On the reasons of population migration from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

Breaking through the Kanto, the Northeast has changed from "migrants" to "refugees" and then to "immigrant society". In the early Qing Dynasty, ethnic contradictions were sharp, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty took extremely cruel measures to suppress them. When the rebels are sent to the "smoky place" on the border, most Shandong offenders are sent to the "extremely poor" northeast, which is called "exile" in history. Shandong people are typical "settled in their native land". Population pressure, natural and man-made disasters and the policy orientation of Manchu government constitute the external causes of Shandong people's invasion of Kanto. Taking the railway construction in the Middle East at that time as an example, The History of Northeast Development quoted Toshiyama Dono as saying: "China coolies are like a collection of ants, and Shandong, which is supplied with labor, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of Tamen. It is no exaggeration to say that Zhongdong Road, which is more than 1500 miles, was completed by Shandong coolies. " After crossing the Kanto, the northeast is a place invaded by foreign enemies, and Shandong people have an extraordinary struggle. "Records of Angel Commune in Hunjiang City, Jilin Province" records: "During the period of 192 1, there was a farmer named Wang Zhenbang, originally from Shandong, who fled the countryside and lived in Xichuan with his wife and eldest daughter. 193 1 year, when the Japanese invaded the northeast, Wang Zhenbang and fellow villagers in Shandong gathered 100 people fought against Japan. At the end of 1934, it fought with the Japanese army three or four times, of which the second time was the best, and the Japanese army suffered heavy casualties. The insurgents were frightened by the Japanese army. " Breaking through the Kanto, because the northeast is an exile and reclamation is forbidden, Mongolian nobles are stationed in the pasture on the west side of the Great Wall. However, the dilapidated Manchu government was unable to stop the historical trend. The rule of Manchu for more than 200 years has promoted the great integration of Manchu, Mongolian and Han nationalities. Even the historical vicissitudes such as "Manchu independence" movement and "puppet Manchukuo" failed to turn Manchu into Manchu in China. Shandong's mentality of the hometown of saints weakens the local consciousness, while the adventurous spirit is the most strengthened, which urges the refugees to return to spring and take root in the northeast. After the Revolution of 1911, tens of millions of Han Chinese returned to the embrace of China, "so that the map of human geography shows that this area belongs to China people completely" (Grassland Empire,).

Qing Dynasty is an important period in the history of population development in China. In the early Qing Dynasty, after the restoration and development of Kang Yong III, the population of the whole country exceeded 300 million during the Qianlong period. The contradiction between man and land is acute, and a large number of poor people in the mainland are forced by the pressure of life to "go west", "go east" or "go south to Southeast Asia", forming three major immigration waves in modern times. Since the Qing Dynasty, thousands of people from Shaanxi and Shanxi have flocked to Cheng Guihua, Tumote, Chahar and Erdos to make a living. "Westward migration" has greatly changed the social structure, economic structure and lifestyle of Mongolia. At the same time, Shanxi immigrants, who account for a very high proportion of immigrants, as the main carrier of cultural communication, brought Shanxi's Jin culture to the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, forming an immigrant culture rich in Shanxi's local characteristics. As a part of farming culture, Jin culture has merged with local nomadic culture through population migration, forming a vibrant multicultural and enriching China culture. The barren land, frequent natural disasters and poor living environment in northern Shanxi have forced many northerners to make a living outside. There is an old saying in Shanxi, "Hequ defends Texas, and it will not be collected for ten years and nine years." Men go outside and women dig wild vegetables, which fully shows that most people who go to the west are hungry people caused by natural disasters. From the third year to the fifth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, there was a severe drought in Shanxi and other provinces for three consecutive years, and the worst drought occurred in modern times, which was called the "disaster at noon", and it didn't even rain in some areas. Population migration caused by natural disasters is most prominent in northern Shanxi, such as Xinzhou and Yanbei. The barren land and harsh natural environment in northern Shanxi forced a large number of people to leave their homes. For example, "Yanggao is located in the northern fortress, with excellent sand moraine, high soil and yellow sand, and low soil everywhere. It is difficult to cultivate with alkali and brine ... The land is barren and the people are poor, so there is nothing to hide. In case of famine, they are displaced. " In the harsh natural environment of barren land, cold climate and no stream irrigation, people in northern Shaanxi live in poverty. Every time there is a disaster, people have to be displaced and go out to make a living. "Westward Journey" is a bitter history of immigration, but also a history of hard struggle and entrepreneurship. Groups of immigrants left their homes and went north to Mongolia, where they worked hard to develop Inner Mongolia. More importantly, they brought advanced farming culture to the central and western Inner Mongolia, which was in a backward nomadic state at that time, and fundamentally changed the whole local cultural outlook. With the process of "westward migration", the Mongolian area outside the mouth has developed from a traditional nomadic society to a diversified society with both flags and counties and grazing and farming. In this evolution process, Shanxi immigrants, as the main body of immigrants, have made great contributions. Because Shanxi immigrants account for the vast majority of immigrants, the local immigrant culture is more characteristic of Jin culture, which can also be said to be the expansion of Jin culture in this area. The flow of population promotes the spread of culture, which narrows the distance between regions and enhances the sense of identity between regions. The migration wave of "going to the west" has greatly promoted the exchanges between the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia and the mainland, further enhanced the national feelings of Mongolia and China, and had a certain positive impact on the prosperity and stability of our multi-ethnic country.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of refugees, peasant troops scattered by the Qing soldiers, remnants of the Ming army who failed to resist the Qing Dynasty, and Ming adherents who were unwilling to work for the Qing court set off a climax of immigration to Southeast Asia. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Shangchuan, the commander-in-chief of Gao, Lei and Lian, and the deputy commander-in-chief led more than 3,000 family members and more than 50 warships to the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, so this place was called "Ming Township". From 65438 to 0659, the families of officers and men who followed Emperor Li Yong into exile in Myanmar, some fled to Siam (now Thailand), and some were placed in remote places in Myanmar. Today, Gui and Min in northern Myanmar are descendants of these officers and men.