The history of the Qiang people

The history and culture of the Qiang people So far, the oldest and relatively mature writing found in our country is the oracle bone inscriptions, which were representative of the Yin and Shang era more than 3,000 years ago. There is one and only word about the title of a nation (or clan, tribe) in the oracle bone inscriptions, namely "Qiang", which is the earliest record of the name of a human race in China. "Shuowen Yangbu": "Qiang, they are also the shepherds of the Western Qiang in Yu Dynasty. They follow people and sheep, and sheep also sound." Qiang, as he called it, was the Central Plains tribe's influence on the west (Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, etc.) at that time. **, Sichuan) is a general term for nomadic people. Therefore, it can be said with certainty that the Di and Qiang ethnic groups are by no means a single ethnic group. They have different languages, costumes, customs, etc. The only commonality may be the nomadic lifestyle of "living for water and grass". In the era of Dayu, about 2100 BC, Dayu, a descendant of the ancient Qiang and a Chinese tribesman who was good at water control, succeeded as the general leader of the tribal alliance. Historical records record: Yu was the great-great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the grandson of Emperor Zhuanxu. For the sake of the safety of the people of the world, Yu bid farewell to the mountains in his hometown and began the long road of flood control. He concentrated on controlling floods and dredged nine rivers, and his achievements were outstanding. There is also a popular legend among the people that King Yu "passed through the house three times without entering"! King Yu later abolished the "concession system" and passed the throne to his son Qi, known as "Xia Qi" in history. After Qi ascended the throne, he united various tribes to establish the first formal state in the history of our country in Yangcheng (now the town of Dengfeng County, Henan Province), which has been passed down for more than 500 years. In 221 BC, King Yingzheng of Qin (known as "Qin Shihuang" in history) conquered the six kingdoms of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei and unified China, establishing the first centralized feudal state in Chinese history and beginning a 2000-year years of feudal society. Qin Shihuang was born in Tianshui, Gansu Province, the old home of the Qiang people. The Tianshui Qiang species belong to Qin. Professor Meng Wentong determined that "Qin was a soldier and had no doubts about it." After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he moved east to Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, and issued a decree prohibiting the use of troops against the Qiangrong tribe in the west. During the Han Dynasty, the Qiang people of Sichuan established the Yak and Qingyi Qiang kingdoms, which governed the present-day Xichang, Garze, Ya'an, and Leshan areas. Their capital was Lingguan Town, Baoxing County. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Qiang population in the five counties of Hanyang (Tianshui), Jincheng (Lanzhou), Anbei, and Longxi in the northwest region reached 259,990 households and 1,001,802 people. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Qiang people lived in Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces, with a population of more than 12 million, accounting for 1/1 of the national population. 4 (the national population at that time was 59.95 million). During the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Di and Qiang people in the northwest established states such as Cheng (Cheng Han), Former Qin, Xia, Hou Liang, and Later Zhao, but they were all short-lived, with little vitality and little influence. In 881 AD (the end of the Tang Dynasty), Tuoba Sigong, a Dangxiang Qiang person, established the Xiazhou regime in Xiazhou (today's Baichengzi at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi), administering the four states of Xia, Sui, Yin and You. The Xia Kingdom is a country formed by the Dangxiang Qiang people from the Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai areas as the main body, and including other ethnic groups in the northwest. Dangxiang Qiang has eight clans: Xifeng clan, Feiting clan, Quangli clan, Pochao clan, Yeli clan, Miqin clan and Tuoba clan. Tuoba clan is the strongest and plays the leading role of the group. Later, due to constant infringement and harassment by Tubo, he applied to the Tang Dynasty government for permission to move inland to Shaanxi and Ningxia. In 1031 AD, the eleventh Taizu Li Deming passed away, and his son Li Yuanhao succeeded to the throne, named Xia Jingzong. In 1032 AD, Yuan Hao changed his surname to Wei Ming and called himself "Wuzi" (Qingtianzi). He established the country as "Daxia" (because it was in the west of the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty was called "Xixia"), and the year was the first year of Xia Jingzong's reign. . The territory of Xixia included most of present-day Gansu, all of Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, and parts of Qinghai and Inner Mongolia. The general government governed 32 states, and the capital was Xingqing Prefecture (today's Yinchuan City). In 1226 AD, the Mongolian Temujin led his troops to attack Xia. The following year, the Mongolian army broke through all the cities of Daxia, causing heavy casualties among the people. In order to avoid greater casualties and losses for the people, Xia Jian, the twenty-first emperor, surrendered. The Mongolian generals respected Temujin's orders and killed Xia Jian, and destroyed the tomb of the King of Daxia. At this point, the Daxia Kingdom was founded for 346 years and perished in 1227 AD. Its descendants are still distributed in Taoping Township, Li County, Aba Prefecture, Danba, Garze Prefecture and other places. The modern Qiang people mainly live in Maoxian, Wenchuan, Lixian and Songpan in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County and Pingwu County in Mianyang City, Danba County in Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Jiangkou County and Shiqian County in Guizhou Province, and the rest are scattered in Heishui, Jiuzhaigou, Markang and other counties in Aba Prefecture, Dujiangyan area in Chengdu City, Ya'an area, southern Gansu, southwest Shaanxi, and parts of Yunnan. According to statistics in 2005, the number of people registered as Qiang was 326,500.

In the "5.12" catastrophic earthquake disaster in 2008, the population loss of the Qiang people will be... >>

Who are the famous figures of the Qiang people in history? Famous figures of the Qiang people:

1. Emperor Yan - the ancestor of Qiangyan agricultural culture in China

2. King Yu of Xia - the founder of the Chinese nation and dynasty 3. Gou Jian - King of Yue Kingdom in Zhejiang

4. King Zhao of Qin - King of the Seven Western Qiang in the Warring States Period

5. Qin Shihuang - First Emperor of Qin - The First Emperor of China who Destroyed Six Kingdoms and Established a Centralized System of China

Is there any relationship between the Qiang in history and the Qiang people today? Interpretation of the ancient "Qiang" Qiang, the oldest tribe in China and one of the ancestors of the Chinese nation. The Huaxia ethnic group is mainly composed of the four major clans of Xia, Shang, Ji, and Jiang, and was formed by integrating some other ethnic tribes. Among them, Xia, Ji, and Jiang all belong to the ancient Qiang series, and Shang belongs to the Dongyi clan. In ancient times, the Western Qiang and Dongyi dominated China, with the Western Qiang accounting for the majority. We are accustomed to refer to the Chinese nation as the descendants of Yan and Huang. The ancestor of the Han people is the Yellow Emperor, and the ancestor of the Qiang people is the Emperor Yan. Qiang is one of the ancestors of the Chinese nation. As a title for a human being, the word "Qiang" has appeared frequently in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins. It is still the name of one of the fifty-six ethnic groups in China. This kind of "historical and cultural wonder" that has been consistent for more than three thousand years is unique in the history of the world's nations. The "Qiang" ethnic group appeared earlier, dating back to the legendary Yanhuang tribe era, and its influence is so widespread that studying the history of nations in China and even Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and Northwest Asia must explore its relationship with the Qiang ethnic group. The ancient Qiang people were not a single ethnic group, but a general term given by ancient Chinese to the numerous indigenous nomadic tribes living in western China. Some experts pointed out that many ethnic groups, such as the Naxi people and the ancient people of Sanxingdui, are directly related to the Qiang. The upper reaches of the Minjiang River were a corridor for the exchanges of some ethnic groups in ancient times. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the migration of the Qiang people from Hehuang was often seen along this corridor. After many migrations and continuous ethnic integration and changes, this ancient ethnic group now has less than 300,000 people left, mainly living in Maoxian, Wenchuan, Lixian, Songfan, and Heishui counties in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan. The Di Qiang people have a long history, which can be traced back to the ancient Qiang people more than 3,000 years ago. Around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a branch of the Qiang people migrated from Gansu and Qinghai areas to live and multiply in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. They integrated with the local residents and gradually formed today's Qiang ethnic group. I said that you copied the one upstairs and you also said that someone else copied it.

Who knows the history of the Qiang people? What famous people have appeared in history? The Qiang people are mainly concentrated in Maowen, western Sichuan, and the rest are scattered in Wenchuan, Li County, Heishui, Songpan and other places. The population is 198,252 (the fourth census in 1990). The Qiang people call themselves "Erma", which means "local people". Their origins can be traced back to the Zuo Qiang people more than 3,000 years ago. As early as three thousand years ago, there were records about the Qiang people in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Dynasty. They were mainly active in the northwest and central plains of China. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Ran and (Ma+Long) tribes of the ancient Qiang people have lived in the northwest area of ??Sichuan. During the Tang Dynasty, part of the Qiang people assimilated to the Tibetan people, and the other part assimilated to the Han people. Today's Qiang people are a preserved branch of the ancient Qiang people.

The Qiang people do not have their own written language and generally use Chinese, but they have their own language. The Qiang language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family and is divided into two major dialects: northern and southern dialects.

The mountainous areas where the Qiang people live are home to rare pandas, flying foxes, golden monkeys, etc. in the world. This ancient nation now mainly engages in agriculture. Industry has grown from scratch, and industries such as tanning, papermaking, wood, cement, and fertilizers have been built. Embroidery, cross-stitching, and weaving are traditional crafts of the Qiang people.

In 1955 and 1956, Maowen County completed democratic reforms through peaceful consultation and abolished feudal land ownership. Maowen Qiang Autonomous County was established on July 7, 1958.

The taboos of the Qiang people include: hanging a yoke or a backpack outside the door when a woman is giving birth to prevent outsiders from entering; hanging a red note on the door when there is a patient at home to prevent outsiders from visiting; they are not allowed to step across the fire pond or use their feet Do not step on a tripod or bake shoes, socks and clothing on a tripod; avoid sitting on thresholds and stairs; do not place chopsticks across the bowl after a meal, and do not hold wine glasses upside down.

Most Qiang people have two meals a day. After breakfast, they go out to work. They bring steamed buns (cornmeal steamed buns) with them and eat them in the fields at noon, which is called "Dajian". Finish work in the afternoon and go home for dinner.

Most staple foods are inseparable from steamed noodles. Commonly eaten noodles are steamed by putting corn flour in a steamer and steaming it into granules, which can be eaten as rice. Sometimes the washed rice is mixed into the corn flour, or the corn flour is mixed into the rice and steamed, which is called "Gold wrapped in silver" or "silver wrapped in gold." Mix wheat flour and corn flour to make steamed buns and bake them on the fire pit. It is also one of the daily staple foods of the Qiang people. The Qiang people in many areas also like to eat corn flour mixed with tofu pudding (rice + cha) slurry, fermented in water, steamed into bean curd steamed buns, or grated young corn to make water cake steamed buns. Cooking wheat flour flakes and meat slices is called "stewed noodles"; boiling water and corn flour are added to cook it into a paste, which is called "noodle soup". Continue to add corn flour and stir to thicken it until it can be lifted with chopsticks, which is called "stirring dough". ”, are all commonly eaten staple foods. When eating stir-fried dumplings, you should also eat sauerkraut soup made from cabbage and round roots (turnips), which can whet your appetite. Corn, wheat, and beans are often fried first and then ground into fried noodles. They are usually eaten when traveling or grazing. When eating potatoes, the Qiang people like to boil the whole potato, then peel it, and then pound it into a puree to make glutinous rice cake, called potato glutinous rice cake. After frying or frying, it is mixed with honey and eaten. You can also use potato glutinous rice cake slices, add pickled cabbage and meat slices to cook soup.

Since you can only eat fresh vegetables for a few months, you eat more cabbage, sauerkraut soaked in radish leaves, and pickles made from green vegetables all year round. The main meats are cattle, sheep, pigs, and chickens, and they also eat fish and hunting animal meat. The Qiang people who live in mountainous areas generally do not often eat fresh pork. They slaughter the pigs, remove the hair, cut them in half or into several large pieces, and hang them on the beams to smoke and roast them to make "pig fat". The storage time is usually one year. When eating, one is to cook the pig fat with the vegetables, remove the pig fat when cooked, cut it into large rectangular pieces and put it into a bowl before eating; the other is to cut the raw pickled pig fat into small pieces and stir-fry with the vegetables, so that the pig fat can be used as a substitute. oil, and add some Sichuan peppercorns and chilies to enhance the flavor. When slaughtering New Year pigs, the Qiang people like to stuff pig blood into the pig's large intestine. After cooking, it is called blood sausage. Blood sausage is also a delicacy served when banqueting guests and drinking wine. Some people also mix pig blood with buckwheat to make blood buns for consumption. The Qiang people also often put fresh pork in the belly of newly slaughtered pigs, add salt, pepper, etc., tie it tightly, and air-dry it to make a "stomach belly" that will last for a long time.

The wine that the Qiang people generally drink is called suck wine. In the Qiang language of Maoxian County, it is called "Rimaixi", which means Qiang wine. The method of making smack wine is to cook highland barley, mix it with distiller's yeast, seal it in a jar, and ferment it for 7-8 days before drinking. When drinking wine, the Qiang people do not use wine utensils. Instead, they open the wine jar and sip it with a thin bamboo tube. When sipping, they take turns sipping in order of the oldest and the youngest, and constantly pour cold water until the taste is light.

The daily stoves of the Qiang people are very distinctive. They often set up an iron tripod on the fire pit. When cooking, they place the iron pot on it to heat or bake food. The elegant iron tripod is also placed on it. Inlaid silver jewelry.

During festivals, weddings, funerals, sacrifices, gatherings, entertaining guests, or doing work, in addition to sumptuous meals, fine wine is also a must. Just like a Qiang song... >>

Introduction to the culture of the Qiang people The Qiang people of Beichuan worship gods. There are more than 30 kinds of gods believed in, which can be roughly divided into four categories; one is the gods of nature, that is, the sun god, mountain god, tree god, earth god, fire god, sheep god and other livestock gods, etc.; The house god is the Jiaojiao god (ancestors from past generations), and in some places there is also the daughter-in-law god (who is responsible for housework and taking care of parents); the third is the god of labor and crafts, such as the Zhuzhu god (the god of house construction), the stonemason god, and the mason god. The wife god (who assists the masons in building houses), the blacksmith god, the carpenter god, etc.; the fourth is the local god (the social god). Some villages have their own village gods, some of which are dogs and some of which are sheep. Among the gods, the God of Heaven and the God of the Sun are the most noble. They are the gods who dominate all things, protect people and animals, and provide light and warmth to mankind. In the old days, in the morning and near dusk, the Qiang people would burn incense and cypress branches as sacrifices. Mountain gods, tree gods, and goat gods are also worshiped. To ensure the safety of the mountain gods, a grand mountain sacrificial ceremony must be held every year; the tree gods (also known as the gods of life) can cover the gods and protect the safety of people entering the forest. The Qiang people strictly protect the sacred forests and sacred trees and must offer sacrifices on schedule. The sacred forest in Shangwu Village, Qingpian Township, our county, and the sacred trees in Taihong, Baini, Duba, Guanling and other townships are still tall and lush, and are respected by the Qiang people.

The Qiang people value whiteness, regard whiteness as good, and worship white stones (milky white quartz stone, called Awoer in Qiang language). Therefore, among the gods believed in, except for the fire god who is symbolized by Guozhuang (fire pond), the tree god who is represented by the sacred forest and sacred tree, and the goat god who is symbolized by two horns, the rest are symbolized by white stones.

The gods represented by the white stones are distinguished by the places where they are worshiped. For example, the white stones placed on small towers and roofs are the gods of heaven and the sun, the white stones placed on the mountains are the mountain gods, and the white stones placed in the corners of the main houses are household gods. In the old days, when Qiang people visited relatives and friends, they often gave white stones as the most precious gift.

The person of the Qiang people who performs human-god exchanges is Duangong. In Qiang language, he is called Xu, Shibi, or respectfully called Abash. The Qiang people in the Duba River Basin also call him Zhuo. Only men can serve, and they are not separated from agricultural production. It is divided into upper altar, middle altar and lower altar. Go up to the altar to deal with gods (divine affairs), do not kill animals, and preside over rituals to worship gods; go to the middle altar to deal with people (personnel affairs); go down to the altar to deal with ghosts and spirits (ghost affairs), eliminate harm, summon spirits, send ghosts away, and kill animals by yourself. The instruments used include monkey skin hats, monkey heads, sheepskin drums, magic sticks, master's swords, tokens, gongs, bronze mirrors, bronze seals, ram's horn hexagrams, animal tooth hexagrams, etc., all of which are regarded as extremely sacred items. Especially the monkey skin hat and monkey head are the most valuable and no one is allowed to touch them.

In addition to sutras and incantations, the witchcraft of Duangong of the Qiang people also includes divination (goat divination, white dog divination, egg divination), sending ghosts (sending Mao people), stepping on red pots (stepping on burning Red iron pot), licking the head (licking the red iron pot), spitting oil fire (drinking hot vegetable oil and spitting fire), washing the face with charcoal fire, etc. Most of the Qiang Duangongs have certain historical knowledge and social experience. They are the inheritors of Qiang culture and have high prestige among the masses. It is responsible for everything from offering sacrifices to mountains to fulfilling wishes, summoning souls and exorcising ghosts, treating diseases and warding off disasters, and divination for funerals and funerals.

The Qiang culture has a long history

In ancient times, the Goji people of the Qiang people in Beichuan and the Dangxiang Qiang people who migrated south from the northwest prairie achieved great integration and became today's Qiang people Our ancestors, the ancient Qiang people were diligent, intelligent, brave and good at fighting, and good at singing and dancing. They have become a glorious page in the history of the human nation.

Most of the ancient Qiang people's houses in Beichuan were built on mountains and built with stones as houses. Their houses were made of local materials and made of bluestone slabs. They were called blockhouses, which were used for both residence and defense. The functions are modern and modern, and gradually change to wooden structures, among which the stilted buildings are the most distinctive.

The basic colors of the Qiang traditional clothing are mainly blue, cyan and white. Both men and women wear knee-length gowns, belts, collars, sleeves and trouser legs with cross-stitch embroidery patterns. Their diet is based on locally produced corn, buckwheat, highland barley, wheat, potatoes and other grains. They like to drink wine and their folk meals and snacks are excellent.

The Qiang people are good at singing and dancing. The folk songs they sing include love songs, bitter songs, festive songs, funeral songs, drinking songs and folk songs, etc. The Qiang dance is Shalang, which is the most popular. The Qiang people dance on the first day of the tenth lunar month It is the New Year, that is, the Qiang calendar year. It is the most solemn festival of the Qiang people. Mountain sacrificial gatherings are often held during the harvest season to sacrifice sheep to the mountains and pray for protection. Qiang flute, kouxian, sheepskin drum, suona, etc. are commonly used musical instruments during Qiang celebrations. There are more than 30 kinds of gods that the Qiang people believe in most. Many gods are symbolized by white stones, and they respect Dayu as a god. ...>>

The countries established by the Qiang people in history During the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Di Qiang people in the northwest established the Cheng (Cheng Han), Former Qin, Xia, Hou Liang, Hou Zhao and other countries, but They are all just a flash in the pan, with little vitality and little impact.

In 881 AD (the end of the Tang Dynasty), Tuoba Sigong, a Dangxiang Qiang, established the Xiazhou regime in Xiazhou (today's Baichengzi at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi), with jurisdiction over Xia, Sui, Yin, and You Four states. The Xia Kingdom is a country formed by the Dangxiang Qiang people from the Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai areas as the main body, and including other ethnic groups in the northwest. Dangxiang Qiang has eight clans: Xifeng clan, Feiting clan, Quangli clan, Pochao clan, Yeli clan, Miqin clan and Tuoba clan. Tuoba clan is the strongest and plays the leading role of the group. Later, due to constant infringement and harassment by Tubo, he applied to the Tang Dynasty government for permission to move inland to Shaanxi and Ningxia.

Is there any difference between the Qiang people in history and the Qiang people today? The Qiang people in history have not completed the process of nation formation and are in the stage of tribes and tribal alliances.

The name "Qiang" had two meanings in ancient times.

The Qiang in the narrow sense refers to the Tibeto-Burman tribes in today's western regions such as Qinghai, western Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, and southern Xinjiang. The broad Qiang is a general term for all ethnic groups in the west, that is, "Xirong".

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Qiang people had no cities and lived in a clan-communal society.

During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the Shaodang Qiang established the Later Qin regime. Later, they were destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Shaodang Qiang merged into the Han nation.

When Liu Bei established Shu Han, it may also be earlier.

The Funiu Qiang (or Yuexi Qiang) moved into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and became the ancestors of Tubo (now Tibet).

The Mosuo (Mosha, Moxue) people among the Yak Qiang moved into Lijiang, Yunnan and became the ancestors of the Naxi (Mosuo) people.

In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Dangxiang Qiang moved from Qinghai to Ningxia. And established the Xixia regime in the Northern Song Dynasty. This was the last regime established by the Qiang people. After the fall of Xixia, the remaining Dangxiang tribes moved to the southwest, and the Qiang people withdrew from the stage of history in northern China.

The modern Qiang people developed from a branch of the ancient Qiang people. They are mainly distributed in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan, and the rest are distributed in neighboring provinces.

Except for the Qiang people in Guizhou who no longer speak the Qiang language, the Qiang people in other areas still use the Qiang language of the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

The Di people and the Qiang people have the same language and customs, and they are often called "Di Qiang" together with the Qiang people.

The Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups in the southwest, such as the Tibetan, Yi, Naxi, Bai, Hani, Lisu, Pumi, Jingpo, Lahu, Jinuo, etc., are all ancient Di and Qiang people. The tribal alliances were divided and merged.

The true origin of the Qiang people: Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva on Mount Putuo gave a macaque transformed by God the precepts and ordered it to practice cultivation from the South China Sea to the snow-covered plateau. This macaque came to a cave in the Yalong River Valley to practice compassion and bodhicitta. While the monkey was practicing seriously, a female demon came from the mountain, tried all her lustful tactics, and bluntly proposed: Let the two of us get together! At first, the monkey replied: I am the disciple of Guanshiyin Bodhisattva, and I was ordered to come here to practice. If I were to marry you, wouldn't it break my precepts? The female demon then said sweetly: If you don't combine with me, then I will have no choice but to commit suicide. I was destined to be reduced to a demon in my previous life. Because I am destined to be with you, I am specifically looking for you as my loving partner today. If we cannot get married, then I will definitely become the wife of a demon in the future, killing tens of millions of living beings and giving birth to countless demon children and grandchildren. At that time, the snow-covered plateau was a world of devils, who wanted to kill many living beings. So I hope you agree to my request. Because the macaque was a Bodhisattva who came into the world, he understood these words and thought to himself: If I marry her, I will break the precept; if I don't marry her, I will cause great sins. Thinking of this, the monkey somersaulted and went to Mount Putuo to find Guanshiyin Bodhisattva and ask for instructions on what to do. Guanshiyin thought for a while and said: This is God's will and an auspicious sign. It is a great good deed that you can combine with her and reproduce human beings in this snowy land. As a Bodhisattva, you should act bravely when you see good; quickly go and marry the witch. In this way, the macaque became a partner with the witch. Later, the couple gave birth to six little monkeys. These six little monkeys have different temperaments and hobbies. The macaque incarnated by the Bodhisattva sent the six little monkeys to the orchard and let them live their lives separately. Three years later, the monkey father went to visit his children and found that they had reproduced to 500. At this time, the fruits in the forest are becoming less and less and are about to dry up. When the little monkeys saw the old monkey coming, they all shouted: "What will we eat in the future?" All of them had their hands spread out, looking very miserable. When the macaque saw this scene, he said to himself: I gave birth to so many descendants in compliance with the will of Guanyin Bodhisattva. Today's events have made my head hurt. I might as well ask Guanyin for instructions again. Thinking of this, he immediately Come to Putuo Mountain to ask for instructions from the saint. The Bodhisattva said: I have enough to support your descendants. So the macaque obeyed the order and took the natural grain seeds from Mount Sumeru. After spreading the seeds to the earth, which without cultivation became covered with various grain basins, the father monkey bid farewell to the other little monkeys and returned to the cave. Because the monkeys got enough food, their tails gradually became shorter, they began to speak, and gradually turned into humans. These were the ancestors of the snowy land. Note: The story of a macaque transforming into a human is widely spread among Tibetan people and recorded in ancient scriptures. It has also been featured on the murals of the Potala Palace and Norbulingka. According to folklore, the cave where the macaques lived is on Kampot Mountain near Tsetang, and "Tsetang" is also named because it is a place where monkeys play.

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What are the famous figures in the history of the Qiang people? Emperor Yan - the ancestor of Qiangyan agricultural culture in China

King Silkworm - Sichuan Shu The first king of the country

King Xia Yu - the founder of the country and the founding dynasty of China

Rhinoceros Head - the king of Longfang North Qiang Yiqu Kingdom in Shang Dynasty

Zhou Dynasty King Wu - the king who destroyed the Shang Dynasty and restored the Qiang Dynasty

Jiang Ziya - the great military strategist of the Qiang people, the founder of the Qi Kingdom in Shandong

Shu Yu - the prince of the Jin Kingdom in Shanxi

< p> The King of Minshan Village - the King of the Ran (máng) Kingdom

Anyang - the King of the Qingyi Qiang Kingdom of Sichuan

Yuanjian - the King of the Western Qiang rebels

< p> Gou Jian - King of Yue Kingdom in Zhejiang

King Zhao of Qin - King of the Seven Western Qiang in the Warring States Period

Qin Shihuang - First Emperor of Qin - Destroyed Six Kingdoms and Established Centralized China

< p> Tang Dou - King of Nuoqiang Kingdom in Xinjiang

Changqiang - King of Dian in Yunnan

Li Xiong - Emperor of Chenghan Kingdom in Sichuan

Yao Chang ——Emperor of the Qin Kingdom

Mo Zhe Dati——The King of Qin of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Qingyi Army

Dajiawa——*** King of the Tang Yan (máo) Kingdom

Subi Mojie——*** King of Subi Kingdom

Uncle Jiang Grignai——*** King of Yangtong Kingdom

Binju—— * ** King of Qamdo East Women Kingdom

Bai Li - King of Sichuan Tiger Kingdom

Nuo Hebo - King of Qinghai Kingdom

Yuan Hao - Daxia Emperor of the Kingdom

Wang Te - Qiang King of Sichuan Ranyi Army

Ma Chao - the fourth of the Five Tiger Generals of Shu

Folk Customs of the Qiang People Spring Festival Dragon Dance , lion dance

Dragon dance and lion dance during the Spring Festival have a long history in Huizhou. Since ancient times, from the first day of the first lunar month to the first half of the first lunar month (that is, the fifteenth day of the first lunar month), the dragon troupe and the lion troupe pass through the streets and alleys, which is very lively every day, and has Huizhou's local characteristics.

Traditional dragon and lion dance activities are spontaneous among the people, mostly one dragon per street, martial arts classes, and village lion dances.

Folk dragon dance has a typical Cantonese style. The dragon he danced was made by himself. The main frame of the dragon head is made of bamboo material, the exterior is papered and painted, and the dragon body is made of colorful cloth. The entire dragon is 13 feet long, or about 42 meters. During the dragon dance, at the front are the sun and moon plaques, plaques, palace lanterns, costume teams (dressed up as characters from folk tales from past dynasties), turtles, phoenixes, lions, and miscellaneous water (people dressed up as fish, shrimps, crabs, clams, etc.) Leading the way, and finally the vivid dragon. Drumming continued all the way, drumming continued all the way, the number of people was large and mighty, passing through the streets and alleys, making the city full of excitement. Wherever the dragon passes, from time to time there will be elders with their children and grandchildren crawling under the dragon's belly, which is called "Zhuanlongjia". Folk customs such as "sticking" have quite local characteristics.

Folk lion dance activities have the same characteristics as dragon dance. After tying up the lions, go to Yuanmiao Temple to “open their eyes” and engage in the activity of “grabbing the young ones”. On the early morning of the first day of the New Year, various lion troupes were led by masters carrying boxes. Lions, gongs, drums, cymbals, and martial arts teams holding various cold weapons performed in sequence. Wherever they went, stores and residents greeted them with firecrackers and sealed red envelopes. , lively and lively, lasted until the fifteenth day of the first lunar month before it came to an end.

Dragon Boat Festival Dragon Boat Race

The Dragon Boat Festival is known as the "May Festival" among the people. Dragon boat racing is called the "Dragon Boat Racing May Festival" among the people in Huizhou. Festival, dragon boat racing, dragon boat racing. Traditional dragon boat racing activities are held every year from the first to the sixth day of the fifth lunar month of the lunar calendar. They have lasted for thousands of years and have remained popular.

Every year during the "May Day" of the lunar calendar, the rivers are mostly full, and the "dragon boat water" doubles the interest of the dragon boat fleets in various streets (villages). During the May Festival in the past, on the banks of the Dongjiang River, the dragon boat fleet that completed the pre-race ceremony held dragon boat races in batches along the river. The participating dragon boats first go down the river, then upstream, and finally sprint to determine the winner. Most of the prizes are Huajiang (a whole piece of cloth is hung on a bamboo string and covered with paper towels), and most of the prize givers are local wealthy businessmen. The winner puts the "Flower River" on the bow of the boat and sails up the river as a honor.

Mid-Autumn Moon Appreciation

The traditional Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month every year.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a large-scale folk festival second only to the Spring Festival.

In order to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival well, people start preparing for the festival in the month after the Sheep Festival. They buy moonlight cakes (a kind of white cake made of white glutinous rice flour and white sugar), wind millet, water chestnut, Eat olives, tomatoes, taro, grapefruit, peanuts, etc., and of course, mooncakes and lanterns are essential for every household.

On the day of the Mid-Autumn Festival, people who have traveled far away from home each return to the home of the eldest member of the family to have a reunion dinner and tell their family what they have done this year and their next goals. Speak more kind words (motivating words). When the moonlight first rises, the whole family opens moon cakes, lights lanterns, and begins the annual moon viewing.

With the development of the times, folk moon-appreciating activities are moving from courtyards to public places. At present, there are two places that have established scale: Pinghu Moon Viewing and Tangquan Moon Viewing.

Climb high and fly kites on the Double Ninth Festival

The Double Ninth Festival is celebrated every year on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. There are folk customs of climbing and flying kites during the Double Ninth Festival.

According to folklore, climbing on the Double Ninth Festival can bring good luck to those who climb high. Climbing high for three consecutive years can bring good fortune. From the perspective of physical exercise, climbing during the Double Ninth Festival does have its own unique benefits. The Double Ninth Festival falls in the early autumn, and the high autumn is refreshing. Climbing high at this time will bring you extraordinary physical and mental benefits. It can not only exercise your body, but also strengthen your physique. When you go to the top of the mountain, you can see the beautiful mountains and rivers in the distance, which is invigorating and improves your mood. Comfortable.

Nowadays, the most spectacular places to climb during the Double Ninth Festival every year are Luofu Mountain, Jiulong Peak, Xiangtou Mountain, Gaobang Mountain and Fengshan in the urban area, especially Luofu Mountain in Boluo. (Eighth day of the ninth lunar month) More than 100,000 climbers from all counties in the city and Dongguan, Zengcheng, Guangzhou and Shenzhen climbed to the top of Luofu Mountain and flew to the top. People who waited for the sunrise all night sat around the top of the mountain and blessed each other. At sunrise, fireworks and firecrackers resound into the sky, blending with the rising sun, which is quite spectacular. According to statistics from relevant departments, in recent years, the number of people climbing Luofu Mountain has exceeded 100,000 every year. Thousands of people make the Double Ninth Festival climbing in Luofu Mountain a grand event of the Lingnan Double Ninth Festival.

Flying paper harriers on the Double Ninth Festival is a relatively unique custom. The folk song goes: September 9th is the Double Ninth Festival; fly the paper harrier, and the love will grow long. According to our country's traditional customs, kites are usually flown during the Qing Dynasty. Due to the climate...>>