Who will inherit the next generation of Qianlong?

The next generation who succeeded Qianlong was Emperor Jiaqing, fifteen sons of Qianlong: Aisingiorro Gala.

Aisingiorro Gala (1760165438+10/3-65438+September 2, 2080), formerly known as Yan Yong, the seventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty, had fifteen sons of Qianlong, and his biological mother was Wei Jiashi, the queen of Xiaoyi Chun. He was in office for 25 years (in office 1796- 1820), and the year number was "Jiaqing".

Brief introduction of Emperor Jiaqing:

Basic information:

Emperor Jiaqing (reigned 1796- 1820), Aisingiorro, the fifteenth son of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, was born in the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), formerly known as Yan Yong, and his mother was Wei Jiashi, a pure filial queen. In the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789), he was named Prince Jia. On the third day of September in the 60th year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong announced that he was enthroned to Yi Chan at the beginning of the first month of the second year, and the armadillo ascended the throne the following year, renamed Jiaqing, and reigned for 25 years. He died in the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820). 6 1 year. Posthumous title, whose temple number is Renzong, is "honored by Yun Shi and by Wu Guangyu's filial piety, diligence, frugality and diligence, and is the emperor of Britain and Zherui". Buried in Changling of Qingxi Mausoleum in Yixian County, Hebei Province.

Life story:

Aisingiorro, in the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), was secretly built as the Crown Prince. In 54 years (1789), he was named Prince Jia. Sixty years (1795) in September, was officially announced as the crown prince. On the first day of the first month of the second year, Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne in Zen. Later, the government was still under the control of Emperor Qianlong, the emperor's father, and he lived in Yuqing Palace temporarily. In the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), after the death of Emperor Qianlong, he began to lead the government. In the face of the crisis-ridden political situation in the last years of Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing played the banner of "salt reform" and rectified internal affairs. Killed the powerful minister, deposed and imprisoned Kun's close friend. The imperial edict strives to speak frankly, speak freely, ward off evil spirits and strengthen the body, and reward officials who have been convicted by words after the resumption of work in Changchao. A letter's contribution, luxury and frugality. Local officials are required to "know nothing about people's feelings" and report them truthfully, trying to avoid bullying, whitewashing peace, and being lazy and extravagant. However, its limited internal rectification failed to fundamentally reverse the decline of the Qing political situation.

The domestic class contradictions are sharp, and the peasant uprising is in full swing. After he ascended the throne, Gala made every effort to suppress peasant uprisings in Sichuan, Chu and Shaanxi. It is easier to unify the army and punish the generals who are ineffective in repression. Strict military deployment, implementation of the policy of repression and appeasement, disintegration of the rebels. The strong wall clearance policy implemented in the Zhaibao regiment training cut off the contact between the rebels and the people. In the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805), the peasant uprising in Sichuan, Chushan and Shaanxi was suppressed, and the ruling power of the Qing Dynasty was seriously weakened.

In the 15th year of Jiaqing (18 10), the Cai Qian Rebel broke out in the southeast coast. In the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (18 13), Tianjin uprising broke out in the north, and some Tianjin believers rushed into the palace with the help of eunuchs, "which caused unprecedented things in Han, Tang, Song and Ming dynasties". At the same time, it was strictly ordered to slaughter the insurgents who rushed into the palace and kill the leader Lin Qing outside the city. The Tenrikyo uprising was suppressed.

In foreign negotiations, Emperor Jiaqing advocated the ban on smoking, kept a high degree of vigilance against the harassment activities of British invaders in coastal areas, and wisely and sternly rejected Britain's ulterior motives of helping the Qing Dynasty suppress the rebels and helping Macao Portuguese resist France. In the 21st year of Jiaqing (18 16), Britain's request to establish diplomatic relations, open trading ports and cede coastal islands in Zhejiang was rejected. The traditional concept of closing the country to the outside world also makes it blindly exclude foreign things. His death was carried out by the emperor, and he was honored by the diligent and loving emperor.

Brief introduction of emperor Qianlong:

Basic information:

Aisingiorro Hongli (1711-kloc-0/799) was the sixth emperor in the Qing dynasty and the fourth emperor after Beijing. The title is dry and long, which means "Heaven prospers". He ascended the throne at the age of 25 and reigned for 60 years. After abdicating, he became the emperor's father for three years and actually held the highest power for 63 years and 4 months. He is the longest-serving and oldest emperor in the history of China. During the Qianlong period, he put down the chaos of the big, the small and the outstanding, consolidated the development of a multi-ethnic country, and went to Jiangnan six times, where he also studied literature, politics and martial arts.

Life story:

In the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), on August 23rd, Yong Zhengdi died, and the chamberlain took out the imperial edict and announced that Li Hong acceded to the throne. On the third day of September, Emperor Li Hong was located in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and next year will be the first year of Qianlong. On September 27th, Emperor Qianlong moved to hall of mental cultivation to avoid people's debts to Ding Fu and E Fu. 10, announced the regulation of combining leniency with severity. At the beginning of Qianlong's reign, the general policy trend was guided by Confucianism, replacing the strictness of Yongzheng's father with leniency, implementing benevolent government for the people, and being tolerant and open-minded to ministers and officials. At the beginning of emperor Qianlong's accession to the throne, he concentrated on correcting some shortcomings of the previous two dynasties, especially the Yongzheng period, and showed his political talent in the process.

After Qianlong ascended the throne, in order to adjust the imbalance of the internal relations of the royal family, win the hearts of the people and ease the contradictions within the ruling clique, he first released Yong Zhengdi's political opponents, such as Yun Chan, and restored his title. To some extent, it eased the original sharp contradictions and laid a good foundation for maintaining the consistency of the ruling class. Emperor Qianlong not only adjusted the internal relations of the royal family, but also properly handled the problems left over from the two cases of Nian Gengyao and Longkeduo during the Yongzheng period. In the second year of Qianlong (1737), Yue Zhongqi and Fu Erdan, who were sentenced to death for delaying military aircraft at the end of Yongzheng, were released and handed over to Yunchan and other princes. 1 1 month, ordered E Ertai and others to still handle military affairs.

Emperor Qianlong took measures to correct or abandon some wrong policies and measures pursued by Yong Zhengdi. For example, because they believe in "auspiciousness", they are superstitious about the art of alchemy and immortality. Emperor Qianlong did not believe in alchemy, so he expelled monks from the palace and ordered that it was forbidden to report "good omen". "All the auspicious signs of Qingyun and Oracle bones are not allowed to be played." In view of the mistakes in Admiration to the Public and Burying Tans, Emperor Qianlong also corrected them. In October of the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Emperor Qianlong stipulated that in the future, when all localities reported reclamation fields, they must make a detailed investigation, "and they must not pretend to be tired of Lutz swallows". Emperor Qianlong, with great courage, adjusted and corrected some wrong policies of Yongzheng Dynasty, and of course inherited and developed all positive policies of Yongzheng Dynasty, so that the politics and economy of Qianlong Dynasty continued to develop on the basis of Kang Yong Dynasty, and the rule of Qing Dynasty was in full swing, which was a good start.

In the sixth year of Qianlong (174 1), in July, Emperor Qianlong held Mulan's immortal ceremony for the first time. When the Empress Dowager Chongqing went to the Summer Resort, three-tenths of the area she passed was exempted, while the amount of the county she passed was reduced. It is normal to be 20 years old. Emperor Qianlong insisted on visiting Mulan, not for the pleasure of hunting, but to follow the ancestral system and the declining military style in Finishing. It is no accident that Emperor Qianlong resumed Mulan's quest for immortality in the sixth year of his reign. After the Miao uprising in Guizhou was put down, the Qing Dynasty and Junggar reached peace, and Yong Zhengdi left two unfinished things for Ganlong. More importantly, although he began to adjust political and economic policies at the beginning of his reign and achieved certain results, he was not blindly optimistic. He repeatedly rebuked the generals for seeking comfort and abandoning the armaments in the army. Therefore, Mulan Qiuxian, who has worked for six years, has an important opening significance.

Emperor Qianlong's rule of "pinning his hopes on Cheng Kang" not only rectified the army through Mulan Qiuxian, but also solved the most serious economic problem, that is, rising food prices and people's livelihood. At first, he thought that the problem that caused the rise in food prices was waste, especially cooking pots, so he promulgated the Law on Prohibition of Cooking Pots, but later it became a dead letter. Food prices have soared everywhere, and the tide of grabbing rice has come and gone. In order to solve the food problem, Emperor Qianlong paid attention to agricultural production on the one hand, and continued to encourage reclamation and organize immigration on the other, and advocated farmers to plant high-yield crops according to the actual situation of rapid population growth and relative shortage of land in the country. He also imitated the practice of Emperor Kangxi and generally exempted the whole country from money and food. As for the provinces, due to famine and other reasons, the exemption of money and food is more temporary. Agriculture, handicrafts and commerce all over the country have developed to a great extent. The area of cultivated land has expanded, the population has soared, the national treasury has been enriched, and the whole social economy has achieved unprecedented development.

After the death of Gerdan Zeling in the 10th year of Qianlong (1745), civil strife broke out in Junggar, and Davatchi won the Khan position. In July, Li Hong began to send troops into Sichuan to suppress the rebellion in this area. In September, recover the superior and pursue the subordinate. In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), in February, Emperor Qianlong made an east tour, stationed in Qufu, visited Kong Lin and went to Tai 'an to climb Mount Tai. In March, Empress Focha passed away and was mourned as "filial piety".

At the beginning of Qianlong's accession to the throne, E Ertai, the minister of Fuzheng, and Zhang each had a faction in the imperial court. If left unchecked, it will be very unfavorable for Emperor Qianlong to strengthen the autocratic monarchy. In November of the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), Zhang became an official, and Emperor Qianlong issued a letter to let him enjoy the ancestral temple behind him, but he soon withdrew his order and cut off his earl title because he didn't thank him personally. Twenty years after Qianlong (1755), he made a copy of Jian Mo Shi Sheng, executed two of E Ertai's cronies, Hu Zhongzao and Chang E, and took this opportunity to remove E Ertai's memorial tablet from the Hall of Fame. At the same time, he doesn't deceive others at all. When selecting new officials, he also pays attention to selecting people with humble origins and little relationship with upper-level bureaucrats. After a period of adjustment, a team of officials with the monarch as the core was formed, and the control over the subjects of the whole country was greatly strengthened.

In the early years of Qianlong, Dajinchuan became stronger and stronger. The chieftain of Tusi, Sharon Ben, attacked Xiaojinchuan and hijacked the Tusi King Ze and his seal. Soon, he sent troops to attack two chiefs, Gebusa and Zheng Ming. In order to punish the invasion of Dajinchuan to surrounding areas, in the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), Emperor Qianlong mobilized 30,000 troops to attack Dajinchuan in two ways. However, due to many reasons such as steep mountains and bad weather, the Qing army still made no progress until the summer and autumn of the thirteenth year of Qianlong (1748). Emperor Qianlong was riding a tiger, so he sent more troops and increased his salary. He sent Fu Heng, a college student, there to direct operations. After Fu Heng arrived in the army, he adopted Yue Zhongqi's strategy of choosing sharpness and fighting in depth. In the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), in February, the Qing army advanced to Sharon's lair, Le Wu Wai, and Sharon was forced to beg for mercy and surrender.

After fifteen years of Qianlong (1750), the upper nobility in Junggar competed for the position of Khan. In order to get rid of the war disaster, Salar, Sance Ling and others led their troops back to China. In February of the 20th year of Qianlong (1755), Emperor Qianlong sent 50,000 troops to Ili to attack Davatchi. Dawazi was caught off guard and was defeated and captured. Soon, Amur Sana, who defected to the Qing court, failed to succeed in his ambition to rule the four Mongolian departments of Elut, and gathered people to rebel. In the 21st year of Qianlong (1756), in March, the Qing army recovered Ili and Amursa fled to Kazakhstan. Life West Road, enter Harbin North Road. University student Fu Heng was ordered to take care of military affairs.

In the spring of the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757), Emperor Qianlong sent troops to attack from Balikun and other places, and the rebels were defeated. Amur Sana defected to Russia and died. The Qing army put down the separatist rebel war of Junggar nobles, thus winning. At the beginning of the 23rd year of Qianlong (1758), it was decided that the Qing Dynasty would pacify Junggar, and Emperor Qianlong immediately dispatched 10,000 Manchu and Han officers and men to the south to crusade against the rebellion on Tianshan South Road. In September, Emperor Qianlong ordered the minister in Yili to be in charge of the affairs of this department. In October, Zhao Gujun was in Yerqiang, and in February of the following year (1759), Fu De, Ali Zhou and others fought against Huo, and they were defeated and solved the siege of Heishui camp. In June, Qianlong ordered Zhao Hui to March into Kashgar, and Fude to March into Ye and Qiang, taking the opportunity to recover. In July, the Qing army conquered Kashgar and Yerqiang, and Yamato, Xiaohe and Zhuomu fled to Badak Mountain and were killed. The rebellion on Tianshan South Road was put down.

In July of the 25th year of Qianlong (1760), Emperor Qianlong claimed to leave the Qing court because of the presence of Russian troops in Ningling and other four roads, so he ordered A Gui to fight Chebudeng Zabu one by one. In October, the 15th son of Yan Yong (later Emperor Jiaqing) was born. In November of the 30th year of Qianlong (1765), Yang Yingju, Governor of Yunnan and Guizhou Province, wrote a report and attached it to the heads of Myanmar ministries. Emperor Qianlong ordered Yang to go to Yongchang to take over the battle against the Burmese army.

In the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), in the first month, the Qing army failed to levy Burma, and Yang returned to Guangdong. In February, in the battle of Diwa River, the Qing army failed to levy Burma. Therefore, in July, Emperor Qianlong gave Angelababy suicide. Burmese troops took the opportunity to invade China and Yunnan. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), in February, Li Hong ordered Fu Heng, a university student, to go to Yunnan for a short visit to Myanmar. In the first month of the following year (1769), Gui and Ali Zhou were ordered to assist Fu Heng in suppressing Burma. Due to the hot climate and smog in Myanmar, the Qing army lost more than half. Myanmar took the opportunity to beg for mercy and surrender. Emperor Qianlong ordered the Qing army to move troops, and Meng Wang of Myanmar refused to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty.

In July of the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), Xiao Jinchuan colluded with Tusi Walkesh to provoke, and Emperor Qianlong ordered Altai to surrender Xiao Jinchuan. Prince Hongzhou and Fu Heng died one after another. 1 1 month, Turku Mongolia broke away from Russia and returned to the motherland. In the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (177 1), the Tugu Hunbu entered the territory of China, and Emperor Qianlong ordered Batu Zileger to go to Yili to handle the resettlement. In September, Wobaxi, the leader of Tulhut, was equal to the pilgrimage to Jehol. Emperor Qianlong made Wobaxi sweat in Wanshuyuan, a summer resort, and later established princes and county kings.

In the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (177 1), Sonomupenchuk, a chieftain from Jinchuan, and Ge Sang, a monk, respectively attacked the nearby chieftain, and Emperor Qianlong decided to send troops again. The Qing army adopted the strategy of divide and rule and tried its best to attack Xiaojinchuan first. In the spring of the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), the Qing army turned to attack Dajinchuan. The prose directing the battle was corrupt and incompetent, and the Qing army was defeated. Emperor Qianlong appointed A Gui as the general of Dingxi, mobilized the army and reorganized the attack. That winter, we conquered the small Jinchuan and attacked the big Jinchuan in three ways. After two years of fierce fighting, it was not until the end of forty years of Qianlong (1775) that Dajinchuan was finally pacified. At this time, Emperor Qianlong was determined to thoroughly carry out the policy of changing the soil into the stream. He set up the Meinuo Hall (later renamed Mao Gongtang) in the former site of Xiaojinchuan and the Algud Hall in the former site of Dajinchuan, all of which belonged to Sichuan Province and stationed troops in dangerous areas. Since then, the chaotic situation in this area has finally ended.

In the mid-Qianlong period, agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in all regions of the country developed greatly, with the expansion of cultivated land, the surge of population, the enrichment of the national treasury and the unprecedented development of the whole social economy. In terms of cultivated land area, in the thirty-first year of Qianlong (1766), 780 million mu of land has been reclaimed nationwide; The national population has also increased from1.400 million in the early years of Qianlong to nearly 300 million in the sixty years of Qianlong (1795). The national treasury has remained between 60 million and 70 million for a long time, almost twice the total annual tax revenue of the whole country, and the whole social economy has shown an unprecedented prosperity.

Emperor Qianlong attached great importance to culture, and he was determined to sort out all the existing documents in society. First of all, he collected books extensively and issued letters and orders. In these letters, he instructed local administrative officials at all levels to take asking for books as a major event, and at the same time formulated a specific policy of asking for suicide notes: "whoever is in the shop, or the quantity is the price"; Tibetans "might as well copy a copy and still restore the book", "Everything is good for the manager, and don't let the petty officials make trouble". In September of the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), more than 10,000 kinds of books were collected from the whole country, which greatly enriched and enriched the national library. Under the direct leadership of Emperor Qianlong and the cooperation of Qi Xin, the library staff, Sikuquanshu was successfully summarized for the first time in forty-three years of Qianlong (1778), which lasted for forty-six years (178 1) to fifty-two years (1787).

After 30 or 60 years, the national treasury has been kept at more than 62 million taels for a long time. Cultural undertakings are also very developed. The Qing Dynasty entered the "Prosperous Age of Kang and Gan", which was praised by people as having both political and military skills, unprecedented territory, prosperous society, developed culture and powerful China standing in the East.

After the middle age, Emperor Qianlong was gradually overjoyed. He not only built a great project, but also spent six times the country's manpower and material resources in Jiangnan, and corruption began to prevail again. The whole Qing dynasty also turned from prosperity to decline in the late Qianlong period. The life of the dragon emperor himself is extremely luxurious. He visited many places and spent a lot of money traveling around the world. He built a building and squandered it at will, spending money from many countries. Official corruption has also become a very serious problem in the late Qianlong period.

Emperor Qianlong's favor in his later years led to the monopoly and graft of small Shenyang, which seriously damaged the official management. Xiao Shenyang was originally a low-ranking courtier of the Tang Dynasty in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, until he became a minister of the Ministry of War, a minister of the Ministry of Housing and a college student, and monopolized power for 24 years. During his reign, he took advantage of the idea that Emperor Qianlong was old and confused, and liked advice but hated it. On the one hand, he actively manages and expands his power, "both internal officials and foreign ministers become monks"; On the one hand, relying on their own power to ask for bribes, "there are more and more people who accept bribes and flatter, and those who are neutral and fair will be down and out unless they make amends." A surprising amount of wealth was found from it, and the politics in the late Qianlong period reached a very decadent level. Corruption in official administration is also reflected in the case of Gao Feng, Pu Fu and Lu Jianzeng, the salt envoys of the two Huai Dynasties, who embezzled salt in the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768). In the forty-six years of Qianlong (178 1), in June, there was a case of donating prisons and taking relief from odd greed in Gansu, and Governor Lerjin was ordered by the Ministry of Justice to strictly investigate, and Wang Danwang was arrested and executed. In April of the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), the governors of Shandong, Guotai and Yu, were found guilty of the deficit in the national treasury, and others were investigated, dismissed and arrested, and both of them were executed. Although Emperor Qianlong imposed extremely severe punishment on the principal offender in each case, greed did not stop. On the contrary, the vicious development of greed makes officials at all levels seriously impure, and the quality of governance is generally reduced. A bad official management directly led to the decline in the late Qianlong period.

In forty-six years of Qianlong (178 1), Su Forty-three, a native of Gansu, led the Hui people to revolt. In the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), in March, Lin captured Zhuluo and Fengshan and advanced on Taifu. The county town he occupied immediately fell, and the situation was very serious. In May, the Miao uprising in Fenghuangtang, Hunan Province was suppressed by Yin, commander-in-chief of the Qing army. In view of the grim situation in Taiwan Province Province, in August of the same year, Emperor Qianlong ordered Fu Kang 'an as a general and Hailancha as a counselor to go to Taiwan Province to suppress the Lin uprising. In December, Fu Kang 'an successfully suppressed the rebellion in Jin Gonglin. In the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), Ruan was usurped by Annan, challenging the suzerain-vassal system. 1October 28th, Governor Sun Shiyi of Guangdong and Guangxi was ordered to lead troops out of Nanguan Town to fight Annan. At the beginning of the first month of the following year, the Qing army was defeated, and finally Nguy?n Hu? took the initiative to make peace with the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Qianlong agreed to make peace and recognized Nguy?n Hu? as the new monarch of Annan.

In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Emperor Qianlong died in hall of mental cultivation at the age of 89. Xiao Shenyang was arrested and executed in the prison of the Ministry of Justice. Eleven princes are princes, and Yong Xun is minister of military affairs. In March, people were involved in various cases in Ganlong Literature Prison. In April, the deity was named "Fa Tianlong was transported to the enlightened body, Li Ji Shi Wenfen, and Wu Xiaoci was the holy and clean emperor". Gaozong Temple. In September, Tommy Tam was buried in Yuling.