Who knows the origin of Hakkas?

"Hakka" is an important name in the Han nationality. This ethnic group, known as "Hakkas", is a Han ethnic group that moved southward to the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi from the end of Tang Dynasty to the middle of Ming Dynasty and merged with the local She nationality and other aborigines. It has a unique dialect, culture and characteristics different from other ethnic groups of Han nationality. It is dominated by the Han nationality, including the She nationality and other "customized" ethnic minorities. However, this ethnic group is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members include members of different nationalities who are integrated with each other and share the same cultural characteristics. So "Hakka" is a title of Han nationality, but it is not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.

The Migration and Formation of Hakkas

The ancestors of Hakkas came from the Central Plains. Hakka people have experienced five migration movements in history, of which the first period is the gestation period, the second and third periods are the formation period, and the fourth and fifth periods are the spread period at home and abroad. The background of Hakkas' migration is the Northern Han Dynasty's migration to the south caused by the change of kingship, peasant uprising or ethnic minorities' entry into the Central Plains in China history.

The first great migration-at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Yu Yongkang triggered the "rebellion of eight kings" in the first year, and then the people's anti-gold struggle broke out, which greatly shook the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty. At this time, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xiongnu, Biandi and other ethnic minorities in the north took advantage of the situation, and each was king, fighting endlessly with each other, which plunged the Central Plains into the turbulent situation of "Five Chaos in China". After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became the world of conference semifinals. They abandoned farmland, herded cattle and sheep and enslaved Han people. The enslaved Han people moved south on a large scale, forming a trend of moving south with well-dressed Tu people and big bureaucrats as the main body. They entered Xiangfan from the Central Plains via Nanyang, Henan Province, flowed into the Yangtze River along the Hanshui River, and moved to Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. To the east, from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake, or along the Ganjiang River into the mountainous area of southern Jiangxi. Its vanguard has arrived in today's Tai Po, Meizhou, and Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for nine years (AD 4 13), and Zhao Yi County was established on the basis of "floating private enterprises". At this time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was located in the south of the Yangtze River, set up overseas Chinese prefectures, counties and counties to give various preferential treatments. This trend has come and gone for more than 70 years, with a population of one to two million:

Since the second great migration-the "Anshi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty, the situation in the whole country has turned from prosperity to decline, and there has been a situation of division of provinces. They attacked each other and defeated the people. Coupled with years of famine in the central plains, the government exploited and exploited, and the people struggled. Fireworks in many cities and rural areas were cut off and there was a depression. Soon, the peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out. The insurgents crossed the Central Plains and moved to Yu Sheng in the north and south. These places are the areas where the Han people moved south for the first time. As far as war is concerned, only Gannan, southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong are "relative paradise", so most of the Hakka ancestors in these provinces traveled back to the Ganjiang River from Jiangzhou and settled in the triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and northeastern Guangdong today. According to the records of Hakka genealogy, most immigrants in this period took refuge in Shibidong, Ninghua, Fujian. This is the second large-scale migration in the history of Han nationality in Central Plains. This southward migration lasted for more than 90 years, and lasted for the five dynasties after the Tang Dynasty:

The third great migration-the great migration in the formation of Hakka clans. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was captured by Jin Bing in A.D. 1 12. Song Gaozong crossed the river to the south and proclaimed himself emperor in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) to establish the Southern Song Dynasty. Millions of people moved south with Emperor Gaozong. After Yuan people invaded the Central Plains, they seized private land and promoted slavery. In order to escape the war, the Han people in the Yellow River valley crossed the river south again. Subsequently, due to the advance of Yuan soldiers to the south, the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Austria became the battlefield of Song and Yuan Dynasties. Wen Tianxiang rose up against Yuan and led the rebels to Meizhou. Hakka children joined the army and moved to Fujian and Austria. There are more than 800 people in the Zhuoxing family in Songkou alone. "Men are engaged in female armor, and 8,000 children go to the diligent king." In order to seek a peaceful environment, the Hakkas who moved here earlier continued to move south and entered Meizhou and Huizhou in eastern Guangdong. Because the household registration at this time can be divided into "subject" and "object", all immigrants and naturalized people are classified as "objects". And "Hakka" calls itself "Hakka":

The fourth great migration-there are two reasons: First, it was influenced by the Manchu entering the Central Plains. When the Qing soldiers entered Fujian and Guangdong, the righteous Hakkas called on the masses to raise righteousness against the Qing Dynasty, but they were forced to disperse everywhere after their failure. Some went to Taiwan Province Province with Zheng Chenggong; Moved to northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong; Some went to Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan. The second is the expansion of Hakka population. After more than 200 years' development, the population of Hakka in the border area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong has increased greatly, but there are few local Shan Ye and insufficient agricultural harvest, so they want to develop abroad. It coincided with the Qing government's "moving lakes to fill Sichuan" and the immigration movement during the Kangxi period. As a result, a large number of Han people who moved from the Central Plains to the two lakes and Guangdong entered Sichuan. The ancestors of Zhu De, Guo Moruo and Han were all Hakkas who moved to Sichuan from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian.

The Fifth Great Migration-During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement led by Hong Xiuquan, with Hakka as the basic team, fought for more than ten years. After the fall of Tianjing, the insurgents were destroyed and the people fled. During this period, there was a gun battle between natives and guests in central Guangdong, which lasted for 12 years. In order to solve the disputes between the aborigines and the Hakkas, the Qing government specially designated Chixi area in Taishan to resettle the Hakkas. The unrest caused the Hakkas to start another great migration, moving to Hainan and Guangxi respectively, and even crossing the ocean to make a living overseas, and Hakkas moved overseas one after another. Since the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Hakkas have migrated overseas by sea and land while migrating to southern provinces. The sea route starts from Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Humen, Hong Kong and Chixi, Taishan, and ventures to all parts of Nanyang by boat. Land enters Myanmar, Vietnam and other places through the borders of Guangxi and Yunnan. These include the volunteers who fled overseas after resisting Yuan in the late Song Dynasty, the "anti-Qing" in the early Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the late Qing Dynasty and the failure of various armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen in the early period, as well as a considerable number of bankrupt farmers and urban poor. They either set sail by boat, or were kidnapped, lured and hired "contract Chinese laborers" to work in Nanyang and other places. Since the mid-20th century, some people have migrated from their original countries to Europe, America, other countries and even other parts of the world. Now Hakka descendants have spread all over more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. As the saying goes, "Where there is seawater, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas":

Author: Smile at Fengyunyong Reply Date: June 6, 2004 2 1: 07: 00

The origin of Hakka names

The literal concept of "Hakka" is foreign residents. As the appellation of clan, the meaning of "home" should be "person", not "household", such as "shopkeeper" and "boatman". "Hakka" is the abbreviation of Hakka and Hakka. But "guest" is not a simple outsider compared with "master", such as Guangfu school, Fuxing school and so on. They are also Han Chinese who moved south from the Central Plains, and they are also "outsiders". Why not call it Hakka? The reason is still under discussion in academic circles. Historically, all ethnic groups in the south of the Han nationality formed earlier than the Hakkas, basically in the same administrative region (some of them are only partially extended), while the Hakkas formed later, not in the same administrative region, but in the connecting areas of the three provinces. Another special phenomenon is that the original aborigines or owners in this connecting area, in addition to a very small number of Guyue people, also include "Shanke", "Muke" and "Xieke". Most of them are also "outsiders". These "Hakkas" and later "Hakkas" have lived together for a long time and merged with each other, giving birth to unique language and cultural characteristics. (It can be considered that the ethnic group was initially formed at this time, but there was no official name. However, these unique people moved abroad, such as Fulao, Guangfu and other residential areas, and were called guests, customers and Hakkas by local hosts. Moreover, this title was called by different ethnic groups along the coast of Fujian and Guangdong, and it should be regarded as a kind of "* * * song" for people with the same cultural characteristics (that is, Hakkas later determined) from the cultural connotation. Whether this is related to the "Hakka dialect" of the aborigines in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, or whether the residents in these places have spoken "Hakka dialect" (although there is no written record), it is still difficult to determine. At present, the origin of Hakka names is to use "He Shuo" as a metaphor for "claiming". "He said" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Claiming that time began in the middle of Qing Dynasty. But this does not mean that the Hakka clan was formed at this time. "He said," It was the Fulao people along the coast of Fujian and the Guangfu people along the coast of Guangdong who first "said" it. "Claiming" is self-identification. Because the history of Hakka before the formation of clan system has always been the migration history of visiting other places. People have no derogatory meaning for titles, and at the same time, they are in line with their own history; I agree.

hakka spirit

Some scholars think that the term "Hakka spirit" is inaccurate, and put forward opinions on the use of words such as human nature, personality, folk customs, characteristics, fashion, morality, quality and temperament. Different people have different opinions, no matter what words, no matter what, they have the right to use "spirit" to explain. Hakka spirit is created by Hakka history. Hakka history is the history of wandering, struggle and entrepreneurship of Hakka ancestors and Hakkas. In order to survive and develop, long-term migration, vagrancy and drift from place to place have gradually shaken off the shackles of the traditional conservative concepts of "a different place in the Central Plains" and "parents are not far away" and established a new concept of "being at home in the whole world".

That is to say, in order to survive and develop in adversity, we must fight against nature and society and work hard. Winners are those who dare to struggle and take risks. They finally reached the other shore and gained new life and development. Hakka ancestors received traditional Confucian education in their hometown of the Central Plains, and their clan and family concepts were deeply rooted. After leaving the Central Plains and living in exile for a long time, I realized the importance of the joint efforts of clans and families, and further consolidated and strengthened the concepts of clans and families. Therefore, the idea of respecting ancestors and Mu Zong is very prominent. It is very prominent to remember my father's bones, get together, and then repair the genealogy and ancestral temple. After a long period of exile, Hakkas have more deeply realized that "it's better to stay at home for a thousand days than to go out for half a day", so as to care more about their hometown, deeply understand the integration of the fate of home, hometown and country, and the relationship between honor and disgrace, so that the idea of patriotism and love for hometown is strongly manifested in all aspects, which is particularly prominent. The manifestations of Hakka spirit are complex, simple, long and short, which can benefit all aspects of consciousness and behavior, but the most prominent and essential one can be summarized as "being at home all over the world, taking risks and enterprising, respecting one's ancestors and family, and loving one's country and hometown".

Hakka ancestors

Hakka ancestors are the ancestors of Hakka people who lived in the area where Hakka ancestors formed before the formation of Hakka ancestors. In short, it should be the ancestor of Hakkas, but the situation is more complicated. Except for the local "customized" ethnic minorities, the ancestors of Hakkas are all migrating Han Chinese. However, among the migrating Han Chinese, many people have been wandering in the north and south of the Yangtze River for hundreds of years, and it took several generations to move into the areas formed by Hakka people in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Some Han immigrants who entered Hakka areas were not the first generation to leave the Central Plains, or even the second or third generation ... Some of them settled in areas where other people gathered and became members of other people. Therefore, if the ancestors of Hakka people are collectively referred to as Hakka ancestors, then the term "Hakka ancestors" has no special connotation, or the concept is messy, which is bound to be limited by time and space. Time is before the formation of Hakka clan, and space is in the formation area of Hakka clan, which directly produces the ancestors of Hakka, so it is called Hakka ancestors.

Hakka

Hakkas are members of Hakkas. Anyone who has any two of the three conditions of Hakka descent, Hakka cultural quality and Hakka identity consciousness is a Hakka. Don't mistake Hakka descent for Han descent. Although the Hakka clan is a branch of the Han nationality, it is dominated by the Han nationality, including the "customized" She nationality and other ethnic minorities. In other words, the Hakka lineage was bred by the Han Hakka ancestors (subjects) and the non-Han Hakka ancestors (that is, the She nationality and other ethnic minorities living in the breeding areas during the Hakka lineage breeding period). Therefore, Hakka clan is the general name of the clans of all ethnic groups that form Hakka clan, and its cultural quality is mainly manifested in language and living habits. Hakka identity consciousness means that among the three elements of self-identity and identity, Hakka is more important.

Hakka descendants

Hakka descendants can be interpreted as descendants of Hakkas, but if their descendants are still Hakkas, there is no need to call them "Hakkas descendants" because their predecessors are the ancestors of Hakkas, so they are called "ancestors" because they do not have the characteristics of Hakkas. In this way, the descendants of Hakkas should be people of Hakka descent without Hakka cultural quality and Hakka identity consciousness. For example, I have moved away from the Hakka community for a long time, but I can't speak Hakka, and I don't think I am the original Hakka, nor do I think I am a descendant of Hakka. Hakka descendants should be descendants of Hakka who are no longer Hakka. If this distinction is not made, what is a Hakka and what is a Hakka descendant? You can never say that your father is a Hakka and your son is a descendant. If the son is still a Hakka, why is he called a "descendant"? Because the Hakka clan has not been terminated so far, if the Hakka clan disappears one day, the descendants of the Hakka can also be called Hakka descendants after it disappears.

Author: Smile at Fengyunyong Reply Date: June 6, 2004 2 1: 08: 00

On the Formation of Hakka Dialect

First, the formation of Hakka dialects

Hakka dialect is a branch of Chinese homophones, represented by Meixian dialect in Guangdong. Meixian is a rising star in Ran Ran. According to the Records of Wenzhong and Jiaying County, Meixian County was called Chengxiang County in the Southern Dynasties. At that time, Cheng Min [m n] lived in Yihua Township, Jiaying Prefecture. Later generations thought about it and named it as his hometown Schedule Township and his county as Chengxiang County. In the late Jin Dynasty, Chengxiang County originally belonged to Yi 'an, changed to Nanhan, and Duke Zhou changed to Meizhou. After several changes in the Song Dynasty, it was renamed Chengxiang County in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, belonging to Chaozhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. As for the name of "Chengxiang County in Jiaying Zhili", it was during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. In Jiaqing, Jiaying House was promoted to a mansion. Until the Republic of China, it belonged to Guangdong Province, and the abandoned Jiaying House was renamed Meizhou and later Meixian. Today, Meizhou includes seven counties and one district, namely Meixian, Xingning, Wuhua, Jiaoling, Average, dapu county, Fengshun and Meijiang, all of which speak pure Hakka dialect. Meixian dialect is the representative of Hakka dialect.

The naming of Meixian County originated in the Republic of China. According to the evolution of the old system recorded in Meixian Town Records, Meixian County should include the old name of Thirty-six Fort, which now belongs to Meicheng and its suburbs, Changsha, Shuiche, Shikeng, Shejiang, Dafu, Nankou, Heshi, Yaoshang, Daping, Shishan, Xiyang, Baijia, Bingcun, Yangyan, Chengdong and Songkou (Song Dong, Songkou). Of course, the languages between these areas belong to Meixian phonology, but they are slightly different. How is Hakka dialect represented by Meixian dialect formed? Mr. Wang Li, a contemporary language master, said: "Hakka means' guest' or' outsider', so Hakka is a foreigner." According to Huan Wen Pavilion 19 12, the Meixian Local Records Reader was published in Meixian. "Hakkas are originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains, and they are all from Guangshan and Gushi in Henan." At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the capital was moved to Guangdong due to war. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Meixian was always a passerby and was completely slaughtered by Yuan soldiers. Yuan chaos has been decided, and she county moved the capital to Mei. Huang Zunxian, a poet in Qing Dynasty, wrote in Preface to Meizhou Poetry: "This guest came from Luoyang, Henan Province, and spread from Fujian to Guangdong for 30 years, but he kept a lot of languages." What language does "keep other languages" belong to? Mr. Zhang Taiyan, a master of Qing language, said in Preface to Hakka Dialect: "The ancestors of those who call themselves Hakka in Guangdong are Jiaying County." "Henan is the birthplace of a large family, and it has a voice similar to that of Lingbei." The "Hakka is the charm of our ancestors" in Hakka Dialect written by Lin Haiyan shows that the Hakka people in Meixian County are Han people, and Hakka dialect has its origin, so it naturally belongs to the spoken language of the original people in China, so Hakka dialect retains a large number of ancient and medieval sounds. Huang Zunxian said: "Mr. Chen wrote Yu Ci, which proves that Zhou Deqing's Rhyme of the Central Plains is consistent" (see Preface to Meizhou Poetry Biography). Due to social unrest, a large number of Han people in the Central Plains moved south. After a long period of migration, this group of Han people in the Central Plains, known as "Hakka", finally settled in Meixian. The language they speak has gradually developed into a dialect-Hakka dialect, which has been stereotyped in the long-term historical development and formed an independent, pure, lively and rich Hakka dialect different from the Han nationality.

Second, look at the formation of Hakka dialects from the perspective of ancient Chinese.

We know that language comes into being with the emergence of society, divides with the differentiation of society, unifies with the unity of society and develops with the development of society. Meixian Hakka dialect is the inevitable result of the long-term development of China society. The language spoken by Hakkas (guests). Hakkas are originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains, and their accents are of course Central Plains phonology. Luo Xianglin's Textual Research on the Origin of Hakkas holds that "Hakkas are a kind of strengthened lineage that has been preserved through selection and elimination", which shows that "Hakkas are the most powerful faction of the Chinese nation" (Meixian Local Records Reader). It shows that Hakka is the Han nationality in China, and Hakka dialect is not an independent language, but a branch of Chinese.

(1) Although Hakka sounds and archaic sounds are not exactly the same, many archaic sounds are preserved in Hakka dialects. From the new rhyme of Hakka dialect, we can find some problems in the ancient phonetic system. I don't intend to make a comprehensive exposition here, because the similarities and differences between ancient sounds and ancient sounds have been mentioned by experts in ancient and modern Chinese. I just want to talk about the new rhyme in their same-sex letters. There is no unified view on tone category in ancient Chinese. I think there are some similarities and corresponding laws between the new rhyme of Hakka dialect and ancient Chinese, such as initials. Hakka dialect has no voiced initials [dz], [dz], [dz], [v] and [η], but only 36-letter affricates [ts], [ts'] and [s]. "Duty" means that "arrived" and so on all belong to ancient sounds, that is, Qian Daxin, a master of phonology in the Qing Dynasty, mentioned "there is no difference between ancient and ancient" and "seeking the same end, consistency and determination of ancient sounds" in his "Ten Driving, Zhai and Yangxin Records". This means that the supralingual sounds of 36 letters with the rhymes of "knowing, penetrating and understanding" are all ancient sounds. Qian also said that "there was no light lip sound in ancient times" and thought that all the light lip sounds in ancient times were heavy lip sounds. "The so-called light lips in modern times were all heavy lips before the Han and Wei Dynasties" (see Qian's phonological question and answer). This means that in ancient times, all the words with light initial [f(v)] were pronounced as heavy lips [b]. Mr. Zhang Taiyan said in On the Balance of National Heritage: "In ancient times, there were mud buttons on the tip of the tongue, and then there were other branches, so there were mother buttons on the tongue, sun buttons on the tongue teeth, and mud buttons in ancient times." This means that when people read the initial "r", they use Hakka to prove it. Hakka says "ru (r)" as "You (n)", reads "Ru (r)" as "Neng" and reads "Ru" as "Slave".

In addition, the vowels of Hakka dialect still retain some ancient rhymes. For example, Luo Yun's Preface to Hakka Dialect says: "Today, the words pronounced in Hakka dialect are clear and clear, and they are no different from the words with real rhymes." The emotion, festival, success, surplus and presentation of clear rhyme are no different from the true rhyme of Qin, Zhen, Chen, Ren and Chen. Lightness, screen, flatness and affinity with true rhyme are consistent; Speaking of rhyme, rhyme and essence are the same, just as Gu said that it is not the pronunciation of 300 articles, but also the ancient sound of Qin and Han Dynasties. This passage shows that there are many similarities between the vowel system of Hakka dialect and the ancient rhyme department. The so-called "not 300 orthotones, but also the ancient sounds of Qin and Han dynasties" is in line with the facts. Hakka vowels have the characteristics of entering vowels [- p], [-t], [-k] and rising vowels [-m], [-n] and [-η], which are consistent with Guang Yun system, but the vowel [-η] becomes [-n] after [Z] and [I].

(B) Hakka dialects and archaic words

Hakka dialect is a branch of Chinese homophones, so Hakka dialect retains a large number of ancient Chinese vocabulary. Mr. Zhang Taiyan is a famous master of phonology. He has studied the Hakka language system. He wrote "Lingzhou Waisanzhou Dialect" and attached it to "New Dialect", and selected 63 Hakka words for textual research with ancient books such as Shuowen, Erya, Dialect, Book of Rites, Shi Mao, Warring States Policy and Laozi. Here are some examples of "three-state language outside the ridge":

(1) Dialect says that "meat" and "meat" are well-trained. Guo says "male, meat, fat and full", and the legendary "soil" means soil. Therefore, three states today call this boy "Man Zi". According to (the author, the same below): The youngest son (the youngest child) is called "Man Zi" in this Hakka dialect, and the youngest woman is called "Man Zi".

(2) Notes on "Cultivating People" in The Summer Palace: "Cultivating words strengthens goodness". Goodness and beauty are consistent. The three states are called beauty and strength, also called production. Guangya: "Pure, good." Also known as production, Zheng Gongsun Qiao's word is beautiful, and it is also production, beauty and training. Reading [k no] Hakka by the word "Jin" means beautiful and beautiful. In Hakka, reading [cts Bn] means beauty and whiteness. Used to refer to things, such as "lean meat" as "meat" (lean meat).

Author: Laugh at Fengyunyong Reply Date: June 6, 2004 2 1: 10: 00

Production, Hakka pronunciation [csan], refers to people (children) who are beautiful, and can also refer to things.

(3) Shuowen: "White is good." Then cut it. Three States call people white. Press: Zan, pronounced in Hakka dialect [TS' ANC], is a good meaning, indicating approval of things, and is also often called "praise of strange women" and "praise of strange women" (Jiaoling).

(4) Shuowen: "Xun, Chongye" is ancient. "Yue Ji" "The number stands horizontally, while the number stands horizontally" and "Note": "Horizontal, full. It is said that the gas is full. " Interpretation of the text: "Horizontal, ancient and open." The words "Xun" and "Heng" are the same. The three States are said to be large and full, and they are transferred to the Ministry of Geng. Press "Xun" and "Hengtongzi", but today's guests have different pronunciations; From the point of view of backcutting, the ancient sound should be pronounced as [ckuBng], but today's "horizontal" is pronounced as [cvBN], and the medieval tooth sound (tongue root sound) is lost. In today's Hakka dialect, it is "bulging" to say that the bag is full of things.

Quoting Zhang's Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect can prove the long history of Hakka dialect formation. Ancestors' language has existed since the Book of Poetry, but with the development of the times and the changes of ancestors' residence, it is not completely consistent with today's Hakka dialect and conforms to the evolution law of language development. Therefore, the formation of Hakkas should be synchronized with that of China people.

(3) The change and archaic sound of Hakka dialect-the ancestral home of Hakka people, who lived in Lushan in the third century BC, was forced to move to Henan and An Wei in the Qin Dynasty (249-209 BC) (see "References" in Wang Li's Chinese Phonology). Judging from the residence of Hakka ancestors, most of them are Wang Ji's residence, and the crown residence of the Central Plains is an authentic Chinese etymology, while Hakka dialect is an authentic tribe. Therefore, Hakka dialect still retains a lot of ancient Chinese, and there are also many changes. For example, the word "I" in the Book of Songs is the same as the original written language "I" in the first-person spoken Hakka dialect. Because the pronunciation of Hakka dialect "Ya (ya)" belongs to stubborn vowel [N] and chong rhyme [BI], which coincides with the suspected vowel [N] and rhyme [BI] in the phonology of Central Plains. However, the spoken language of "Cliff" is [NB], with a rising tone. The Hakka pronunciation of "I" belongs to the stubborn vowel [N], which belongs to the disyllabic vowel [N] in Guang Yun system. The rhyme is twelve songs [o] and the ancient sound belongs to the back [o]. So the pronunciation of "I" is [No], which is just in line with the pronunciation of Hakka today. But it doesn't mean [no], but [NB] as the subject pronoun, such as "my book" [cNBkeC csU] here [B], the ancient sound belongs to the fish department, and Guang Yun belongs to Ma Yun [B]. The rhyme of the Central Plains rhymes with Home and Horse, although there is no [B] or [] sound in Gege Gu Du. For example, the word "Wu" mentioned above was a fish part in ancient times, and its actual pronunciation is [NB]. "I" is in 17 parts of Duan Guyin, and "I" is in 16 parts, which is the latest chorus. It can be seen that the "I" and "I" in Hakka written language today should be [NB] in the ancient sound. Therefore, the three words "Ya", "I" and "Wu" in Hakka dialect have the same pronunciation, which are three different writing forms and pronunciations of spoken language, written language and material pronouns. However, the change of the rhyme ending of the poem "I (Wu) [NBN]" in Hakka dialect, "Li Feng" and "Are People Involved in Printing", means that "I (Wu)" with nasal endings is "Yin" (Yang) and "I (Wu)" without nasal endings, which is the Hakka line. Another example is the word "Duan", which belongs to the vowel [t] in ancient phonology and the original part [an] in ancient times. Hakka dialect "Duan" belongs to the epileptic mother [t], does not breathe, the rhyme part is [an], and the mouth is full of breath. It can be seen that the "end" guest sound is consistent with the sound. "Duan" is the word "Duo" in The Book of Songs. Poem Nan Zhou Pianju: "Concise:" Pianyi "sound [group]," Guangya ":"Pianyi, take also. "Qu" means "Qu", "[tuan]" and [tuan] "mean" Yin and Yang are relative "and" Duo "means" Duan ". Nowadays, Hakka people in Meixian county (including seven counties) often say "Duan" when "taking" means "holding with both hands", such as "Duan Cai", "Duan Fan" and "Qian Duan", which proves that the ancient phonetic semantics have been preserved in today's Hakka dialect.

(4) Grammatical features of Hakka dialect and ancient Chinese-The grammatical features of Hakka dialect mentioned here are just examples, from which we can see that the word-formation features of Hakka dialect are similar to those of ancient Chinese, but they are all inherited and developed from ancient Chinese, indicating that Hakka dialect has long been formed.

(1) Synonymous compounds have appeared in ancient Chinese with many examples. According to Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine Historical Records" No.4 "Guang Yun", it is said: "Counting, letting the burden, letting it be a sideline, and letting the punishment be linked, the ancients have their own ears." And "conjunctions" and "compounds" are synonyms used together, that is, synonymous compounds, which have existed since ancient times. In Hakka dialects, the inheritance and application of synonymous compounds are also ubiquitous. For example, "rain is wet" (that is, "rain is wet"), in fact, "wet" is "wet" and "wet" is also "wet", which is an ancient phonetic and word-formation feature retained in Hakka dialect, because "wet" is a light lip, and "wet" Hakka dialect inherits the law of complete use of synonyms in ancient Chinese and still retains it in today's spoken language. For another example, there is the word "Hangjia" in Hakka dialect, but actually "Hangjia" means "Hangjia", and "Hangjia" is also a synonym compound word, which can also be proved in ancient Chinese. "Funeral" Zheng Xuan noted: "Any woman who goes to a doctor is called a marriage, and a sergeant is called a suitable person." "Gao Tangmi" says: "Yao Ji, a woman from Chi Di, will die and not go." The word "line" in this sentence is "marriage". Today, Hakka people say that married people go to the man's house to "get married", which is exactly the word-formation way that inherits the characteristics of synonymous compounds in ancient Chinese.

Author: Laugh at Fengyunyong's reply date: June 6, 2004 21:1:00

(2) Verb overlapping word formation, there is no difference between ancient Chinese and Hakka dialect. In the sentence of Nineteen Ancient Poems, "Xing Hang" is an overlapping verb. Indicates the state of things. In Hakka dialect, there are many forms of words, such as "Mu Changchang (Hakka sound [mau])", "Yan Cheng (Hakka sound [ctaN])," Yan (Hakka sound [cmo] "and" Toukuang (Hakka sound [ctBm]) ".

Three. Concluding remarks

The formation of Hakka dialect in Meixian County, from the comparison between the above-mentioned ancient Chinese and middle Chinese phonetic systems and Hakka dialect, shows that Hakka dialect retains a large number of ancient sounds, so it can be said that its formation should begin with the existence of Chinese-Chinese language pairs. As for Hakka dialect, how many long years have it gone from development to stereotypes? From the migration history of Hakkas in Meixian area, we can see that there is an earlier genealogy "Jiaying Huang Family Tree": they migrated from Henan to Jiangxia 2200 years ago. It can be seen that the ancestral home of Huang Hakka in Meixian County was in Henan today, and it moved to Hubei today during Jian 'an period in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "genealogy of Liao family in xingning county" contains: "the five dynasties sincerely looked to the public and originated from Runan. Due to the worries of the five lakes, Taiyuan moved back to Jiangnan in nine years. " This means that in the ninth year of Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (about 944 AD), Liao guests from runan county, Henan Province moved to the south of the Yangtze River again because of the worries of the five lakes. None of the genealogies mentioned going south to Guangdong. What time? It's hard to be exact. As for the approximate time for the Hakkas to move south, it should be "when they arrived in the Jin Dynasty (4 19 BC), they were not in Henan and Anhui, so they moved to the mountainous areas of Jiangxi and Fujian. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, they were forced to move southward and resumed chaos ... In the Song Dynasty (960- 1278), they became soldiers, 1279 fought against Mongols in western Macao and killed tens of thousands of people in the late Song Dynasty. Around this time, they also migrated to the coastal areas of Guangdong, but they didn't settle down until the Ming Dynasty (1368) (see Wang Li's "China Phonology" reference materials), and then they went from Shantou to Jiayingfu (now Meixian-Meizhou) along the east. The guests migrated from the north to the south and lived in several provinces. They originally belonged to the ancestral languages of the Central Plains. The Hakka they spoke was influenced by the spoken Chinese dialects along the way and absorbed foreign dialects. After arriving in the mountainous area of Meixian County, Guangdong Province, the accent gradually settled down, forming today's Meixian Hakka dialect.

Author: Smile at Fengyunyong Reply Date: June 6, 2004 2 1: 12: 00

Traditional customs of the times

Chinese New Year: "Hundred Festivals First". Like most parts of the province, Hakkas regard Chinese New Year as the most grand and joyful festival of the year. People began to prepare for the Spring Festival very early. 9. Sweet potato slices and rice cake slices will be dried in 10 for frying and frying in the New Year. As soon as the "winter solstice" arrives, we will start steaming wine. Nearly 30 days ago, every household would steam sugar cakes, make rice fruits, kill pigs, make tofu, kill chickens and so on. Welcome the New Year with great joy.

Sacrificial stove:1February 23rd. After the night of the 23rd, the stove should be cleaned, and the old stove should be taken down for burning. On the morning of 30th, you should post a new photo. When you get a free one, you should put wine, meat, candy, sugar cane, rice fruit and so on. On the stove.