6.5438+0.5 million children. After the war, despite the urgent need to find refuge for Jews who survived the Nazi Holocaust, Britain did not cancel the Jewish immigration quota. To explain this stamp: Anna Frank and her family fled Nazi persecution in this house for two years in response to the British policy of restricting immigration. The native Jewish community, together with Jews all over the world, mobilized all human and material resources and organized an "illegal" immigration movement to transfer 85,000 refugees from Europe to their homeland.

Arabs oppose Jews settling in their homeland, while Jews insist on lifting the restrictions on Jewish immigration. Britain handed over the problem to the United Nations without mediation. 1On October 29th, the United Nations General Assembly voted to establish two countries in the West Bank: a Jewish state and an Arab state. Jews accept Ding's partition plan, while Arabs

Others refused.

State Status 1948 18 On May 4th, the British trusteeship ended, and the Jews immediately declared the establishment of the State of Israel. Less than 24 hours later, the armies of five Arab countries invaded the new country. This war of Israeli independence has been going on and off for more than a year. 1in July, 949, an armistice agreement was signed with neighboring Arab countries based on the ceasefire line.

In the founding declaration, Israel stated that it would "extend a hand of peace and good neighborliness to all its neighbors and their peoples". Although successive Israeli prime ministers have repeatedly reiterated this call, it has always been rejected or ignored. Arab terrorists keep attacking Israeli population centers. Arab countries not only supported and encouraged the attacks, but also imposed economic and diplomatic boycotts, blocked Israel's international waterways and provoked a full-scale war. In 1956 and 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack in response to deliberate provocation. 1973, Israel repelled the full-scale attack launched by Arab neighbors from three fronts at the same time. 1982, Israel took action to destroy the base of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for terrorist activities in southern Lebanon due to repeated terrorist attacks on residents in northern Galilee.

From 65438 to 0977, Egyptian President Sadat visited Jerusalem at the invitation of Premier Beijing, thus breaking the deadlock of refusing peace. This visit led to negotiations between the two sides, which resulted in the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty and the conclusion of the Camp David Agreement on March 26, 1979, including relevant provisions for achieving peace in the Middle East and arrangements for the future status of Judea, Samaria and Gaza administered by Israel since 1967. With the violent protests in these areas 1987, the focus of the Arab-Israeli conflict is on the Palestinian Arab side. Israel believes that the parties concerned can only solve the problem through direct negotiations. Therefore, it welcomes the opportunity for dialogue provided by the Middle East Peace Conference held in Madrid on130 October under the auspices of the United States and Russia. The meeting brought together Palestinian delegations from Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan, which laid the foundation for Israel's subsequent bilateral negotiations with each Arab neighbor and multilateral talks to solve regional problems.