The emergence, composition, development and rise and fall of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty, in short, the more detailed the better! thank you

The rise and fall of the Eight Banners Army

The Eight Banners Army and green camp Army were regular troops of the Qing Dynasty. The military system dominated by the Eight Banners Army and supplemented by green camp occupies a special position in the ancient military history of China, which directly affects the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty and has always been noticed by people.

The Eight Banners Army was established before entering the customs. In the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1583), Nuerhachi of Qing Dynasty set out with 13 leftover Jia and 30 leftover women, and gradually established the Eight Banners system in the process of unifying the ministries of Jurchen. In the twenty-ninth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi set up four isolated hills (translated as flags in Chinese), each with four colors of yellow, white, red and blue, and one Niulu for every 300 ding, which was really under the jurisdiction of one Niulu. In the forty-third year of Wanli, due to the attachment to the Japanese people, the original four flags were yellow, white, red and blue, followed by four yellow, white, red and blue flags, and a border was set around the original flag. The yellow, white and blue flags are set with red edges, and the red flags are set with white edges to form the Eight Banners. Every 300 years, a cattle chronicle will be compiled, with five cows recorded as one Jia La, one Jia La Town and five Jia La as one flag, and one Gushan Town and two Lemei Towns will be compiled. Later, due to the increase in population, a Jala was in charge of more than a dozen cows. The Niulu was renamed Zuo Ling, and Jala was appointed as an assistant, and the official name was changed accordingly. Gushan Town is called Du Tong, and Lemei Town is called Du Tong. Hundreds of thousands of people from Manchuria (then called Nuzhen) were included in the cattle book of the Eight Banners. After Emperor Taizong and Huang Taiji of Qing Dynasty added the Eight Banners of Mongolia and Han Army, the original Eight Banners were called the Eight Banners of Manchuria and merged into the Twenty-four Banners, but they were still called the Eight Banners customarily.

Before entering the customs, the Eight Banners were a combination of military and civilian. "A few flags can be counted as soldiers." They usually plow, hunt and graze, but in wartime, they are fully armed and obedient. The ratio of soldiers to soldiers changes from time to time. The mandate of heaven lasted for three years (16 18). When Nurhachi swore the "seven great hates", each cow had sixty catties, that is, one soldier was drawn for every five. In October of the sixth year of the mandate of heaven, there were 100 soldiers in each cattle record, and in November, there were five more soldiers in each cattle record, which became half. Since then, the old system has been restored, which is basically one third. In the later period of Huang Taiji's administration, the record of each cow was changed to 200 ding. The recruitment ratio of the Eight Banners of the Han Army is relatively small, generally one fifth.

According to the Eight Banners System, Nurhachi and Huang Taiji assembled the Eight Banners Army with 50,000 to120,000 troops. This unit has jurisdiction over Gushan Town, Maile Town, Galla Town and Lu Niu Town.

At ordinary times, Gezhen governs the Eight Banners and levies salaries. In wartime, he leads the flag bearers, all of whom are soldiers. They fight in the south and fight in the north, and they have great power, especially Gezhen in Gushan, who is highly respected and powerful. Eight Banners Gushan is really a lot of founding fathers and imperial clan. During the period of Destiny (16 16 1626), there were really sixteen people who successively served as isolated hills. Among them, Jilalang, Tang Gudai and Abatai are sons and nephews of the wise Khan Nurhachi, Adun and Tibi are Khan's brothers, Hulhan is Khan's adopted son, who is regarded as his relatives, and Dai Shan. Eyidu, Fei Yingdong, Heheli and Amanggu are famous "five ministers" in the political hearing, and Eyidu, Fei Yingdong, Heheli and Yangguli are Khan's son-in-law, granddaughter's husband and brother-in-law. Abutai's sister is Khan's beloved wife, Dr. King Abahai, and he also married Princess Heshuo. The other four men, Muhalian, Boldin, Subahai and Baduli, all fought many times and made outstanding achievements. When Huang Taiji was in power, the situation was similar.

Gushan' e Town, especially Gushan' e Town in the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty, is the military official of the Jin State and the Qing Dynasty, and its power and status far exceed that of six ministers and three college students. Militarily, they enjoy great power in three aspects. First, discuss the use of troops, major wars, Khan often ordered Baylor to discuss with Bagushan. In October of the third year of Tiancong (1629), when Huang Taiji led the army to levy taxes, Daishan, the Grand Baylor, and Manggutai, the Third Baylor, agreed to send troops, and Yue Tuo, the other Baylor, agreed to Khan's initiative. So "the quantity of Bagua Mountain really reached the agreement of Erbaille", Erbaille began to give up his opinion and the army moved on.

Second, set out to surround and lead the officers and men of this flag to defend the flood season. When Tiancong attacked the Daling River in Ming Dynasty in five years, Khan told the Eight Banners that the lonely mountain was really cold, such as Gree, Dahan, Sele, Piangu, Kagudeli, Heerden, Ye Chen and Heshuotu, and led his own troops to one side or half of the siege.

Third, take care of the officers and men of this flag. For example, all the soldiers who are responsible for the recruitment, the soldiers who are responsible for preparing uniforms and horses, the application of strict military discipline, the inspection of armor strength, the soldiers' reports and merits and demerits, etc., are all under the responsibility of Taniyama's subordinates.

Of course, although Gushan really has a lot of power, he is not the owner of the flag army, nor the supreme commander of the flag soldiers, but only the highest official in charge of all affairs in the flag. The real flag owner and the supreme commander of the flag army are the flag owners Baylor and Jin Guohan. Nuerhachi's sons and nephews, Daishan, A Min, Mangurtai, Huang Taiji, Azig, Duoduo, etc. , awarded by Khan, is the flag owner, with red, red, blue, blue, white, yellow and yellow flags respectively. Officials and generals such as Koyama Erzhen are ministers of the flag owners, and the two sides are subordinate to each other, and the soldiers of each flag are also flag owners. The struggle for power and profit is still in the hands of flag owners Khan and Baylor.

Before entering the customs, unlike the generals and foot soldiers of the Ming Dynasty, the soldiers of the Eight Banners were not paid. Huang taiji once issued an imperial edict on this matter, saying: "China is not a vast country, and the people are living in poverty." If we follow the example of the Ming Dynasty and pay salaries according to official positions, it will be impossible. " But "I am a godsend, and the property I get is rewarded according to my official position, and the land I get is also distributed to able-bodied men according to my official position. Previously, the first-class hero of Manchu and Han occupied Ding Bai, and the rest of the generals were given them in turn according to their official positions. "

The legitimate economic income of the Eight Banners soldiers mainly includes three aspects. One is to accept rewards. Jin Guohan often gives money from people and animals to officers and men. After the foundation stone was laid in Liaoyang in March, the sixth year of Destiny, Khan gave the company commander (equivalent to Gushan forehead) 220 silver and 230 silks, and the lieutenant (equivalent to Mailer forehead) 152 silver and 165 silks, and each soldier was given seven cloths. Second, the planned investment field. According to the population and their own troops, the Eight Banners plan to receive land, one ding and thirty mu. After years of war, the generals of the Eight Banners plundered a large number of people and forced them to serve as coatings, cultivate fields and graze cattle and horses. They used this to get thousands of acres of land, became big manor owners, and collected a lot of rent, food and rice. Third, according to the post, Ding Fu is exempted. Everyone in this country must pay national taxes. In the eighth year of the mandate of heaven (1623), the governor reported Khan: "Those who pay taxes in one year, give food, give silver, and eat the army and Wu, are * * * three Liang." According to Khan's imperial edict, the commander-in-chief and officials of Gushan have also made great contributions repeatedly. The first, second and third-class establishments are exempted from national tax 100 tripod, the second-class soldier is exempted from tax 22 tripod, the first-class guerrilla is exempted from tax 16 tripod, the third-class guerrilla is exempted from tax 10 tripod, 8 tripod and 6 tripod, and the general commander is exempted from tax of 4 tripod.

Both Nurhachi and Huang Taiji attached great importance to military training and strict military discipline, issued military orders many times, rewarded courage and punished cowardice, often held drills, and read military orders to flag soldiers more than once.

Nurhachi and Huang Taiji also set an example and fought bravely. At the age of fifty-five, Nurhachi always recounted his years of fighting, saying, "I grew up alone among thousands of troops, with bows and arrows combined and weapons linked." I don't know how many battles I played. " Huang taiji also has the right to be a father. He once led 200 soldiers and killed thousands of Ming soldiers. Inspired and driven by Jun Khan, a large number of brave generals emerged in the Eight Banners Army, such as E Yidu, Fei Yingdong, An Fei Yang Gu, He Heli, Yang Guli, Leng Gree, Lao Sa, Touloushi, Ye Chen, Ashan, Sa Muska, Azig Ni Kan, Heerden, Wu Bai, Turg and so on. The foot soldiers of the Eight Banners also took the lead and fought bravely. Therefore, the Eight Banners have repeatedly defeated strong enemies and are invincible. Defeated the Ming army in Salhu, Pingyang Bridge, Songshan and other places, and raided thousands of miles into the customs for many times, reaching the gates of Beijing, laying a solid foundation for advancing into the Central Plains.

After the Eight Banners Army entered the Central Plains,

In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), on April 22nd, Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty commanded more than 40,000 people in Manchuria, 50,000 people in the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Eight Banners of the Han Army, 20,000 people in the Han army such as Prince Gong Kong Youde, and about120,000 foreign Mongolian soldiers, and they fought against the peasant army of Dashun in Shanhaiguan and won.

The Qing Dynasty took the Eight Banners Army as the main military pillar, made great efforts to strengthen the Eight Banners Army, and adopted a series of important measures. First, determine the military system of the Eight Banners in Beijing. During the Shunzhi period, Xiaoqi Battalion, Qianjin Battalion, Guard Battalion and Infantry Battalion were set up in the Eight Banners of Beijing, which were in charge of Xiaoqi (also known as vest and cavalry), guard army, pro-army, advance army and infantry respectively. Later, there were Fireware Camp, Jianrui Camp, Neifu Three Flags Guard Camp, Qianjin Camp, Xiaoqi Camp, Yuanmingyuan Eight Flags Guard Camp and Three Flags Tiger Gun Camp.

Vanguard, Guards, Xiao Qi, Pro-Army and Infantry were all selected from the Eight Banners, and the number of dynasties changed from time to time. During the Qianlong period, there were more than 34,000 people in Xiao Qi, more than 5,000 guards/kloc-0, more than 700 forwards/kloc-0, more than 2 infantry1000, more than 700 pro-soldiers 1700, more than 2,000 sharp soldiers and more than 6,000 firearms battalion soldiers. In addition, a bodyguard mansion has been set up, with six ministers and six ministers in charge of the bodyguard year. There are 570 first-,second-and third-class Manchu and Mongolian guards under the jurisdiction of three banners (Huang Zheng, Xianghuang Banner and Zhengbai Banner), 90 blue guards, and four guards, imperial attendants, Ganqingmen Guards, Han Guards and 1800 relatives.

The general duty of the Eight Banners Army is to "encircle the imperial palace" and "pacify the territory", that is, "stay behind and guard", guard the imperial palace and the capital, patrol with the emperor, use troops everywhere and fight abroad. The officers and men of each battalion have their own specific responsibilities.

As far as "Suwei's retinue" is concerned, the bodyguard's internal affairs office has the heaviest responsibility and the highest status, and is in charge of Suwei and Xunxing's retinue in the palace. In all the gates, palaces and temples of the Forbidden City, the minister in charge of the guards dispatched pioneers, guards, warriors and guards of the guards, the pro-army, the Shangsanqi and the Neifu Sanqi.

Outside the Forbidden City, five flags (red flag, red flag, blue flag, blue flag and white flag) were placed to guard the troops. Outside the Forbidden City, in the imperial city, it is guarded by the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty, and outside the imperial city, it is guarded by the Eight Banners of Manchu and Mongolian Han Army. Outside the big cities, namely Andingmen, Chaoyangmen, Guangqumen, Yongdingmen, Xizhimen, Dongzhimen, You 'anmen, Guangningmen and Deshengmen, 10,000 green camp personnel from the Five Cities Scout Battalion patrol.

Eight Banners Xiaoqi Battalion was Arija Chaoha Battalion before entering the customs. The Eight Banners in Manchuria, the Eight Banners in Mongolia and the Han Army each have a commander-in-chief, deputy governors, assistants, assistants and Xiao Qi School, which governs more than 35,000 people in the Eight Banners and Xiao Qi. The Eight Banners Forward Camp consists of a left and a right striker and other officials. The Eight Banners guarded the barracks, set up a guard force, commanded one member of each of the Eight Banners, and officials such as leaders. The Eight Banners Battalion has a prefect, a commander of the Fifth Battalion of Jiumen Battalion, and officers and generals on the left and right wings. , and at the head of the Eight Banners Camp and the Five Cities Scout Camp, more than 31,000 infantry (green camp). Firearms camp has six ministers of the president, as well as princes or ministers in charge of guards, commanders, etc. Shangsanqi Tiger Gun Camp has one president, Jianrui Camp has several presidents and ministers, and the princes and ministers concurrently hold the post.

Second, set up the Eight Banners. In order to pacify the anti-Qing armed forces in various places and firmly control more than 700 counties in China/KLOC-0, since the decline of Dole, Sejong, Shengzu, Sejong and Gaozong have sent the Eight Banners troops to garrison in some important cities, which is called the Eight Banners Garrison. The Eight Banners stationed in Qing Dynasty can be roughly divided into four systems: stationed in Kyrgyzstan, stationed in three northeastern provinces, stationed in provinces and stationed in Xinjiang.

In the late Qianlong period, there were more than 8,000 Eight Banners stationed in 25 places including Liangxiang, Changping, Shuiping and Baoding. The troops stationed in the three northeastern provinces are divided into Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang. Shengjing garrisoned more than 16,000 Eight Banners soldiers, under the jurisdiction of General Shengjing, stationed at the side doors of Shengjing, Liaoyang, Kaiyuan and other forty cities. There are more than 9,000 Eight Banners soldiers stationed in Jilin, which belong to Jilin General, and 7,000 Eight Banners soldiers stationed in Heilongjiang, which belong to Heilongjiang generals. There are more than 35,000 Eight Banners stationed in the three northeastern provinces.

In 20 cities in Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces 1 1, there were more than 45,000 Eight Banners stationed in the late Qianlong period, which were under the jurisdiction of generals or deputy commanders of each city. For example, the general stationed in Jiangning has jurisdiction over more than 3,000 Eight Banners, and the deputy general stationed in Jingkou has jurisdiction over 1300. The flag soldiers stationed in Xinjiang, also known as the "soldiers of the Western Regions", were established after the middle-aged Qianlong and Longlong unified the army, with more than 15,000 soldiers in charge of the Ili general.

Third, pay the general's salary and the monthly salary of the foot soldiers. After entering the Central Plains, Murphy's land can no longer plunder the wealth of people and livestock as in the past, and it has the ability to imitate the lighting system to pay soldiers' salaries. Therefore, from the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing court successively formulated the Eight Banners palace salary and soldier salary system. After ten years of customization, Shunzhi led the ministers in the imperial guard, the ministers in the interior, the commanders of the Eight Banners, and the generals in foreign provinces. At the age of twenty, he gave one hundred and eighty taels of silver and ninety taels of Mi Lu, and the rest of the officials decreased in turn. In addition to salary, there is also "yanglianyin". According to the regulations of Yong and Gan, Dutong raises 242 pieces of silver every year. There are more generals stationed in the army. General Jilin, Shengjing and Heilongjiang adopted the tone linking in 2000, while General Fuzhou and General Hangzhou adopted 1620. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the generals paid tribute to Ding Shoutian and got tens of thousands of acres of land with hundreds of coats plundered in many battles. Like Fei Yingdong's family, except for a large number of manors in Gifford and Shengjing, Guangning, Liaoning has only 4,000 mu of cultivated land.

The pay of the Eight Banners has increased or decreased from time to time, and Kangxi customized it for middle age: the vanguard, pro-army and guard of the Eight Banners in Beijing are four taels a month, and the warriors are three taels, all of which are twenty-four taels a year. Infantry monthly salary 125 yuan, annual salary12m. In the early Qing dynasty, soldiers also counted Ding Shoutian, one Ding and thirty mu.

The salaries of the soldiers of the Eight Banners generals are more than those of previous dynasties, especially soldiers. The vanguard, guard and pro-army of the Eight Banners in Beijing can get a salary of 48 taels and 24 meters a year, which is slightly more than that of imperial academy, imperial academy supervisor and Qipin county official. This is one of the manifestations of the Qing emperor's "Manchuria Fundamental" national policy, which played an important role in maintaining the Eight Banners Army.

Fourth, supplement the deputy team leader to ensure the source of troops. There are few men in Manchuria. In the five years of Shunzhi, there were many casualties, thousands fewer than before entering the customs, with only 55,330 people. In the fourteen years, it decreased by one tenth, with only 49,695 people. Together with the troops of the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Han Army, less than 100,000 troops could not shoulder the heavy responsibility of "defending Chen Ji and appeasing the territory". From the 12th to 20th year of Kangxi, the "San Francisco Rebellion" took place. In order to maintain the national policy of "Manchuria-based" and "Manchu Jia Bing-based", the Qing emperor took three measures to increase the number of Manchu Eight Banners and Zuo Ling to ensure the source of the Eight Banners. The first part tries to expand the establishment of "New Manchuria", moving the members of Suolun and Daur tribes in Heilongjiang to Shengjing and Beijing and merging them into the Eight Banners of Manchuria. In the 13th year of Kangxi alone, 40 "New Manchurian Zuo Ling" were added. The second is to paint Ding Yu on the assistant collar or assistant collar and adapt it into the banner of the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty. For example, the 14th collar of the fifth collar of Huangqi Manchuria was made by Tu Hada and his family, and the 12th collar of the second collar of Baiqi Manchuria was originally the collar of Prince Suhaoge in the early Qing Dynasty, but now it is a flag collar. Third, it is allowed to avoid the identity of the coat because of work needs, pretend to be the coat of the flag bearer, register as a "foreign household" and continue to do the original work. The coat was originally attached to the head of the household, so it can't be listed as a able-bodied man with the Eight Banners, nor can it be an official with armor and troops. The officers and men of the Eight Banners can't adopt or adopt the son of the Han nationality and the son of the coat, and the son of the Han nationality can't remarry with his mother. These people can't be included in the list of men in the Eight Banners. However, with the passage of time, many people who were originally adopted by the Han people, adopted by the flag bearer, and remarried to the flag bearer with their mothers ventured into the roster of the flag bearer in Yuhua, serving as forwards, guards and warriors, and a few became civil and military officials. In the first year of Qianlong alone, more than 2,700 people were found in the Han army posing as Manchu banners. The Qing government listed them in the Eight Banners' "Other Families" book, allowing them to continue to serve in armor. During Yongzheng, due to the need of examination and approval, two thousand Eight Banners were selected by Jin. On the day of the triumph, "all of them are allowed to be other households." Through these measures and the natural growth of population, the number of assistants in the Eight Banners has increased a lot. During the Kangxi period, there were 356 Manchu assistants, 76 Mongolian assistants and 55 Han army assistants. In the sixty years of Kangxi, the number of the Eight Banners in Manchuria increased to154,000, more than twice that in the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, and the number of the Eight Banners in Mongolia increased to 6. 1 10,000, including the Han army and the gown. The total number of the Eight Banners is more than 696,000, nearly double that in the 14th year of Shunzhi. This has played a great role in ensuring the source of soldiers in the Eight Banners Army.

The military strength and combat effectiveness of the Eight Banners are gradually weakening.

The Eight Banners Army, with the Eight Banners in Manchuria as its core, has only about100000 troops. However, under the command of Regent Doerhe, under the command of more than a dozen generals such as Prince Duo of Yu, Prince Azig of England and Prince Haug of Su, and with the assistance of hundreds of thousands of green camp officers and men, the country was finally unified in the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty was established.

Since the establishment of Manchu Eight Banners system, the status of soldiers in each flag is higher than that of civilians. If you win the initial battle, if you seize the original property, you can rise to the ranks of the nobility. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, members of the Eight Banners also became officials of all sizes through various channels. Apart from military service, Ding Qi no longer has all kinds of service burdens of Han civilians and enjoys all kinds of privileges. Banners who violate the law are not tried by local officials, but under the unified command of yamen or punishments. The population of the Eight Banners remains the same, with five (30 mu) fields each. According to different positions, the flag soldiers are paid one to four Liang salary and three to four Liang oblique grain and rice every month. The higher salary is roughly equivalent to the salary of a seven-product county magistrate. Going out to fight, there is another "food line".

Most of the Eight Banners are stationed in Beijing, and less than half are stationed in other places. Soldiers belonging to the Beijing flag are only allowed to live in Beijing. The flag land assigned to them is also in the counties within 500 miles of Beijing. These flag lands originally occupied the cultivated land of the Han people. "Although the people's circle was given to the standard bearer, the people still lost their rent and planted it themselves. The people grow their own land, and the banners take their rent. " (The Eight Banners' public property is sparse in Volume 35 of Shi Jingwen's Compilation in Qing Dynasty) Banner soldiers occupy the land of the people, and they are not "also soldiers and farmers", taking land and renting grain, and farming without fighting. Shi Jing's Eight Banners soldiers have lived in the city for a long time, neglected training, and can't even ride and shoot. Emperor Qianlong used to take them everywhere, learn skills and courage, and give them rewards, but the soldiers wanted peace of mind and were unwilling to follow. Emperor Qianlong once lamented: "unscrupulous people don't know my ambition to raise Manchuria, but they do it because of their hard work." ("Eight Banners Tongzhi" Volume XI, Imperial edict) once said: "The children of the Eight Banners are like eagles, living in cages for a long time; I am full of meat every day and can't fight. " (Liu Degong's Record of Luanyang, Volume 1) Emperor Qianlong compared the children of the Eight Banners to eagles that can't fight hard, eating all day and doing nothing. Eight Banners soldiers enjoy generous treatment and wander around the capital. Or in groups of three or five, wandering in the street with eagles on their arms. Or hang out in teahouses and bars. Or shoot quail or cricket. Even whoring and gambling, selling houses and spending money. Zhen Xuan's "Tian Zhi Owen" commented: "A teenager, knowing neither the recruitment work nor the method of stabbing, went down to camp in Shu and Wu and forgot the old system. What's more, I hope he can kill the enemy with results? " The soldiers of the Eight Banners have gradually become street children, and the Manchu tradition of being brave and good at fighting is increasingly lost.

The Eight Banners stationed in other places are also pampered and not practiced for a long time. 1745 (10 years of Qianlong), the imperial censor and his hobby were careless, and illegally played the Eight Banners' coastal defense naval battalion in Lushunkou and Tianjin, saying that "officials should be in charge, soldiers should patrol the whistle, but they covered up empty words. That is, half of the barracks equipment is rotten. It seems that this style of play has become a common practice. Why are you clinging to the border and holding on? " (Qing Shi Jing Wen Bian, Volume 35, Passion, Fundamental Four Strategies) 175 1 year (in the 16th year of Qianlong), Emperor Qianlong made a southern tour to Zhenjiang (Jingkou) and landed here. 1784 (forty-nine years of Qianlong), Emperor Qianlong went to Hangzhou for a military parade, and the Eight Banners shot arrows. The people of Chima fell to the ground. At that time, people thought it was a joke (Volume 38 of Records of Renzong in Qing Dynasty). When the soldiers of the Eight Banners in Shengjing performed martial arts and hunted animals around, they turned over more deer than the soldiers in Jilin and Heilongjiang, but they didn't shoot them themselves, but bought them from the Han people. Emperor Qianlong was furious and reprimanded him, saying, "Shengjing is the fundamental place of our dynasty. Soldiers' skills should be better than those in other places, and even animals can't be killed. Han people bought it, but Manchuria used to abandon it. Isn't it shameful for Iraq to wait? ..... Tell Fu Kang 'an to pay attention to riding and shooting training. When the general travels around the world, he will personally supervise shooting, so that his skills will be refined and strong, so as to restore the old habits of Manchuria. " In fact, it is impossible for the flag soldiers to "restore the old habits of Manchuria" by not engaging in production for a long time and neglecting riding and shooting.

The Eight Banners are so desolate. Officers at all levels are more corrupt. They deduct their wages on weekdays and enjoy themselves. In case of war, blackmail and blackmail along the way, and take the opportunity to eat. When fighting, they fought for self-defense and dared not move forward. Not only junior officers, but also generals commanded by the imperial court seldom know soldiers and are good at fighting. In the Battle of Great Jinchuan, the minister of economy was unmarried (the famous soldier in the early Qing Dynasty was also a descendant), and he hid under the account to command the battle and spread it as a laughing stock. Three thousand troops attacked the bunker, and when they met the enemy, the birds and animals scattered. A great scholar, Wen Fu, led troops to Jinchuan, big and small, only knew how to buy off high-level military meetings and insult foot soldiers. Ma Quan, who is also the prefect of Sichuan, laughed at him for "waving his feather fan in the air and asking for nothing." Hailancha, a Sauron official who served in the Qianlong Dynasty and was a minister among the guards, once said, "Grandpa (A Gui) is the only minister who knows soldiers recently. How dare you not work for him? The rest are husbands who are afraid of cowards, and it is enough to hurt people's ears to let him climb the altar to catch them. An An can die for this. " ("Xiao Ting Zalu" Volume 9)

Most Manchu aristocratic generals don't understand soldiers, and most of the Eight Banners can't fight. In the border wars launched year after year, Emperor Qianlong had to dispatch the green campers of Sauron, Xibo and Daur to form the backbone of the fighting. From the Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong period, the number of soldiers in green camp was often around 600,000. According to Wei Yuan's "San Wu Ji", there are more than 200,000 people, half of whom are in the capital. The Eight Banners include Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han army. According to the proportion compiled by the Qianlong dynasty, the Manchu soldiers in the Eight Banners were only about120,000. Although Manchurian soldiers still maintain their dominant position, they have basically lost their combat effectiveness. At this time, green camp composed of Han people has gradually replaced the Eight Banners and become the de facto main force in the national army.

Third, the livelihood of the Eight Banners

The soldiers of Manchu Eight Banners were not trained or produced, so they were passed down from generation to generation, not only not fighting, but also the life of their families became more and more embarrassed. As a result, the so-called "Eight Banners' livelihood" problem appeared, especially in Beijing and Shuai.

Ganlong once had various discussions on the emergence of this problem. To sum up, it mainly comes from two aspects.

On the one hand, there is no production and income is reduced. The Eight Banners lived in Beijing for a long time and did not engage in farming. According to the regulations of the Qing dynasty, they were not allowed to run industry and commerce. They only rely on the imperial court to pay salaries and rent flag land for a living. Going out to make a living without authorization will be regarded as "fleeing the flag" and will be severely punished. The flag-bearer is lazy and has no money. If the salary is not enough, officials such as Lin Xueyou borrow money (put money on them). If it is not enough, it will sell the real estate and housing of the empire to offset it. When borrowing money, both money and grain should be deducted. After the land is sold, no rent can be charged. After the property is sold, it is rented out in silver. In this way, the income is getting less and less. Year after year, generation after generation, can't help but be embarrassed.

On the other hand, the population of Manchu Eight Banners is increasing. Only the flag soldiers of Manchu Eight Banners received their salaries, and the flag was divided into cultivated land. For more than 100 years, the standard-bearer has lived a leisurely life, and the family has been constantly multiplying, and the burden of life has to be aggravated. Liang, the head of the household department, said in his recitation: "After a hundred years' rest, there are many accounts, agriculture, industry and commerce are unemployed, and all kinds of people are attached to officials." This is the reason why the banners are poor. (Qing Shi Jing Wen Bian, Volume 35) Shi Yu and Tai said that a person who came to Beijing in the early years of Shunzhi has now become a clan. "With the given premise at that time, the current population has been raised to several times that of one-third production. "("Collection of Celebrities' Memorials of Past Dynasties "Volume 145)

The population of Manchu Eight Banners is getting more and more, and the income is getting less and less, which has become an urgent social problem to be solved in Qianlong Dynasty. Emperor Qianlong's disposal method was: (1) issuing more silver. In the name of reward, give poor households silver as relief. The national treasury is also used to redeem the flag land sold to the Han people by the Banner Code, and the rent is collected by Gzero and distributed to the Eight Banners. According to 177 1 year (thirty-six years of Qianlong), more than 14,000 hectares of flag land were redeemed, and more than 315,000 taels of cash were collected at the end of the year (the legacy of Shiqu, Volume 4). Although these silver rewards can temporarily alleviate the poverty of flag households, they cannot solve their long-term livelihood. (2) Increase the number of soldiers and "raise the flag for the people". During the Yongzheng period, 4,800 soldiers were raised, and the number of Qianlong emperors increased to 25,000. The Eight Banners were originally divided into Manchuria, Mongolia and Han Army. Emperor Qianlong allowed the Han Army of the Eight Banners to "keep the flag for the people", that is, leave the Eight Banners and seek another physiology. The number of soldiers thus vacated was replaced by Ding Qi in the Qing Dynasty. For example, the Han army stationed in Guangzhou and Hangzhou and the Han army of Fuzhou Navy each issued more than 1,000 flags, supplemented by the Manchu flag in the capital. The infantry of the Eight Banners Han Army stationed in Fuzhou was changed to green camp, and more than 2,000 Manchu soldiers were stationed in the capital.

In addition, in 1756 (the 21st year of Qianlong), Emperor Qianlong also moved 3,000 households in the Eight Banners of Manchuria, the capital of the capital, to Lalin and other places in the northeast to reclaim wasteland and build houses for planting. It is said that "but now I am in Manchuria in central Beijing, my teeth are getting longer every day, and the amount of money is fixed." I rely on one person's money and rice to support more people, and I am afraid that I am short of money. " "If you want me to be a servant of Manchuria, I'd better go back to my hometown and live a good life." When people arrive there, every family will treat silver, bundle vehicles along the way, and give silver-producing official fields and beef offal when they arrive. Each household needs about two silver 100. Emperor Qianlong warned: "When we wait for Iraq, we should feel indebted to us, scrimp and save, and take reclamation as our service. Have a little leisure and be diligent in riding and shooting. " (Record of Emperor Gaozong, Volume 504) However, the flag bearer in Manchuria's "land" is not "well-off", and the phenomenon of selling flag land by canon is also developing. According to 174 1 year (the sixth year of Qianlong), Omida, the general of Ningguta, reported that there were 3,000 Manchu soldiers in Wula, Jilin Province, of which only 2 1 people were rich. Poor households 1 185 households with 8935 people. There are 678 poor households with 2894 people. Altogether, there are 1863 households and 1 1829 people. The rest are middle households, * * * 848 households with 8,829 mouths (the Ministry of War's humanity is folded, November 27, Qianlong six years). This typical material reflects that less than half of the local Manchu soldiers in the Eight Banners can eat and wear warm clothes, and most of them are poor or even destitute. Of the 3,000 Manchu families that Emperor Qianlong moved to Lalin, only 2,000 actually went. About one tenth of them are young and old, six or seven of them can't farm in their prime, but only two or three of them can. So soon after I went to Lalin and other places, I fled back to the capital. Those who stay in Lalin and other places also employ refugees to farm in the customs. The flag land was sold according to the standard and gradually owned by the Han people.

The Manchu families in the Eight Banners never farm or fight, which shows the crisis of Manchu rule and the growing division between Manchu nobles and Manchu families.

Manchu Eight Banners-Huang Zhengqi

Named after the pure yellow flag color. Yellow flag, yellow flag and white flag are listed as the upper three flags. There is no king on the three flags, and they are all under the personal control of the emperor. Soldiers are the emperor's personal soldiers, and members of the royal family are also selected from the above three flags. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the most populous one in Eight Banners Manchuria, with 92 full-time assistants, 2 part-time assistants and about 30,000 soldiers. The total population of men, women and children was about 6.5438+0.5 million. Kangxi's beloved minister, Ganqingmen's first-class servant, Nalan Xingde is a native of Zhenghuangqi.

Manchu Eight Banners-Yellow Banner

In the southwest of Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia today. One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty, it was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 15), and it was named after the yellow edge and red edge of the flag. The yellow flag is one of the three flags. There is no king in the flag, and the soldiers are all the emperor's own soldiers. Members of the Royal Guards were also selected from the first three flags. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time assistants and 2 part-time assistants, with about 26,000 soldiers and a total population of 65,438+3,000 men, women and children. Members of the royal family in the Qing Dynasty were mostly decorated with yellow flags, such as Xiao Herui, the queen of Jiaqing Emperor, the imperial concubine of Qianlong Emperor, Ci Xi and Ci 'an (also known as the East Palace), and senior officials of the imperial court were mostly decorated with yellow flags.

Manchu Eight Banners-Zhenghongqi

In the east of Wulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia, it is one of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named for its pure flag color. The red flag is the next five flags, which are divided by the king, Baylor and Beizi. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the flag with the least population among the Eight Banners, with 74 full-time commanders and 23,000 soldiers, with a total population of about 1 1.5 million men, women and children. The famous writer Lao She was originally transferred to Zhenghongqi; The big corrupt officials and gentry during the reign of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty were also people who were honoring the red flag.

Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty-inlaid with red flags

In the eastern part of Wulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia, please represent one of the Eight Banners. Built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), it was named after the red and white flag. The red flag is one of the later five flags, which was divided by two kings, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale reached 86 full-time commanders and 26,000 soldiers, with a total population of about 6.5438+0.3 million men, women and children. The favorite princess of Emperor Guangxu in Qing Dynasty was the one with the red flag.

Manchu Eight Banners-Zhenglan Banner

In today's south of Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia, the Lightning River runs through and adjoins Hebei. One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named after its pure blue flag. Zhenglan Banner was tied with Huang Zheng as the upper three flags before Shunjie, and it was inlaid with yellow. At the beginning of Shunzhi, it was reduced to the next five flags by Dourgen, and was no longer unified by the emperor, but by the kings, Baylor and Beizi. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale had reached 83 full commanders and 1 1 half commanders, with 26,000 soldiers and a total population of men, women and children 1300.

Manchu Eight Banners-Blue Banners

In the eastern part of today's Wulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia. One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named for its blue-red color. The blue flag is the last five flags, which are divided by Wang, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 87 full-time assistants and 1 half-time assistants, 27,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was135,000. Mr. Hou, a famous performing artist, is a man holding a blue flag.

Manchu Eight Banners-White Banner

In the south of Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia today. One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the flag with a white face and a red background. The white flag is one of the next five flags, which was not unified by the emperor, but divided by the kings, Baylor and Bashu. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time leaders with about 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about130,000.