Qian Xuesen's life

Qian Xuesen19 1 1 February11was born in Shanghai. He studied in the middle school attached to Beijing Normal University and Jiaotong University in his early years. 1934 Summer vacation, graduated from Jiaotong University and was admitted to Tsinghua University to study abroad at public expense.

1One day in August, 935, Qian Xuesen left the motherland from Shanghai on a ship of the American Postal Company. The muddy waves of Huangpu River rolled and looked at the gradually blurred Shanghai City. Qian Xuesen silently said: "Goodbye, motherland. Now that you're in power, you're in a mess. I went to the United States to study technology and will come back one day to help you revive. "

Qian Xuesen went to the United States to enter the aviation department of MIT, and his academic performance has always been among the best. He had to practice in a factory to study engineering, but at that time, the American aviation factory discriminated against China people, so a year later he began to study aviation engineering theory, that is, applied mechanics. He transferred to California Institute of Technology.

Qian Xuesen came here with admiration. Because, located in the aviation department of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, a suburb of Los Angeles, there is a famous aerodynamics professor von Carmen, who is Hungarian.

In the early 1930s, aviation science was still in its infancy. Von Carmen was a top figure in this field at that time, and was later known as "the father of supersonic flight". 1970, there was a crater on the moon named after him.

Von Carmen looked at the serious and short young man carefully. He asked several questions for Qian Xuesen to answer, and Qian Xuesen answered all his questions after a little thought. Von Carmen secretly praised: This China man is witty and full of wisdom. He accepted the student happily. At the beginning of 1945, Qian Xuesen became a member of the air force scientific advisory group headed by von Carmen. After Germany surrendered, he went to Europe with the investigation team of the regiment to inspect aviation and rocket technology. 1947 At the beginning of this year, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a full professor at MIT. During the monitoring period, apart from teaching, he still did not give up academic research. 1953 published "Take-off from Earth Satellite Orbit", which laid the foundation of small thrust flight mechanics. 1954 published "Engineering Cybernetics". 1955 when saying goodbye to von Carmen before returning to China, von Carmen said excitedly, "You have surpassed me academically now!"

Qian Xuesen became a graduate student of Guggenheim Aviation Laboratory led by Carmen. This laboratory later became the cradle of American rocket technology, and Qian Xuesen was one of the first three members to conduct rocket technology research here.

The study and research work are very tense. Qian Xuesen works more than ten hours a day, studies for half a day, discusses for half a day, and continues to struggle at night. Three years later, he got a doctorate with excellent results, stayed in school to teach and became von Carmen's right-hand man. During this period, he not only mastered the basic knowledge of aerodynamics, but also stood at the forefront of this science. From 65438 to 0939, he studied the aviation structure and made a breakthrough in just one year.

In the second year of California Institute of Technology, Qian Xuesen met his classmate F.J. Marin, who studied rocket technology. Introduced by Marina, Qian Xuesen participated in the Marxism-Leninism study group of California Institute of Technology at that time, and met Weinbaum, secretary of the group and assistant researcher of chemical physics. In the group, Qian Xuesen studied Engels' anti-Turin theory with everyone; Current affairs are often discussed at the weekly meeting. 1938 In the winter, after the outbreak of World War II, this group was dissolved.

In view of the outstanding achievements of Qian Xuesen's research work and the needs of American wartime military scientific research, he was able to participate in the secret work. From 65438 to 0944, the U.S. military commissioned Professor von Carmen as the head and Marina as the deputy to study long-range rockets. Qian Xuesen was in charge of the theoretical group, and invited Lin Jiaqiao and Qian Weichang to conduct ballistic analysis, combustion chamber heat conduction and combustion theory research. At the same time, Qian Xuesen also served as the technical consultant of air jet Company. 1945 was also hired as a member of the scientific advisory panel by the US Air Force. During this period, he gained valuable experience in the scientific research of modern mechanics and jet propulsion and became an outstanding scientist with high reputation at that time.

At the end of World War II, the US Air Force highly praised Qian Xuesen's "great contribution" to the victory of the war. Milton Viorst, an American columnist, believes that Qian Xuesen has always been "a key figure in making a long-term plan to transform the US Air Force from a propeller plane into a jet plane and eventually into an unmanned spacecraft traveling in space" and "a brilliant star in the galaxy of scientists who helped the United States become a world-class military power".

1946 In the summer, Qian Xuesen left California Institute of Technology and went to MIT as an associate professor to teach graduate students majoring in aerodynamics. 1947 At the beginning of this year, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a tenured professor at MIT. In the summer of the same year, Qian Xuesen asked for leave to visit relatives in China. In September, he married Jiang Ying (now a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music). Jiang Ying, the third daughter of Jiang Baili, a famous military theorist in early China, was a soprano, and received a good music education in Vienna and Berlin.

From 1935 to 1955, Qian Xuesen lived in the United States for 20 years. During this period, he made brilliant academic achievements, enjoyed generous treatment in life and had convenient conditions at work. However, he is always attached to the motherland where he was born and raised. In his letter to his father, he lamented more than once, "When will the tourism career end?" .

2。 return to one's country

"I have always believed that I will be able to return to my motherland. Today, I finally came back! " This is what Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist and rocket expert in China, said to Comrade Zhu, a scientist representative of China Academy of Sciences, when he returned to Guangzhou from the United States on 19551October 8. He returned to China with his wife and two young children.

1In August, 935, Qian Xuesen went to the United States to study and study aviation engineering and aerodynamics as a public student. Before returning to China, he was the director of the California Institute of Technology Supersonic Laboratory and the director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center.

Great changes have taken place in the motherland. 1 949 65438+1October1The first five-star red flag fluttered over Tiananmen Square. Five days later is the traditional festival of our nation-Mid-Autumn Festival. On this day, Mr. and Mrs. Qian Xuesen celebrated this festival with a dozen international students from China. While enjoying the moon, they poured out their hearts, rejoiced in the birth of the motherland and looked forward to the bright future of the motherland. At this time, Qian Xuesen had a strong desire to return to the motherland as soon as possible and serve the country with his expertise.

At this time, the land of Korea ignited the bonfire of war. As the U.S. imperialism that started this war, there is a crazy political counter-current against * * * * at home, and almost every day there are incidents of censorship and threats to censor personnel of universities and other institutions. Without exception, this countercurrent also spread to California Institute of Technology. Due to the arrest of Weinbaum, secretary of the Marxism-Leninism Group of the college, the suspicion of the FBI fell on Qian Xuesen. 1950 In July, the US government decided to disqualify Qian Xuesen from participating in confidential research on the grounds that he had a friend relationship with Weinbaum, and accused Qian Xuesen of being a producer of party member and the United States and entering the country illegally. These groundless accusations were all denied by Qian Xuesen. However, Qian Xuesen couldn't stand all this and decided to return to the motherland immediately on the grounds of visiting relatives, ready to never return. He met with kimble, the deputy secretary of the US Navy who was in charge of his research work, and solemnly announced to kimble that he was ready to leave for home immediately. Kimble was surprised after hearing this. He believes: "Qian Xuesen is worth five divisions no matter where he puts it." What are you yelling about? "I'd rather shoot him than let this guy leave America!" "So as soon as Qian Xuesen walked out of the office, kimble immediately notified the Immigration Bureau.

Unconsciously, Qian Xuesen made all the preparations for returning to China, went through the formalities of returning to China, bought a plane ticket from Canada to Hong Kong, and handed the luggage to the handling company for shipment.

However, just two days before their family planned to leave Los Angeles, that is,1midnight on August 23, 950, they suddenly received a notice from the Immigration Bureau that they were not allowed to leave the United States. At the same time, the US Customs detained all Qian Xuesen's luggage.

Qian Xuesen was forced to return to California Institute of Technology, and the FBI sent someone to monitor his family and all his actions. Far from it, on September 6, Qian Xuesen was suddenly illegally detained by the FBI and sent to the immigration detention center for detention.

In the detention center, Qian Xuesen was tortured like a criminal. Qian Xuesen once recalled: "I lost 30 pounds in 15 days of detention. At night, spies wake me up every 1 hour. I can't rest at all, and I am in a state of extreme tension. "

After Qian Xuesen was detained for no reason, the teachers and students of California Institute of Technology, Mr. Feng Carmen, Qian Xuesen's teacher, and some American friendly people protested strongly to the Immigration Bureau, found a defense lawyer for him, and raised $6.5438+$5,000 bail to bail Qian Xuesen out.

Since then, Qian Xuesen has continued to be persecuted by the Immigration Bureau. His movements were restricted by the Immigration Bureau and monitored by FBI agents. He is not allowed to leave Los Angeles where he lives and is often asked. Qian Xuesen lost his freedom for five years.

However, Qian Xuesen's pure heart of loving the motherland is even hotter. He misses New China day and night. He persisted in his struggle, constantly demanding that the Immigration Bureau leave the United States and return to China.

Qian Xuesen, who could not return to China, did not stop studying the scientific career he loved and devoted himself to during those five years. At that time, the American government prevented him from leaving the United States because the rocket technology he studied was related to the national defense construction of the motherland, and he wanted to stop the scientific and technological development of new China by detaining him. When Qian Xuesen learned about this, he felt extremely angry. So he chose the new major of "Engineering Cybernetics" to study, so as to help remove the obstacles to returning to China. After hard work, I wrote more than 300,000 words of "Engineering Cybernetics" in English at 1954. In fact, engineering cybernetics is closely related to production automation, the development and application of electronic computers, and national defense construction, but the American authorities did not realize this at that time.

Qian Xuesen's struggle to return to the motherland has also received the care and support of the motherland. 1954 on April 26th, during the China-China international conference, Wang Bingnan, secretary-general of the delegation, and Yahya Johnson, head of the American delegation, made contact on behalf of the two governments on the issue of the return of civilians. During the contact, Wang Bingnan pointed out that the United States is preventing many China people living in the United States from returning to China, including scientist Qian Xuesen.

1one day in June, 955, Qian Xuesen got rid of the spy surveillance. In his letter to his Belgian relatives, he attached a cigarette paper to Chen Shutong, vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), asking the motherland to help him return to China as soon as possible. On the day Mr. Chen Shutong received the letter, he gave it to Premier Zhou Enlai. 1 955 August1Sino-US ambassadorial talks were held in Geneva, Switzerland. At the behest of Premier Zhou and according to Qian Xuesen's letter requesting to return to China, Ambassador Wang Bingnan negotiated with the US to force the US government to allow Qian Xuesen to leave the United States and return to China.

1955, Qian Xuesen was allowed to return to China. He took a newly published "Engineering Cybernetics" and gave it to his teacher von Carmen. Von Carmen flipped through it and sighed with emotion: "You have surpassed me academically now." Qian Xuesen surpassed such a world-famous authority academically and won the anger of Chinese people. He was very excited.

1955 September 17, Qian Xuesen, his wife and two young children finally left Los Angeles on the American ship "President Cleveland" and sailed for the motherland in the east.

3。 Founder of China's space industry

After Qian Xuesen returned to the motherland, he received meticulous care and great attention from the party and the government. The desire for the new China to be strong at an early date prompted him to write to Premier Zhou and put forward a plan to develop China's missile technology.

In April, in the building of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army in China, Premier Zhou Enlai presided over an unusual meeting of the Central Military Commission. The central topic of the meeting was Qian Xuesen's introduction to China's planning ideas for developing missile technology. Looking at the kind eyes of so many top military leaders of the Republic of China, a sacred sense of mission arises spontaneously.

1956, 10 year10.8, China's first missile research institute was announced, with Qian Xuesen as its president. From then on, under the direct leadership of Premier Zhou and Marshal Nie, Qian Xuesen began his career as a technical leader in the rocket, missile and space industry in New China. On this day, the autumn is crisp and the autumn wind is pleasant. The energetic Qian Xuesen gave 156 college graduates the first "Introduction to Missiles" class. It is Qian Xuesen's dream for many years to personally train China's specialized technical personnel engaged in missiles. Today, his dream came true. How can he not be excited and proud? In a few years, these trained college students will become the backbone of China's rocket, missile and space technology teams.

1960165438+1On October 5th, China successfully launched its first domestic short-range missile. This is an important turning point in the history of our military equipment.

The road to scientific research is not smooth. 1in March, 962, a medium and short-range missile designed by our country fell 300 meters in front of the launching position shortly after taking off, and a big hole was blown out on the ground.

Qian Xuesen went deep into the control system for the first time, and worked with comrades to find the cause of the failure and improve the scheme. 1On June 29th, 964, the flight test of China's first self-designed medium and short-range missile was successful. 1October 27th, 1966, 10. Following the instructions of Premier Zhou Enlai, Qian Xuesen assisted Nie Shuai and directly led the "two-bomb combination" flight test of carrying an atomic bomb with a short-range missile. The missile flew normally, and the atomic bomb exploded at a predetermined distance and height. From the first atomic bomb explosion to the successful development of the first missile nuclear weapon, it took 13 years for the United States and more than two years for China. This success shocked the world.

196565438+1October 8, Qian Xuesen formally submitted a report to the state, suggesting that the research plan of China's artificial satellite should be made as soon as possible and included in the national task. 1On April 29th, 1965, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense put forward the planning idea of 1970 or 197 1 launching China's first artificial earth satellite on the basis of inviting experts such as Qian Xuesen to fully study and demonstrate. The Central Special Committee approved the plan in principle. Qian Xuesen contributed wisdom to solving many key technical problems in the implementation of the satellite development plan. During the "Cultural Revolution", the trial run of "Long March 1" could not be carried out. Qian Xuesen assisted Premier Zhou and played a special role in leading the normal development of artificial satellites.

"Long March 1" was successfully tested on1August 22nd, 969. From 65438 to 0970, under the direct care of Premier Zhou Enlai, Qian Xuesen and other experts launched the first artificial satellite at the satellite launch base. On April 24th, 1970, China's first artificial satellite with a weight of 173kg was successfully launched, and the music of Dongfanghong resounded all over the world.

Qian Xuesen's great contribution to science and technology is various. Up to now, 7 monographs and more than 300 papers have been published. With his rich knowledge in the fields of collectivity, power, guidance, aerodynamics, structure, computer and quality control, he has played a great role in organizing and leading the development of new China rockets, missiles and spacecraft, and made outstanding contributions to the rapid development of China's rockets, missiles and aerospace industry.

1979 Qian Xuesen's alma mater, California Institute of Technology, awarded him the title of "Outstanding Alumni". 1In June, 986, the Southern California Chinese Scientists and Engineers Association awarded him an award. 1989 international technology and technology exchange conference awarded Qian Xuesen the Willard W. F. Rockwell Youth Medal, a world-class celebrity in science and engineering, and an honorary member of the International Institute of Technology. At home, he is an outstanding scientist praised by the central authorities and respected by the people, and is known as "the father of China's atomic bomb".

References:

/view/42 13.htm

No, it's not ~ ~'