During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Mount Li in Qinling belonged to which country? Does Nantang have the sovereignty of Qinling Mountains in Xi 'an?

The Qin Dynasty is an extremely important dynasty in the history of China, which was developed by the State of Qin at the end of the Warring States Period. It ended the 500-year separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized feudal country in the history of China. From Qin Shihuang's political victory to Zi Ying and Qin Sanshi, * * * spread to san huang and enjoyed the country for fifteen years.

Qin dynasty territory

In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang established the first unified feudal dynasty in the history of China, with Xianyang as its capital, and became the first emperor of the feudal dynasty in China. At the beginning of the Qin dynasty, the Huns were attacked in the north; Go south and cross. The territory expanded rapidly, and the western territory in its heyday has reached today's Gansu and Sichuan; Southwest to Yunnan and Guangxi; North to Yinshan Mountain.

Politically, after Qin Shihuang unified the world, he did not adopt the enfeoffment system, but adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Li Si, established the county system, and restored the appointment right of local officials to the central government, which was conducive to eliminating the separatist forces and avoiding the chaotic pattern in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period caused by the enfeoffment system of the Zhou Dynasty. Thirty-six counties were set up at first, and then increased to forty-six counties. The central political system integrated the bureaucratic system of the Warring States period and made it systematic, and the assessment of officials adopted the "upper plan" system. In addition, the Qin dynasty also unified weights and measures and characters, which promoted the country's economic and cultural development. However, the thought of unification and the burning of books and burying Confucianism in the Qin Dynasty greatly destroyed the culture and stifled the thought, and the situation of a hundred schools of thought contended disappeared. Unifying the country, unifying thoughts and punishing ideological crimes have become the important tasks of emperors in past dynasties, which greatly hindered ancient thoughts.

In order to defend the Huns, the Qin Dynasty built the famous Great Wall of Wan Li on the basis of the original Great Wall of Qin, Yan and Zhao, which is farther north and longer than the existing Great Wall of Ming Dynasty.

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Concentration (of power)

Concentration of power

Qin Shi Huang

During the Warring States period, the supreme rulers of all countries addressed themselves as kings. After Zheng unified the six countries, he thought he was respected and made contributions to the five emperors. The title of the king can no longer show his supreme power and status, so he changed his name and combined the titles of the most distinguished three emperors and five emperors in ancient legends into one, so he was called the emperor. From then on, the emperor became the title of the supreme ruler of feudal countries.

In addition, it is stipulated that the emperor calls himself "I", "destiny" refers to "system", "decree" refers to "imperial decree" and "seal", and the "posthumous law" of discussing fathers and ministers is abolished. It is stipulated that the emperors are arranged by generations, the first generation is called the first emperor, and the descendants are calculated according to the second and third generations, which is "circulated endlessly".

Central government: Under the emperor, three officials and nine ministers form the central government. Sangong is the Prime Minister, Qiu, and an imperial envoy. The prime minister assisted the emperor in handling state affairs. Emperor Qiu Fuzhong was in charge of the national army. But after reunification, Qiu was actually a puppet, letting the emperor directly control the army. The censor is in charge of books and chapters, supervises officials and assists the prime minister in handling affairs. The mutual restriction between the three fairs promoted the centralization of the emperor.

Under the three fairs, there are nine Qing:

Serve Chang, in charge of ancestral temple etiquette;

LangZhongLing, in charge of the palace guards;

Too servant, managing the palace chariots and horses;

Wei Wei, in charge of the palace security;

Dianke, dealing with minority affairs and diplomacy;

Ting Wei, in charge of justice;

Manage the internal history of Xiaomi and take charge of national finance and taxation;

Zong Zheng, managing the internal affairs of the royal family;

Shaofu is in charge of taxes on mountains, rivers, lakes and seas, as well as the manufacture of handicrafts needed by the royal family.

These bureaucrats are appointed and removed by the emperor, not hereditary. Qin Shihuang established the system of three officials and nine ministers, which created a new situation for the establishment of an autocratic centralized feudal state system and had a far-reaching impact on the political system of later generations.

Local administrative agencies

In terms of local administrative institutions, Qin Shihuang abolished the feudal system and the patriarchal clan system in ancient times, and extended the county system that had been implemented at the end of the Warring States Period to the whole country, dividing the whole country into 36 counties and increasing it to more than 40 counties by the end of Qin Dynasty. There is no county in Gyeonggi, but a civil historical jurisdiction, which is different from other counties.

The county has a sheriff, who is the highest officer of the county and directly under the jurisdiction of the central government. Under the chief, the chief assists the chief in charge of the county's military; There is also a supervisor who is responsible for supervision. Each county must regularly report to the central government on local taxation, household registration statistics and public security every year. Within a county, there are several counties under its jurisdiction. More than 10,000 counties have county orders, and less than 10,000 counties have county heads to rule the people of the county. Under the county magistrate, there is a county commandant who is in charge of the county's military affairs, and there are county magistrates, county magistrates' assistants and county magistrates who are responsible for judicial trials. Within a county, there are several townships, and each township has three elders who are in charge of education; Miser, responsible for tax collection and corvee; You are in charge of local security. There are pavilions and alleys under the countryside, which constitutes a strict local system.

law

Eighteen Laws of Qin Dynasty, Hubei Provincial Museum, Hubei Provincial Museum.

During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang changed the law into law according to Li Kui's Classic of Law, which became the earliest written law in Qin State. Since Xiaozong, Qin law has been supplemented and revised many times, and after Qin unified the six countries, a relatively complete feudal code was formed. Qin law has long been lost, and its specific content is only recorded sporadically in history books. During 1975, more than 1000 pieces of Qin bamboo slips were unearthed in Shuihudi, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, most of which were Qin law documents, which provided very important information for understanding and studying Qin law.

Cruel exploitation

It can be clearly seen from Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips that maintaining feudal land ownership is one of the main contents of Qin law. In Qin bamboo slips, it also reflects the cruel exploitation of farmers by the Qin Dynasty.

These laws and regulations are very strict, mainly to prevent and suppress farmers' resistance and protect the political privileges and economic interests of the landlord class.

It can also be seen from Qin bamboo slips that Qin's criminal law is extremely taboo. Only the names of criminal law are Ruo, Yi, Qian (exile), Nai (shaving off sideburns), Qiu (shaving off hair), Fu (tattooing on face), Fu (cutting off nose), Fu (cutting off feet) and cutting off left toe. There are many clauses in Qin Law that are aimed at "Li Chen", so many people are enslaved by crime.

Expand the army

After the establishment of the Qin dynasty, a huge army was retained, including the central standing army and local armed forces. The central standing army was directly appointed by the emperor to guard the frontier and stationed in the capital. The local army is in the charge of the county commandant. There were more than 800,000 troops guarding the border in the Qin Dynasty, and there were at least 1 million troops in the whole country.

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private ownership of land

Confirmation of private ownership of land

Feudal private ownership of land is the economic basis of landlord class rule. After Qin unified the six countries, in 2 16 BC (the 31st year of Qin Shihuang), the landowner was ordered to declare the amount of land occupied by the court, and the court levied land rent according to the amount. This means that private land is protected by feudal regime, which means that the ownership of feudal land is officially confirmed nationwide. This had a positive effect at that time.

Uniform measures

Unified writing

Before the unification of Qin dynasty, the form of characters was very chaotic, and the phonetic symbols and shape symbols used in the same word were very different. This has caused serious obstacles to the implementation of government decrees and cultural exchanges. Therefore, Qin Shihuang ordered Prime Minister Li Si, CZ government affairs minister Zhao Gao, Taishi minister Hu Wujing and so on. Sorting out the characters and formulating seal script as a standard character, which is often used in official documents and decrees.

Later, according to the popular fonts at that time, Cheng Miao sorted out a simpler new book style-official script, which was popularized nationwide as a lingua franca. Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province prove that official documents of the Qin Dynasty have used official scripts. After this arrangement, the font structure of ancient Chinese characters in pre-Qin period was simplified and stereotyped, which played an important role in popularizing law and spreading culture.

Unified currency

During the Warring States period, not only all countries minted their own coins, but all regions of a vassal state also minted their own coins. Their shapes, sizes and weights are different, especially their values are different, which makes them difficult to convert. After Qin destroyed the six countries, unified monetary measures were implemented: the currency was divided into two classes, with gold as the highest currency and autumn as the unit; The copper coin in the square hole is the next coin, and the unit is half two. It overcame the chaotic state of disunity of currency in the past, and facilitated commodity exchange and economic exchanges in various places.

Unified measurement

During the Warring States period, the system of weights and measures was quite chaotic. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, the system of weights and measures formulated during Shang Yang's political reform was extended to the whole country, and the unified measurement letters were specially issued, engraved on the official weights and measures, and sent to the whole country as standard instruments. The imperial edict of unified measurement in the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang is engraved at the bottom of the existing Liang Liang Zao Shang Yang Quantity unearthed in Xianyang. At the same time, we will continue to implement the periodic verification system of weights and measures, and appraise the national weights and measures every February to ensure the accuracy and unity of measuring instruments.

The purpose of unified measurement in Qin dynasty was to ensure the government's tax revenue, but it also played an important role in eliminating the influence of separatist forces and promoting economic development and cultural exchanges.

Jianshe Chidao Qin Zhi Road Qin Zhi Road

After the reunification of Qin, it immediately ordered the removal of blockades, forts and other barriers built by other countries in the past. In order to strengthen the control of the whole country, Chidao was built with Xianyang as the center in 220 BC (the 27th year of Qin Shihuang). There are two trunk lines: one goes east to Yanqi, and the other goes south to Wu Chu.

These paths are fifty paces wide, and a pine tree is planted every three feet along the road. In 2 12 BC (the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang), Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian to build a straight road extending from Xianyang to the north, passing through Yunyang and Shang Jun to Jiuyuan, with a total length of 1800. The remains of this "straight road" are still recognizable today.

In addition, a "five-foot road" was built in today's Yunnan-Guizhou area. A "new road" has been established between Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi. In this way, a transportation network extending in all directions with Xianyang as the center connects all parts of the country. At the same time, it is stipulated that the uniform width of the track is six feet to ensure the smooth flow of vehicles.

burning books and burying Confucian scholars alive

Establish a county system

In 22 1 BC, when the reunification of Qin was just completed, there was a debate about what kind of state system to establish. Some officials, led by Prime Minister Wang Wan, advocated the parallel system of counties. Tingwei Reese resolutely opposed it. He believed that the feud between governors in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was entirely caused by the enfeoffment of governors in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Only by abolishing the enfeoffment system can disaster be avoided. Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's opinion and established a county system throughout the country.

Qinkeng Rugu Site is located in Lintong District, xi, Shaanxi Province.

"book burning" incident

By 2 13 BC (the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang), Dr. Chun Yuyue put forward the idea of restoring the enfeoffment system. Prime Minister Reese refuted it. He pointed out that different times should have different governance methods. Corrupt Confucian scholars "remember the past and learn from the future", if not prohibited, the unity may be destroyed. So he suggested:

1. With the exception of poems, books and hundreds of languages collected by Ji Qin, medical skills, divination, agricultural books and Chinese medicine, the privately collected ancient books, poems, books and other historical books of various vassal countries in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period shall be handed over to the government for destruction within a time limit, and those who fail to do so within the time limit shall be punished and fined.

Two, two or more people privately talk about "poetry" and "book", put to death, or extinction;

Third, private schools are strictly prohibited, and "taking officials as teachers".

Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion. This is the "book burning" incident in history.

"Pit Confucianism" incident

In 2 12 BC, two magicians were ready to escape because they failed to complete the alchemy task on time. Before he left, he discussed and vilified Qin Shihuang. After the incident was revealed, Qin Shihuang ordered an investigation. According to historical records, about 460 people in Xianyang were raped and killed. This is the "cheating Confucianism" incident in history.

doubtful point

First, many history books regard burning books and burying Confucianism as evidence that Qin Shihuang believed in Legalism and was hostile to Confucianism. However, a close reading of the original version of Historical Records reveals that in the book burning incident, Li Si suggested that there should be no "poems, books and hundreds of languages" among the people. Thus, Li Si suggested that people should not keep hundreds of classics, including Legalists and Confucianists (poems and books were not Confucian classics in Qin Dynasty, so they were listed separately). Judging from the cause of the incident, it was caused by the dispute between the enfeoffment system and the county system, not the dispute between Confucianism and law. Throughout the whole incident, Confucianism is one of the victims, so is Legalism, and so are other schools of thought. Why did the later history books only emphasize Confucianism?

Second, in the "Pit Confucianism" incident, Qin Shihuang learned that two alchemists fled privately, slandered themselves, and became furious, and ordered the warlock to be handed over to the suggestion. According to the system of Qin dynasty, literary alchemists were handed over to the censor, and they would be strictly tried by law. According to the charges mentioned in Anger of Qin Shihuang, they will be sentenced to "speaking evil words" and beheaded according to law. However, according to the recorded results, they were buried alive and executed. According to a large number of legal documents unearthed in recent years, especially Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips, there are no laws and cases in which the death penalty is buried alive. In the history of Qin and Han dynasties, the execution of buried alive only appeared in cruel wars. For example, the famous soldier of Qin buried 400,000 prisoners of Zhao for no reason, and Xiang Yu buried 200,000 prisoners of Qin alive. Records in Historical Records are obviously inconsistent with archaeological data.

Three, "Pit Confucianism" incident, alchemist Lu Sheng, Hou Sheng, Han Zhong fled, not subject to legal sanctions, and their whereabouts are unknown. It is the most serious crime to be directly condemned by Qin Shihuang along with Han Zhong and Lu Sheng, and to name names. Strangely, Xu Fu was not affected by the incident of cheating Confucianism. He didn't run away, nor was he investigated by law. He is at large and continues to look for the elixir of life that Qin Shihuang will never find. According to Records of the Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, in the second year of the "Pit Confucianism" incident, that is, in the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang, Qin Shihuang toured the world for the fifth time, came to Langyatai again and saw Xu Fu again. Qin Shihuang didn't bring Xu Fu to justice, but once again listened to Xu Fu's sweet words, took a boat into the sea to shoot big fish, and personally cleared the obstacles to prevent the emergence of fairy medicine. There is a problem. Why is the Fu named by Qin Shihuang safe and sound, but the Confucian scholars are implicated?

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Attack Xiongnu in the north

Xiongnu threat

Huns are one of the nomadic peoples living in the north of China. They have lived in Yinshan Mountain in the south and Lake Baikal in the north for a long time, becoming a powerful nomadic people in the north.

At the end of the Warring States period, the Huns had entered the slave society. Slave owners and nobles took advantage of the rapid action of cavalry, and often went deep into the Central Plains to harass and plunder all ethnic groups in the mainland, which were mainly agricultural. At that time, Qin, Zhao and Yan were neighboring countries of Xiongnu, and wars often occurred. Because all countries are busy with civil war, they generally take a defensive attitude towards Xiongnu, build the Great Wall in the north and send troops to defend. After the reunification of Qin, Xiongnu still posed a great threat to Qin.

Mass migration

In order to relieve the Xiongnu's threat, in 2 18 BC (the 29th year of Qin Shihuang), Qin Shihuang sent general Meng Tian to lead 300,000 troops to attack Hetao (the so-called "Henan land"). The battle went well. In 2 15 BC, the vast area in the north and south of Hetao was recovered, and 34 counties were set up in this area, and Jiuyuan County was restored.

In order to further consolidate the rule here, in 2 1 1 BC, Qin Shihuang moved more than 30,000 households to Beihe and Yuzhong (north of Ejinhoro Banner in Inner Mongolia) to reclaim production land and open up frontiers. This large-scale migration is of great significance both economically and militarily. It not only effectively stopped the looting of Huns, but also promoted the development of this area.

Build the Great Wall

In the struggle with the Xiongnu slave owners and nobles, the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall, a world-famous great project.

In 2 13 BC (the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang), the Qin Dynasty connected the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao (Min County, Gansu Province) to Jieshi, Liaodong. This Great Wall has played an important role in resisting the harassment of Huns and ensuring the stability of production and life of mainland people.

Fu Nan Bai Yue

Fu Nan "Baiyue"

In the south and southeast of China, it is a residential area of the Yue people. These Yue ethnic groups, commonly known as "Baiyue", are distributed in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, southern Hunan and Guangdong. They are independent and do not belong to each other.

After Chu was destroyed, Qin Shihuang quickly subdued the Yue people living in Zhejiang and established Huiji County. Then in 22 1 year BC, Dong 'ou, who lives in Wenzhou today, and Min Yue today were conquered respectively, and Minzhong County was established. Qin Shihuang ordered Wei Tusui to lead a 500,000-strong army and head south in five ways to wage a large-scale war against South Vietnam and Xi 'ou in Guangdong and Guangxi. Qin Jun was resisted by the Vietnamese and remained at loggerheads for three years.

In order to support the front-line war, Qin Shihuang ordered Jian Yushilu to dig a Lingqu in the north of Xing 'an, Guangxi, which connected the traffic between Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River, a tributary of Gui Jiang, and solved the difficulty and cost of transporting grain before the Vietnamese retreated.

In 2 14 BC, the Vietnamese unexpectedly occupied Qin Jun, defeated Qin Jun and killed Wei Tusui. Qin Shihuang sent more reinforcements, and finally conquered Yue State and built three counties, namely Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangxiang. The following year, another 500,000 people moved to Wuling to live with the Vietnamese, thus accelerating the ethnic integration and economic and cultural development in this area.

Unified meaning

Expand territory

Qin Shihuang unified the south and southeast, which was objectively beneficial to national integration. For example, in the process of reunification, Qin sent hundreds of thousands of mainland people to the south to defend, bringing the advanced production technology and tools of the Central Plains to the south, which promoted the local development.

In the process of developing the southern frontier, roads have been paved, especially canals have been dug to connect the Yangtze River system with the Pearl River system, which has played an important role in the economic and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and the south and southwest.

After the war against Xiongnu and Yue, the territory of Qin was unprecedented, stretching from the sea in the east to Lintao in the west. "South to the north, the great river is blocked in the north, and the Yinshan reaches Liaodong", making it the largest country in the world at that time. People of all ethnic groups live in this vast land. Because they are unified under one state power, their economic and cultural ties have been further strengthened, and the disasters caused by inter-ethnic wars have been alleviated.