I am urgently looking for information about the "enclosure" of the early Qing Dynasty, the more the better.

The refugee phenomenon and refugee problem are common social problems in China’s history and have attracted considerable attention from historians. Since the Qing Dynasty, refugee groups have migrated from the developed areas of the Central Plains to the border areas with a posture and scale that is different from that of previous dynasties. Wave after wave of refugees has emerged, sometimes as a trickle, sometimes as a rolling torrent. It has had a huge impact and far-reaching influence on the ruling order, social economy, customs and sentiments of the border areas. Refugees flocking to Inner Mongolia mainly come from neighboring provinces such as Shandong, Zhili, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Due to space limitations, this article only discusses and analyzes the causes of refugees in the early Qing Dynasty and the Qing court's attitude and policies towards the refugees who moved into Inner Mongolia. What needs to be explained first is the time concept of "early Qing Dynasty" and the geographical concept of "Inner Mongolia". The former started from the first year of Shunzhi (1644) when the Qing ruler Fulin entered Beijing and established the Qing Dynasty, and was limited to the "No Reclamation Order" promulgated in the 14th year of Qianlong (1749); the latter's geographical concept of "Inner Mongolia Region" It is wider than the current jurisdiction of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, namely the so-called 6 leagues and 49 banners of the Zhelimu League, Zhuosuotu League, Zhaowuda League, Xilingol League, Ulanqab League and Ikezhao League, 2 Taoxi Banners and Zhili League. The vast geographical scope of the general management banners such as Hulunbuir, Chahar, and Guihua City Tumote were under the jurisdiction of the Qing court.

1

Refugees are generally believed by academic circles to refer to those people who have lost their land and have nothing to rely on, and are forced to flee to other places. Some scholars have summarized the meaning of refugees into the following four aspects: (1) farmers who have lost their land and have no place to go; (2) farmers who have been exiled due to famine or military disasters; (3) farmers who are begging everywhere; 4) Farmers who blindly flow into cities to make a living due to the push of natural economic disintegration and the attraction of urbanization, although they may still retain small pieces of land [1] (P3). The “disintegration of natural economy” in item (4) above is mainly the result of the impact of foreign capitalist forces. It has a distinct “modern” flavor and is obviously beyond the scope of this article.

From the above definition of "refugees", can we think that the separation of farmers, as producers in China's feudal society, from the land, the means of production on which they depend for survival, has become the basic foundation of refugees? Characteristics, and "loss of land", "famine years" and "military disaster" are the main reasons for the emergence of large numbers of refugees. The following will further discuss the causes of refugees in the early Qing Dynasty.

(1) Loss of land

In feudal society, the loss of land by owner-cultivators and semi-owner farmers was mainly due to land annexation by the landlord class. "Everyone who maintains health cannot do it without touching the ground."[1](P5) This sentence expresses people's understanding of the importance of land at that time. For farmers, land is the foundation for their livelihood. "They are born here, grow up here, and die here." If they lose their land, they will lose the basis for their survival. As the most basic means of production in feudal society, land “has always been the most important means of production and the most secure guarantee of wealth in society, and therefore has always been the final destination of all forms of wealth in feudal society” [2] (P191), naturally Become the main target of plunder by the ruling class.

In the late Ming Dynasty, land annexation between Tianqi and Chongzhen dynasties had developed to a very serious level. The landlord class endlessly pursues wealth. The so-called "seeking land and housing without stopping"[3](P8) has caused a large number of farmers to lose their land, have no place to stand, and are forced to disperse in all directions. This irreconcilable social contradiction that had been simmering for a long time finally led to the vigorous peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty.

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, as a large number of Manchu nobles and Eight Banners soldiers entered the customs, "the kings, honorable ministers, soldiers, etc. who came from the east had nowhere to settle" [4] (Volume 12) From then on, they began to occupy land in the north. From December of the first year of Shunzhi (January 1645) to the first month of the fourth year of Shunzhi (February 1647), there were three large-scale occupations, covering the prefectures and counties in Gyeonggi to Hejian, Luanzhou, Zunhua, etc. Fuzhou County, and later expanded to 42 prefectures such as Shuntian, Baoding, Yizhou, and Yongping. Since then, large-scale land enclosures have come to an end, but land enclosures in local areas still occur from time to time, and along with the garrison of the Eight Banners in Manchuria, they have expanded from Zhili Province to Jinan, Dezhou, Linqing, Shandong, Xuzhou, Jiangbei, Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Lu'an , Pingyang, Puzhou and other places. According to statistics, during this period, the royal family, Manchu nobles and princes of various banners occupied more than 22,000 hectares of land[5] (Volume 5). The Eight Banners soldiers occupied more than 140,000 hectares of land[6]( Volume 21).

Yao Wenxie, a native of the Qing Dynasty, described the situation at that time in "Encyclopedia": "When we arrived at the village, we measured acres of land. Two riders rode in front and behind, holding ropes issued by the ministry to record the four surroundings and the total area. "Each circle can last for several hundred or ten days," and "if the circle is certain, all the houses and farms will be occupied" [7] (Volume 31), and even farmers' houses were occupied. As a result of this kind of robbery, a large number of farmers lost their houses and had no choice but to leave their homes and join the ranks of refugees. Some of them moved to Inner Mongolia to cultivate wasteland. For example, many of the Han tenants who were exiled to Zhuosuotu League were Zhili people who were forced to leave their homes during successive land occupations by Manchu nobles[8](P87).

(2) Famine and Famine

China has been a country prone to natural disasters since ancient times. Looking through history, we can see floods, droughts, insects, winds, frosts, snows, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Natural disasters abound.

Drought means "thousands of miles of bare land", while waterlogging means "a vast ocean". The statement that "a Twenty-Four Histories is almost at the same time a history of China's famines" [9] (P158) can be said to be unpublished. According to relevant data, during the 1850 years from the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (206 AD) to the 17th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1644), there were 1242 years of severe disasters[2](P237). In the late Ming Dynasty, due to the luxury and corruption of the ruling class, man-made disasters became more severe than natural disasters. From the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619) to the twelfth year of Chongzhen (1639), natural disasters continued year after year, all over the country. In particular, the northern provinces of Shaanxi and Shandong were hardest hit. For example, in the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Yan'an, Shaanxi Province "had no rain for a year, and the grass and trees were scorched. In August and September, people competed to collect grass from the mountains for food. ... After October, when the grass was gone, the trees were peeled off. To eat the bark,... at the end of the year and the bark is gone, we dig up rocks in the mountains and eat them" [3] (P11). In the last years of Chongzhen, insect plagues occurred in Shandong, Henan and other places. "The grass roots and bark were all gone, and people were used as food" [3] (P11). There was a human tragedy of "famine everywhere" and even "human cannibalism". In the 200 years after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1844), disasters still occurred frequently. The number of Yellow River breaches alone reached 364 times[9](P159), with an average of nearly twice a year. The frequency of occurrences and the wide area affected by disasters made the People are shocked. Under the brutal exploitation and plunder of the landlord class, the small-scale peasant economy is already fragile and cannot have effective disaster prevention and resilience capabilities. Whenever there is a famine, especially a major famine, the only option is to wait or flee. Therefore, famine has become an inexhaustible source of "hungry people" and "refugees". Since the Qing Dynasty, there have been stories of "walking to the west entrance" and "breaking into the east of the Guandong", that is, they have been exiled to the naturalized Tumote tribe, Ordos and Chahar Eight Banners in western Inner Mongolia, and Zhaowuda, Zhuosuotu and Zheli in eastern Inner Mongolia. A large part of the people who make a living by reclaiming wasteland in various banners of the Mumeng League are refugees who have been driven out of their homes by various sudden disasters.

(3) War disasters

Wars and wars are also important reasons for the displacement of farmers. In Chinese history, such as the Yongjia Rebellion in the late Western Jin Dynasty and the Su Jun Rebellion in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a large number of refugees appeared. In order to escape the war, they had to leave their hometown and move around. Starting from the peasant uprising in Chengcheng, Shaanxi Province during the Tianqi period in the late Ming Dynasty, the ruling class's war to suppress the peasant uprising continued year after year. The war lasted until the early decades of the Qing Dynasty, with wars and disasters and smoke covering dozens of provinces. During this period, there were many wars that were progressive in nature, but they still "like all wars inevitably brought about all kinds of tragedies, atrocities, disasters and sufferings" (Lenin's words), especially the sweeping measures taken by the ruling class against the rebels. The atrocities of "extermination" and "extermination" have severely devastated the social economy, causing a sharp decrease in productivity, the flight of large numbers of farmers, and the desolation of large tracts of land. For example, in Shandong, "the land is so barren that there are no more than one or two people in a household, and only one or two acres of ten acres of land can be cultivated" [4] (Volume 13). In the Shanxi area, the people "fleeed the most, while the houses, hills and ruins, and the fields were abandoned" [10] (Volume 9), showing a dilapidated scene everywhere.

At that time, in addition to farmers, the refugees who migrated to Inner Mongolia also included people from other classes. It was the so-called "During the Ding Revolution in the late Ming Dynasty, officials and gentry from Shanxi and Shaanxi raised troops to resist the Qing army. After the defeat, they had nothing to do, so they took their families to the outside of the fortress to avoid disaster, and farmed in the deserted mountains. There might be those who wanted to be captured and immigrated to Mongolia." [11] (P258)

In this way, the refugee groups formed by the above reasons ignored the laws of the Qing government, overcame many difficulties, and poured into Inner Mongolia in droves. They either reclaim wasteland and farm, or are hired as servants by local Mongolian princes and landowners, or engage in other economic activities. They work together with the Mongolian people and people of other ethnic groups to develop the northern frontier and make the country more prosperous. The economy of Inner Mongolia, especially the agricultural economy, has developed rapidly.

II

When investigating the early immigration situation in Mongolia, the famous Japanese scholar Mr. Tayama Shigeru once pointed out: "In the past, people who came to Mongolia to cultivate crops, such as captives, fugitives, Criminals, garrison soldiers, etc. were either forced to migrate or due to military needs. However, after the Ming Dynasty, many poor people in northern China spontaneously moved into Mongolia as flying geese-style seasonal immigrants or permanent immigrants. "[11](P258)

Judging from the population migrating from the interior and pouring into Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty, there are still two methods mentioned above: one is due to political or military needs at that time. Immigration organized by the state; first, spontaneous migration of the mainland population. The refugees we are talking about obviously belong to the latter. Starting from the Shunzhi Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, these mainland Han people who spontaneously moved into Mongolia have been strictly prohibited by law.

In the early years of Shunzhi, it was stipulated: "The open areas at each border entrance are open to the soldiers to cultivate the fields, and no cattle are allowed to go outside to cultivate the fields." [12]

In the twelfth year of Shunzhi (1655), the Qing government A ban was promulgated that people in the interior "are not allowed to cultivate pasture land outside the mouth" [13] (Volume 166).

In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the Qing government stopped the "recruitment of people from Liaodong for reclamation" and ordered the closure of Northeast China. It set up border flag guards at nine border gates including Shanhaiguan and Xifengkou to conduct inspections and prohibited the export of refugees. [13] (Volume 134). Shanhaiguan and other places are the only places that refugees from the mainland must pass through to enter the Northeast and eastern Inner Mongolia. The side gates are sealed, which blocks the passage of refugees to Inner Mongolia.

During the Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng and other dynasties, the Qing government also promulgated some prohibitions on the Mongolian region, such as "it is strictly prohibited for all banners to cross-border nomadism", "it is prohibited to hunt across the border between banners", etc. These bans and the ban on reclamation of pastureland formed the basic content of the Qing Dynasty's ban policy on Mongolia. In the study of the ban policy implemented in Mongolia in the early Qing Dynasty, there is an opinion in academic circles that this policy is completely contrary to the "persuading reclamation" policy implemented in the mainland in the early Qing Dynasty. However, why this phenomenon occurs is rarely discussed. . The author believes that further discussion is necessary.

As mentioned earlier, due to the continuous wars from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, the social economy at that time suffered unprecedented damage, resulting in a large number of farmers in Shandong, Shanxi and other provinces fleeing, and large areas of land were deserted. This kind of The situation is not limited to the above-mentioned provinces, but covers almost the whole country. “Since the Ming Dynasty, wars and fires have continued, counties, towns, hills and ruins, soil and fields are thorny, and household registration has been reduced” [14] (P112), which became the most serious social problem affecting the national economy and people’s livelihood at that time. Some scholars have determined that in the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), the Qing Dynasty household register recorded a population of 1,633,326 people and a land area of ??2,908,584 hectares; in the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), a population of 14,483,858 people and a land area of ??4 033 925 hectares. Compared with the above amount, which was recorded in the Huidian in the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1558): the population was 60,692,856 people and the land was 7,013,976 hectares and 28 acres, there was a huge gap [14] (P114-115). Therefore, This shows the seriousness of population loss and land desolation in the early Qing Dynasty.

In China's feudal society, the lubricant for the normal operation of state machinery such as the bureaucracy and the army was mainly the taxes of the peasant class. The so-called "without land, there are no people, and without people, there is no wealth" simply and clearly explains the indivisible relationship between land, farmers and state taxes. Undoubtedly, the shortage of taxes caused by people fleeing land shortages in the early Qing Dynasty would directly affect the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. Coupled with the continuous use of troops in the early Qing Dynasty, huge military expenditures made the Qing government in a dilemma financially stretched. Therefore, the top priority of Emperor Shunzhi, the ruler of the early Qing Dynasty, was how to attract the displaced people who had left their homes to return to the land. Reorganizing and restoring agricultural production as soon as possible became the top priority of all matters at that time.

It was against this social background that in the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), the Qing government issued an edict to the whole country, "All fleeing people everywhere, regardless of their place of origin, must be recruited extensively and incorporated into the Baojia, so that he can live and work in peace and contentment, inspect the local unclaimed wasteland, and the state and county officials will give him a seal license to cultivate it and make it a permanent occupation." [4] (Volume 43)

In order to speed up the implementation of this reclamation. The Qing government promulgated the order in the same year: "The states and counties will be ranked according to the number of people they recruit and encourage people to cultivate, and the Taoist government will be responsible for the diligence and laziness of the superintendents. At the end of each year, they will be recorded in the examination results. "[4] (Volume 43) The amount of land reclamation is officially used as one of the elements to assess the performance of officials, which is enough to show the importance that the rulers attach to this issue. At the same time, the Qing government continued to accept suggestions from local officials and introduced a series of policies that were conducive to "persuading people to reclaim wasteland", such as relaxing the period of graduation and providing cattle, farm tools, seeds, etc. to refugees who were recruited to cultivate land. etc., in order to bring farmers back to the land, with good intentions. However, since the Shunzhi Dynasty never stopped using troops in the south, the implementation of these policies had to be greatly compromised. Someone summarized the situation of promoting reclamation at that time and said: "Although the people's fields in various provinces have been gradually opened up, they have not been exhausted." [10] (Volume 11) According to statistics from the people at the time, in the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), the Qing government's annual money and grain The income is 14,859,000 taels, the expenditure is 15,734,000 taels, and the difference is 875,000 taels. In the twelfth year of Shunzhi (1655), the year when the Qing government banned people from the mainland from going to Mongolia to reclaim wasteland, the balance between fiscal revenue and expenditure was still more than 800,000 taels [14] (P118). In order to solve the serious financial shortage, the Qing government's most important method was to further adopt various measures to allow more farmers to attach themselves to the land and to strengthen the collection of taxes from farmers. Therefore, it is logical to prohibit people from the mainland from exporting to reclaim wasteland. Letting them export to cultivate wasteland is not conducive to the feudal country's principle of "paying back taxes", because in Mongolia, the country does not collect land tax from farmers. Therefore, the policy of banning land reclamation adopted by the Qing government at that time was a reflection of the social contradictions at that time. Although it did not lack the intention to prevent the Mongols and Han from approaching, the purpose of prohibiting people from the mainland from flowing into Inner Mongolia was to allow them to stay in the hinterland so that "their wealth could be paid off". This was the crux of the problem.

It should also be pointed out that the Qing government prohibited people from the mainland from entering Mongolia to reclaim wasteland, which was not unrelated to the fact that most of them were refugees. This is because the border policies formulated by the rulers of the early Qing Dynasty were all based on the premise of stabilizing the political order in border areas. The refugees, especially the large numbers of refugees who had lost their means of livelihood, gathered together, had no food and clothing, and were forced to survive, so it was easy for them to take the road of resisting the rule of the Qing Dynasty. “When the refugees are at peace, they will turn into thieves and become people; when the refugees are dispersed, they will turn into thieves” [7] (Volume 34). The rulers of the early Qing Dynasty’s views on the refugee problem prompted them to let the refugees attach themselves to the land as soon as possible. Forbidding people from the mainland to enter Mongolia to reclaim wasteland was consistent with the Qing government's prevention of refugees.

Although the Shunzhi Dynasty prohibited people from the mainland from entering Mongolia to reclaim wasteland by law, it did not strictly implement the provisions of the law. During the Kangxi Dynasty, there were some changes in the actual implementation. Comprehensive research results in the field of history (Note: See (Japan) Shigeru Tayama. "Social System of Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty" (The Commercial Press, 1987); (Russia) Poztneyev. "Mongolia and the Mongols" (II) ), (Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, 1983); Cheng Chongde's "China and the World in the 18th Century: Border Nationalities Volume" (Liaohai Publishing House, 1999)), there are the following factors:

First, a series of activities such as the Qing government's settlement of farmland in Mongolia, the establishment of various official villages to recruit people to cultivate crops, and the construction of lamasery temples in the north and south of the desert opened the door to immigrants.

Second, it is related to the Qing government’s encouragement and guidance of Mongolians to cultivate their own land. Wang Hao said in "Sui Luan Ji En": "Ten years after the Kangxi reign, reclamation began in the outside world. The emperor sent people to teach arboriculture and gave cattle breeders, so that all the uncultivated land became inner soil. "However, because the Mongolian people have been engaged in animal husbandry for a long time and are not accustomed to farming, in the early days, most Mongolians rented their fields to the Han people who migrated to the area to cultivate and collect rent profits. This is also the reason why the inland refugees were able to settle in Mongolia.

Third, since the 30th year of Kangxi, the Qing Dynasty has continued to use troops against the Junggar tribe. In order to solve the Qing army's food and grass supply and other military needs problems on the spot, the Qing government adopted emergency measures such as "recruiting people for field work" in Mongolia. measure.

Fourth, out of demand for agricultural products, the local Mongolian people took the initiative to recruit people to cultivate the land and welcomed the Han people who flowed into Inner Mongolia.

Due to the above factors, the Qing government accepted and acquiesced to the fact that people from the mainland came to Mongolia to reclaim wasteland, and took some measures to control the number of immigrants from the mainland who wanted to enter Mongolia. For example, the Karaqin Three Banners of the Zhuosuo Tu League in eastern Inner Mongolia began to petition the people from the mainland to farm land during the Kangxi period. The Qing government allowed it, but stipulated that "the Ministry of Household Affairs will give 800 stamps every year, and they will be replaced year by year."[ 13] (Volume 978). And "every time people are recruited, they are exported to farm in the spring and sent back in the winter" [13] (Volume 979). In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), it was further stipulated: "Anyone from the mainland who exports to trade and farm in Mongolia is not allowed to marry a Mongolian woman. If he marries privately, and if it is found out that the married woman is divorced, he will be returned to his mother." At home, people who marry privately are punished according to local regulations, and Mongolians who know about the marriage and negotiate a marriage are punished with a penalty of ninety-nine livestock." [13] (Volume 978) At this time, the provisions no longer prohibited people from the mainland from doing business in Mongolia. land, and mainly prohibited the Han people from settling in Mongolia, indicating that the Qing government's policy towards the people's reclamation of Mongolian land had changed.

Due to the policy of relaxing border restrictions adopted by the Kangxi Dynasty, the number of people migrating to Inner Mongolia increased significantly. In July of the forty-sixth year of Kangxi (1707), when Emperor Kangxi was patrolling the border areas, he "saw Shandong people everywhere, either doing business or working in the fields, as many as hundreds of thousands of people" [15]. By the fifty-first year of Kangxi's reign (1712), "the number of people in Shandong who cultivated land outside the country exceeded 100,000" [16] (Volume 250). In response to this situation, Emperor Kangxi said in an edict: "We are all my common people, and they have gone to farm outside the country. If we are not allowed to stay, where will we go... In the future, if the people of Shandong go to farm outside the country, they should be investigated." Next year, the appearance, name, and place of birth will be registered and transferred to inspection. "[16] (Volume 250) The people were acquiesced in the fact that they farmed outside the country, but local officials were required to register them and manage them. Yongzheng continued to implement this policy.

After the Kangxi Dynasty, the population in the Central Plains began to grow rapidly, resulting in a decrease in the average cultivated land area per population, and the contradiction between population increase and insufficient food supply. Under this situation, poor farmers forced by life have migrated to border areas with relatively sparse populations, and the number of refugees flocking to Inner Mongolia is on the rise. In addition, in the early years of Yongzheng's reign, famines continued in Zhili, Shandong and other provinces, which further expanded the number of refugees. More land in Mongolia was leased by princes, nobles and landowners to the Han people for reclamation, and large tracts of public pasture land were occupied. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), the cultivated land in the four right-wing banners of Chahar reached 29,709 hectares and 25 acres [17]. By the 13th year of Qianlong's reign (1748), there were 1,643 hectares and 30 acres of land farmed by Han tenants in Tumute Beizi Banner of Zhuosuo Tu League, 400 hectares and 80 acres in Kalaqin Beizi Banner, and Kalaqin Zasaktabu. Nang Banner has 431 hectares and 80 acres [13] (Volume 979), which shows the scale of land reclamation outside the mouth at that time. Its direct consequence is that the nomadic pastures have gradually shrunk, causing some small and medium-sized Taiji and herdsmen to lose their land, which has begun to affect the livelihood of the Mongolian people.

The above changes began to attract the attention of the Qing court during the Yongzheng Dynasty. For example, an edict in the eighth year of Yongzheng's reign (1730) said: "The Chahar area was originally a Mongolian nomadic area. If people are recruited to cultivate crops, the nomadic area will become narrow, and it will be useless for Mongolian people to live together in one place." . The general manager of Chahar and others will investigate any cases where people are recruited without permission and report the facts as soon as possible. If they are still hiding, they will be punished with double punishment." [18 ] (Volume 98) Here, Emperor Yongzheng talked about the reasons for the "narrowness" of nomadic areas, and explicitly prohibited "recruiting people and planting crops without authorization". During the Qianlong period, this conflict between farmers and pastoralists for land continued to develop.

In response to the ongoing disputes between Mongols and Han in Inner Mongolia, Emperor Qianlong said with concern: "In the border provinces and those connected to Mongolia, the barbarians live together and trade and cultivate with each other. When local officials hear that they encounter fights between barbarians, they are worried. Protecting, not judging impartially, and treating things outside the mouth as insignificant, and refusing to deal with them seriously, are actually a long-standing evil." He demanded that "the generals who should supervise and supervise the generals should strictly order the local civil and military officials to restrain the soldiers and civilians and not bully them. In Mongolia, when dealing with barbarian affairs, they must be fair to each other to avoid trouble and provocation" [19] (Volume 123). As has been analyzed before, the premise of the Qing government's ban on inland people from reclaiming Mongolian land was to consolidate and maintain the country's feudal rule. From this point of view, "Ning Ji Border" was the basic principle for the emperors of the Qing Dynasty to deal with border issues. The ongoing Mongolian-Han disputes in Inner Mongolia since the late Yongzheng period have constituted an unstable factor in border politics and must be resolved. In the 13th year of Qianlong's reign (1748), under the direct intervention of the Qing government, the tenanted land began to be gradually recovered from the people. It was stipulated that: "The acres of Mongolian land that the people have allotted will be returned to the land in proportion to the years of the allotment." The original owner." [13] (Volume 979) The following year, Emperor Qianlong issued a ban on Mongolia. Emperor Qianlong said: "The old Mongolian custom is to nomadically choose water and grassland to breed livestock, unlike the people in the interior who rely on farming. During the Kangxi period, the area such as Karaqin Zhasak was vast, and every time people were recruited, the crops were exported in the spring order. The land was sent back in the winter, so Mongolia was greedy for the benefits of renting and accommodated foreign people, numbering in the tens of thousands so far. Gradually, acres of land were sold at a low price, so the nomadic land was narrow, and the business was lost... He wrote an edict to Gaizhasa Ke, etc., are under strict orders. From now on, they will allow the residents to live there, and it is strictly forbidden to increase the number of acres of land cultivated in Wengniute, Bahrain, Keshiketeng, Alukorqin, Aohan and other places. He also instructed the Eight Banners of Chahar to comply with it." [19] (Volume 348) clearly stated that "the land price gradually became low, so the nomadic land was narrow, and the original industry was lost" was the main reason for the ban on Mengdi.

Above we have briefly examined the policy and implementation process of the inland people who spontaneously moved into Inner Mongolia in the early Qing Dynasty. We can see from it:

1. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was prohibited for inland people to move into Inner Mongolia. The purpose of reclaiming Mengdi is to allow the refugees to return to their own land as soon as possible, to reclaim wasteland and to restore the social economy that was damaged by the war. From this point of view, it is not inconsistent with the policy of “persuading reclamation” promoted by the Qing court in the mainland. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty always had a fear and precaution against refugees, which was the main reason why they prohibited the migration of refugees.

2. Consolidating and maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty and stabilizing the political order in border areas were the premise and focus of the Qing government in formulating this policy. It is from this point of view that when the Qing government was still able to effectively exercise jurisdiction over the mainland refugees, it adopted a relatively loose attitude in the actual implementation of policies. Once a crisis or unstable factors emerged that shook its political stability, it would immediately The open door is closed. This made the policies and attitudes of the early Qing Dynasty toward inland refugees appear to be characterized by prohibition—restricted opening—and then prohibition.

3. The historical process from the formulation to the implementation of the policy of banning Mongolia shows that the Qing court was more concerned about the Mongolian nation. As an ethnic policy of a feudal country, although there is some element of ethnic segregation, the main thing is to win over and appease the Mongolian people. In the many disputes between Mongolia and Han after Kangxi, the Qing court basically stood on the side of Mongolia, which is clear evidence. After the Qing army entered the customs, the Eight Banners soldiers were unable to rely on them due to their long-term pampering. The Mongolian cavalry became a reliable pillar of the Qing court. Therefore, Emperor Qianlong was most worried about Mongolia's "narrow nomadic land and loss of its own business". However, the refugee wave in the early Qing Dynasty had profound social roots and could not be blocked by the artificial "wall" of the ban policy. It can neither inhibit the annexation of land by the landlord class nor enhance the ability of farmers to prevent and resist disasters, nor can it control the rapid expansion of the population in the hinterland and solve the social contradiction of more people and less land. This is the fundamental reason why the Qing government has repeatedly issued bans on refugees from the mainland since the early Qing Dynasty, but the ban has not continued.

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