The Soviet Union immigrated to Venus.

Reprinted in Baidu Post Bar-Aerospace Bar

Original data source satellite encyclopedia -sat.huijiwiki.com

While the scientists in the control center were waiting for the color image from Venus, the unfortunate news came: all the lens protective caps had not fallen off. After the problem of Venus 10, these covers have been redesigned, but now the result is worse.

Later, in-depth study confirmed that the cover formed a seal and prevented the internal and external balance of atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the pressure will push the bottle cap down, thus preventing the explosive from being ejected. The explosives didn't really detonate.

Equally frustrating is that the soil analysis experiment failed. Physical and mechanical detection also failed. Later, it was analyzed that Venus 1 1 was difficult to land. The possible vibration and excessive rotation during landing destroyed two soil analysis instruments.

The lander continued to emit signals from the surface until 95 minutes after landing, and the flight platform was far away from it. Then, the flight platform transmits the recorded lander data to waiting Soviet scientists and engineers.

Venus 12 was launched on19, 1978 at 02:25: 13 UTC. After two corrections, the descent module was separated from its flight platform at 1978 12 19. After the lander was released, the flight platform continued to pass Venus along the heliocentric orbit.

65438+February 2 1, at an altitude of about 34000 kilometers, the flight platform met Venus at close range. The flight platform acts as a data relay for the descending aircraft for 1 10 minutes until it flies out of the sight of the lander.

The landing process is similar to Venus 1 1. Finally, Venus 12 landed at a distance of about 850km from Venus 1 1-7s, with a local pressure of 93.6 atm and a temperature of 468 C.

The soil analyzer failed again, and all the lens covers were not opened.

The lander continues to emit signals from the surface until the flight platform is far away from it 1 10 minutes after landing. Then, the flight platform transmits the recorded lander data to waiting Soviet scientists and engineers.

Venus 1 1 and 12 become two blind detectors that do not return images. However, they also found many interesting phenomena:

During the descent, both of them detected the explosion of low-frequency radio noise, which was similar to the noise generated by lightning storms on the earth, but significantly stronger. There is evidence that they originated in the deep atmosphere below the clouds. Lightning around volcanic eruption or some unknown atmospheric electrical phenomena may be the reason. It detected strong electrical activity during the descent of Venus 1 1, but it was much smaller during the descent of Venus 12, which indicated that this "thunderstorm" may be a local event on Venus.

New atmospheric experiments also provide information about important trace gases. X-ray fluorescence spectrometer found that the content of chlorine in cloud-like substances was 10 times that of sulfur. This can be explained by the fact that clouds contain non-volatile chlorine compounds.

Venus 1 1 and 12 also provide detailed information on the spectrum and spatial distribution of light during the descent, which explains why Venus' sky is so dull. Because of Rayleigh scattering in the dense lower atmosphere, even if there are no aerosol particles in the atmosphere, the visibility conditions are poor. The surface of the earth is invisible several kilometers above it. Observers in orbit will see the rocky terrain gradually disappearing into the featureless orange sky.

As a result, these two hasty tasks ended without too many results. Although many instruments did not work after landing, the mission can still be regarded as a success.

The Soviets are now aiming at the Venus launch window of 198 1 year. They want to prove their advanced level in deep space exploration with completely successful missions, so as to regain their confidence from countless failed Mars exploration missions.

The old professor replied to this message.

Regarding what was said the day before yesterday, Venus 9 was free-falling from a height of 50 kilometers without a parachute: the author wrote it correctly, it was 50 kilometers.

"Yes, as explained in the article, the Venera 9 & KLOC-0/0 lander (and later the 4V Venera lander) freely fell from a height of 50 kilometers, relying on the disc air brake at the top of the lander to slow down the descent speed. This air braking combined with the density of Venus' atmosphere is 140 times greater than that of the Earth, resulting in a landing speed of 7 meters per second. "

Translation:

Yes, as explained in the article, the Venus 9 and 10 landers (and all the 4V landers later) landed in free fall from a height of 50 kilometers. They rely on the disc-shaped pneumatic brake on the top of the lander to slow down the descent. This pneumatic braking device, coupled with Venus' atmospheric density 140 times greater than that of the earth, makes the landing speed only 7 m/s. ..

Original link:/2015/10/22/venera-9-and-10-to-venus/

Today we will talk about Venus 13 and 14.

After the soil sampling devices and cameras of Venus 1 1 and 12 were hijacked one after another, the Soviet army began to pursue the "perfect mission". And this task is bound to ensure that every detail can't go wrong. Although we have accumulated so much spacecraft experience in the early stage, it is still not an easy task to ensure perfection.

Venus 13 and 14 stamps. It can be seen that the shape of the spacecraft has remained basically unchanged, and the ball (lander) may have become bigger.

Because the mass of this lander is heavier than that of Venus 9 100 kg, and Venus 9 is close to 600 kg, the mass of the main cabin of the spacecraft has to be reduced under the condition of limited rocket carrying capacity. Part of the reduced mass comes from the scientific instruments deleted from the main cabin, and the other part comes from the orbital fuel on the main cabin.

Therefore, the main cabin of the spacecraft can only be used as a flight platform, not as an orbiter (it needs a lot of fuel to enter orbit). The main cabins of Venus 13 and 14 will fly through Venus, and receive the signal of the lander in a short time near Venus and send it back to Earth.

Many parts of the lander are improvements on the experiments installed on Venus 1 1 and Venus 12. These include more accurate mass spectrometers and gas chromatographs. Facts have proved that the detection of the atmosphere and clouds by Soviet probes (especially these two times) constitutes most of our understanding of Venus' atmosphere today.

In the above picture, the pipeline on the side of the lander connects it to the temperature control system of the spacecraft bus. To make an inappropriate analogy, this pipeline is like an umbilical cord connecting the fetus and the mother. The circulating gas enters the heat exchanger in the sealed pressure-resistant shell through it. The lander can be pre-cooled to-10 before entering the atmosphere.

The instruments carried by the lander are:

(1) accelerometer-used for impact analysis.

(2) Thermometer and barometer

(3) spectrometer/directional photometer

(4) ultraviolet photometer

(5) Mass spectrometer

(6) Penetrator/soil ohmmeter

(7) Chemical redox indicator

(8) Two improved color remote control cameras.

(9) Gas chromatograph

(10) radio/microphone/seismograph

(1 1) turbidimeter

(12) hydrometer

(13)X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (for aerosol)

(14)X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (suitable for soil)

(15) soil drilling equipment

(16) Stable oscillator/Doppler radio

One side of the lander

The other side of the lander

In a word, the lander is now full of various instruments, so it is no wonder that the masses of Venus 13 and 14 have increased by 100 kg.

A large number of complex devices are simply installed outside the pressure-resistant shell and exposed to extremely harsh surface conditions. At that time, Soviet engineers had developed new heat-resistant materials and electronic products. In this working environment, they can work comfortably at high pressure and high temperature as high as1000 C based on molybdenum disulfide and micro-metal sheets. Seismographs and thermopile batteries can also run indefinitely on the surface of Venus.

Among these high-temperature equipment, soil drilling equipment should be the biggest technological breakthrough. Using new alloys and motors is more powerful than Venus 1 1 and 12. On the one hand, it can resist the extremely harsh environment when landing. On the other hand, it can drill a hole 3 cm deep in solid igneous rock.

(Soil drilling device, the lower strip cylinder is used to store soil samples)

Clever is the design of machine parts, which can only be assembled and worked normally after thermal expansion to 500 C. The telescopic drill bit can be lowered to the ground and drilled in two minutes. After that, the explosives will break a series of seals, so that Venus's high-pressure atmosphere will rush into a set of pipes and transport the soil to the soil transport pipes and sample containers in stages. The sample container enters the X-ray fluorescence chamber from the explosive through the air lock. Then, a large vacuum storage tank reduces the chamber pressure to about 0.06 atmospheric pressure. The soil test officially began.

The lens cover device of the camera has also received special attention. A group of explosives with a much larger dose than before is stored near the lens. The lens cover is also replaced by a radially fragile material. In this way, after the explosive is detonated, even if the lens cover does not pop out, it will crack due to the impact force. The lens cover will naturally fall off under the action of gravity.

At the same time, different from previous cameras, each pixel of color remote control camera is read by photometer on an undistorted spherical projection of about 37180. The design of the camera is similar to Venus 9, but it includes four filters, which can clearly scan the surface, red, green and blue. During the task, the camera scans back and forth through a color or transparent filter.

The color camera (left) and spectrometer (right) of the lander.

Pressure window of color remote sensing camera of lander (opened with explosives after landing)

Venus 13 was launched at 06: 04 UTC 198 10+00, and the rocket is still as stable as an old dog. After that, it sailed for four months, including two midway corrections.

Venus 14 was launched at universal time 198 1 year1October 415: 31for a four-month voyage. The first mid-term revision19811kloc-0/4 was wrong, so it was in 198 1 19822. The problem is not big.

There is a technical detail:

After landing, you can see a circle of serrated disks. What is this for?

A: The metal toothed ring on the landing pad uses the aerodynamic principle to stabilize the lander and prevent rotation and oscillation.

Venus 13 lander crashed into Venus' atmosphere on March 1982. The parachute deployed at an altitude of 63 kilometers. At an altitude of 47 kilometers, the parachute was released and the lander began to land freely. A simple air brake is used to reach the rest of the ground. The descent lasted about an hour.

Venus 13 landed at 7.5 degrees south latitude and 303 degrees east longitude at 03:57:2 1 on the same day, which is the eastern extension of a highland called Phoebe Regio. This area consists of bare bedrock, surrounded by dark fine-grained soil. Analysis of the ship's accelerometer showed that the lander hit and rebounded at a speed of 7.5m/s, and then survived.

After landing, the lens cover of the detector cracked successfully and the camera began to take panoramic imaging. The mechanical boom works normally and enters the surface to obtain samples. The sample is stored in a sealed room at 30 degrees Celsius, and the pressure is about 0.05 atmospheres.

The lander survived for 127 minutes at a temperature of 457 degrees Celsius and an air pressure of 89 atmospheres (the planned design life is 32 minutes). The data is transmitted to the flight platform, and the flight platform sends the data back to the earth.

Subsequently, the Venus 14 lander separated from the flight platform on March 3, 1982, and crashed into Venus' atmosphere two days later. After entering the atmosphere, a parachute deployed at an altitude of about 63 kilometers, activating atmospheric instruments. Similarly, at an altitude of 47 kilometers, the parachute was released and the lander freely descended to the surface of Venus.

Venus 14 landed on the Xuanwu plain at 07:00: 10, about 950 kilometers southwest of Venus 13, 5 minutes south latitude10 degrees east longitude.

After landing, all instruments worked normally. Panoramic imaging is started, and the mechanical boom reaches the surface and takes samples. The sample is stored in a sealed room at 30 degrees Celsius, and the pressure is about 0.05 atmospheres.

The lander survived for 57 minutes at a temperature of 470 degrees Celsius and an air pressure of 94 atmospheres (the planned design life is 32 minutes). The data is transmitted to the flight platform, and the flight platform sends the data back to the earth.

Ah, this boring success ...

(To be continued)